Backbencher

In Westminster parliamentary systems, a backbencher is a member of parliament (MP) or a legislator who occupies no governmental office and is not a frontbench spokesperson in the Opposition, being instead simply a member of the "rank and file". The term dates from 1855.[1] The term derives from the fact that they sit physically behind the frontbench in the House of Commons.[2] A backbencher may be a new parliamentary member yet to receive high office, a senior figure dropped from government, someone who for whatever reason is not chosen to sit either in the ministry or the opposition shadow ministry, or someone who prefers to be a background influence, not in the spotlight. By extension, those who are not reliable supporters of all of their party's goals and policies and have resigned or been forced to resign may be relegated to the back benches. For example, in recent British political events, Clive Lewis became a backbencher after resigning from Jeremy Corbyn's shadow cabinet over Brexit,[3] and Boris Johnson became a backbencher again, after resigning as Foreign Secretary in Theresa May's cabinet, also over Brexit. May herself returned to the backbenches after her resignation from the premiership, to be succeeded by Johnson.[4]

"Backbench" redirects here. For other uses, see Backbench (disambiguation).
For the New Zealand television show, see Back Benches.
Opposition backbenches in the British House of Commons chamber

In most parliamentary systems, individual backbenchers have little power to affect government policy. However, they play a role in providing services to their constituents, in relaying the opinions and concerns of their constituents. For example, asking the government for funding for a project in their constituency. Some backbenchers also sit on parliamentary committees, where legislation is considered in more detail than there is time for on the floor of the House and, thereby, provide input into the legislative process.[5] The Wright Committee reforms introduced in the UK provided backbenchers with much more power in committees, giving Parliament greater control of its agenda, increasing backbench membership in committees vastly.[6] In addition, since backbenchers generally form the vast majority of MPs, collectively they can sometimes exercise considerable power especially in cases where the policies of the government are unpopular or when a governing party is internally split. Backbenchers carry considerable influence when the government majority is small; for example, Theresa May's government from 2017 to 2019 was defeated sixteen times in the House of Commons, whereas David Cameron's majority government was defeated three times.

In some legislative assemblies, sitting at the back of the chamber is not necessarily associated with having a minor role. In Switzerland, senior figures sit in the back rows in order to have a better overview and be closer to the doors for discussions outside the plenary. In Germany, the party leaders sit in the front row, but there are no designated places for other senior figures. The term backbenchers ("Hinterbänkler") therefore refers to largely unknown MPs without much influence, regardless of where they sit. Originally, the importance of the front rows for the leaders had also to do with the fact that acoustics were often unsatisfactory before microphones were introduced.

The term "backbencher" has also been adopted outside parliamentary systems, such as the United States Congress. While legislative branches in presidential systems do not share the firm front bench/back bench dichotomy of the Westminster system, the term has been used to denote junior legislators, or legislators who are not part of party leadership within a legislative body.[7] When Democrat Tim Ryan of Ohio challenged Nancy Pelosi of California for House Minority Leader in 2016, The Washington Post reported that he "emerged from the backbench — he literally sits on the last bench in the chamber".[8]

Powers and roles of backbenchers in Westminster

The most important backbench role many would argue is that of a constituency representative. Constituents rely heavily on their MPs to represent them in parliament and make sure their concerns are heard and welfare is looked after, whether or not they voted for the MP representing them. Constituents may email and meet their MPs, raising the issues and concerns they want the government to hear.[9] Without this link many people would find it extremely hard for their voices to be heard fairly by the government. Backbenchers have an important opportunity to raise their constituents concerns directly to the prime minister in Prime Minister's Questions. Performing well in this constituency role is vital for backbenchers, as if they aren't prominent names in their party, their performance in their constituency could be a big factor on whether they will be re-elected to their seat in the next election.

