Glossary of Brexit terms

In the wake of the referendum held in the United Kingdom on 23 June 2016, many new pieces of Brexit-related jargon entered popular use.[1][2]

Contents

• A
• B
• C
• D
• E
• F
• G
• H
• I
• J
• K
• L
• M
• N
• O
• P
• Q
• R
• S
• T
• U
• V
• W
• X
• Y
• Z

• Further reading
• See also
• References

A

Article 50

Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union specifies the procedure of withdrawing from the European Union. It was introduced in the Treaty of Lisbon from 2009. Under the process, once the formal notification has been sent, the withdrawing state and the European Union has a two year deadline to negotiate a withdrawal agreement. After that time, unless an extension has been agreed or the withdrawing state revokes its intention to withdraw, the membership ends regardless of whether or not an agreement was reached. If an agreement has been reached before the deadline, the withdrawing state may end their membership at any time before the deadline. On 29 March 2017, UK Prime Minister Theresa May triggered the procedure.[3]

B

Backstop

See Irish backstop

Blind Brexit

A scenario where the UK leaves the EU without clarity on the terms of a future trade deal.[4][5] EU and British negotiators would then have until 31 December 2020 to sign off on a future trade deal, during which time the UK would effectively remain a member of the EU, but with no voting rights.[6][7] Also known as a "Blindfold Brexit".

Breturn

A portmanteau of "British" and "return"; used by opponents of Brexit to describe a potential reversal of the referendum and rejoining of the EU at some point in the future.

Brexit

Brexit (like its early variant, Brixit)[8] is a portmanteau of "British" and "exit". Grammatically, it has been called a complex nominal.[9] The first attestation in the Oxford English Dictionary is a Euractiv blog post by Peter Wilding on 15 May 2012.[10][11][12] It was coined by analogy with "Grexit", attested on 6 February 2012 to refer to a hypothetical withdrawal of Greece from the eurozone (and possibly the EU altogether, although there was never a clear popular mandate for it).[13] [14][12] The UK membership of the European Union ended at 11 p.m. GMT on 31 January 2020, when a transition period began until the end of 2020 for UK and EU to negotiate further treaty arrangements in respect of their future trading relationship.[15]

Brexit day

See also Exit day

31 January 2020, the day the UK ceased to be a member of the EU. The date was originally set for 29 March 2019 at 11 p.m. GMT, but was moved three times: first to either 12 April or 22 May, depending on whether or not a withdrawal agreement was ratified; then to 1 July or 31 October, depending on whether or not the UK held European Parliament elections; and finally to 31 January 2020.[16]

Brexiteer/Brexiter

See Leaver

Brextremist

portmanteau of "Brexiter" and "Extremist", a pejorative term used by some outlets to describe Leavers of an overzealous, uncompromising disposition.[17][18][19]

Brexshit

A derogatory variant of Brexit, used chiefly by its opponents.[20][21][22] It is a portmanteau of the terms Brexit and shit (a profane word referring to faeces).

Brextension

A word coined to describe the extension granted until 31 January 2020 (a portmanteau of Brexit and extension).[23]

C

Canada plus/Canada model

This is shorthand for a proposal in which the UK signs a free trade agreement with the EU. This would allow the UK to control its own trade policy as opposed to jointly negotiating alongside the EU, but would require rules of origin agreements to be reached for UK–EU trade. It is likely this would lead to UK–EU trade being less "free" than joining the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), and result in additional border controls being required, which is an issue of contention, particularly on the island of Ireland. The Canadian–EU deal took seven years to negotiate, but Brexiteers argue it would take much less time between the UK and EU as the two participants already align on regulatory standards.[24]

Chequers plan

A July 2018 white paper by the UK government, setting out its wishes for the UK's future relationship with EU. The plan was agreed at a cabinet meeting at Chequers, and caused a number of resignations.[25] When the UK and EU agreed a draft withdrawal agreement and the related political declaration in November 2018, the Chequers plan was superseded by that political declaration.[26]

Clean break Brexit

See No-deal Brexit. This term is used primarily by proponents of a no-deal Brexit,[2] in particular the Brexit Party.[27] Also known as "clean brexit".