Backbenchers also have an unofficial agenda-setting power, with Opposition Day debates, private member's bills, and Prime Minister's Questions available to place items on the parliamentary agenda which are awkward for the government. Additionally, the Commons Backbench Business Committee was created in 2010 with has cross-party support. It debates matters unlikely to be debated in government time, with each decision voted upon formally. By the end of the 2010 coalition government it had undergone 300 debates, ranging from prisoner voting rights to the Hillsborough disaster.[10] Furthermore, they have influence as discussed above when they are a member of a committee, these committees provide a perfect opportunity for backbenchers to have their voices heard in the legislative process. It usually proves difficult for backbenchers to be involved and have direct input in the legislative process when they are not involved in these activities.

There has been much speculation on the influence backbenchers actually hold in Parliament. Many believe backbenchers hold little to no influence, however, there has been much research to suggest they have a significant background influence. For example, Meg Russell analysed UK government bills and found that successful amendments were due to parliamentary pressure, 60 per cent of these being substantive.[11] Proving the majority of legislation undergoes unofficial parliamentary pressure. Russell also analysed the impact of the Wright Committee Reforms and whether it strengthened backbench power and influence. She found that the Wright Committee led to a significant reduction in governmental and whips' hold over the Commons agenda. Finding that backbenchers have more independence and power because of these reforms, and giving them far more opportunity to set agendas and have their voices heard in Parliament.[12] Furthermore, Louise Thompson found that introducing oral evidence into committees scrutinising government bills had a significant impact on backbench influence. Acting as a vehicle for the formulation of significant changes to government bills, additional opposition scrutiny, and a debating tool. Oral evidence was most identified in undertakings given by ministers to committee members. Whereas, the number of amendments formally accepted by the government at committee stages is low. It found that oral evidence had a direct impact on bills 89 per cent of the time.[13] This again suggests that backbenchers exert influence in the background of the Westminster legislation process. Therefore, it can be seen that although backbenchers have little official legislation powers in Parliament, they often exert significant background influence on the legislative process.

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See also

References
  1. "Backbench", Merriam-Webster Dictionary; accessed September 30, 2013.
  2. "BBC NEWS | UK | UK Politics | Backbencher". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  3. Stewart, Heather; Asthana, Anushka (2017-02-09). "Clive Lewis quits shadow cabinet as Brexit bill passes with huge majority". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-11-26.
  4. "Boris Johnson's resignation letter and May's reply in full". BBC News. 2018-07-09. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
  5. Searing, Donald (July 1995). "Backbench and Leadership Roles in The House of Commons". Parliamentary Affairs. 48 (3): 418–437. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pa.a052543 – via Oxford Academic.
  6. Heffernan, Richard; Hay, Colin; Russell, Meg; Cowley, Philip (2016). Developments in British Politics 10. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-49475-7. ISBN 978-1-137-49473-3.
  7. "Minnesota Progressive Project". Archived from the original on 2010-01-09. Retrieved 2010-07-11.
  8. Kane, Paul; O'Keefe, Ed (2016-11-30). "Nancy Pelosi beats back challenge, is chosen as House Democratic leader". Washington Post.
  9. Radice, Lisanne (1990). Member of Parliament: The Job of a Backbencher. Basingstoke : Macmillan. pp. 141–154. ISBN 978-0333491218.
  10. Russell, Meg (2010). Developments In British Politics. London: Palgrave. pp. 110–111. ISBN 9781137494740.
  11. Russell, Meg; Gover, Daniel; Wollter, Kristina (April 2016). "Does the Executive Dominate the Westminster Legislative Process? Six Reasons for Doubt" (PDF). Parliamentary Affairs. 69 (2): 286–309. doi:10.1093/pa/gsv016.
  12. Russell, Meg (October 2011). "'Never Allow a Crisis to Go to Waste': The Wright Committee Reforms to Strengthen the House of Commons". Parliamentary Affairs. 64 (4): 612–633. doi:10.1093/pa/gsr026 – via Oxford Academic.
  13. Thompson, Louise (March 2014). "Evidence taking under the microscope: How has oral evidence affected the scrutiny of legislation in House of Commons committees?". British Politics. 9 (4): 385–400. doi:10.1057/bp.2014.2.
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