Customs union

See EU Customs Union

D

Divorce bill

The UK agreed to settle outstanding financial commitments that it had approved while a member of the EU. The amount owed is officially referred to as the financial settlement but has informally been referred to as an exit bill or divorce bill.[28] The UK's Office for Budget Responsibility estimate of the amount at the original planned date of Brexit in March 2019 was £38 billion.[29] Following delay of the UK's exit until 31 January 2020, after normal member contributions payable up to that date, a final settlement of £33 billion was estimated.[30] Following approval of the Withdrawal Agreement and the UK entering a transition period, it continues to contribute to the EU as if it were a member, thereby reducing the liability.[31]

E

EU customs union

The customs union of the EU: an agreement that members do not impose taxes on goods imported from one another, and have a common tariff for goods imported from non-members countries.[32] Being in a customs union facilitates trade and economic cooperation, but leaving the EU customs union allows the UK to conduct its own trade policy.[33] In the 2019 withdrawal agreement, all of the UK will leave the EU customs union, which creates a de jure customs border on the Ireland–Northern Ireland border. In practice, customs checks will be performed in the Irish Sea, and taxes will be paid for goods that are "at risk" of being moved from Northern Ireland into Ireland.[34]

Exit day

See also Brexit day

UK domestic law has defined "exit day" for the purpose of dealing with the domestic consequences of Brexit, but the date is not formally linked to UK's departure from the EU.[35]

F

Flextension

A "flextension" was how the House of Commons Library described the first extension made to the Article 50 period. That extension was until 22 May 2019 if the Theresa May Withdrawal Agreement was approved by the House of Commons, otherwise it was until 12 April.[36]

A "flextension" was also how European Council president Donald Tusk characterised the extension to 31 January 2020, which allows the UK to leave before the deadline, on the first of any month, if by then a deal has been approved by the UK and European parliaments.[37]

H

Hard and soft Brexit

"Hard Brexit" and "soft Brexit" are unofficial terms that are commonly used by news media[38] to describe the prospective relationship between the UK and the EU after withdrawal. A hard Brexit usually refers to the UK leaving the EU and the European Single Market with few or no deals (trade or otherwise) in place, meaning that trade will be conducted under the World Trade Organization's rules, and services will no longer be provided by agencies of the European Union (such as aviation safety).[39] Soft Brexit encompasses any deal that involves retaining membership in the European Single Market and at least some free movement of people according to European Economic Area (EEA) rules.[40] Theresa May's "Chequers agreement" embraced some aspects of a "soft" Brexit.[41] Note that the EEA and the deal with Switzerland contain fully free movement of people, and that the EU has wanted that to be included in a deal with UK on fully free trade.

Hard border

An Ireland–Northern Ireland border with physical border installations.[32][42] The UK and EU both desire to prevent a hard border, but finding a way to achieve this has proved difficult.[42] A hard border is feared because it might endanger the Good Friday Agreement that in 1998 ended the Northern Ireland conflict.[1][42] With both Ireland and the UK a member of the EU, customs checks were not necessary,[42] and the Good Friday Agreement removed security checks at the border.[1] The draft withdrawal agreement, as updated in October 2019, avoids a hard border by keeping Northern Ireland aligned with some EU regulation, while performing customs checks at the Irish Sea border.[34]

I

Indicative vote

Indicative votes are votes by members of parliament on a series of non-binding resolutions. They are a means of testing the will of the House of Commons on different options relating to one issue.[43] MPs voted on eight different options for the next steps in the Brexit process on 27 March 2019; however, none of the proposals earned a majority in the indicative votes.[44] MPs also voted on four options on 1 April 2019 in the second round of indicative votes. Still, none of the proposals earned a majority.[45]

Implementation period

The period ending on 31 December 2020 at 11 p.m. GMT, as stated in section 39 of European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill 2019–20.

Irish backstop

An "insurance policy" intended to prevent a hard border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, and thus respecting the Good Friday Agreement.[3][46] It was included in the 2018 draft withdrawal agreement, and would come in force if no solution to the Irish border problem was found during the transition period. Under the plan, the UK would remain in a customs union with the EU, while Northern Ireland and, to a lesser extent, the rest of the UK would follow additional EU rules.[3] The backstop was controversial because critics feared it would bind the UK to the EU for an indefinite time,[47] and the UK could not withdraw from it unilaterally.[48] In October 2019, the withdrawal agreement was revised, and the Irish backstop was replaced with a four-year period in which Northern Ireland would remain aligned with EU law, and which can be extended to eight years with the consent of the Northern Ireland Assembly.[49]

L

Leaver

Those supporting Brexit are sometimes referred to as "Leavers".[50][51] Alternatively the term "Brexiteers",[52][53] or "Brexiters" has been used to describe adherents of the Leave campaign.[54][55][56][57]

Lexit

Also Lexiter. A portmanteau of 'left-wing' and 'Brexit', referring to left-wing advocacy of EU withdrawal.[58][59][60][61]

M

Meaningful vote

A meaningful vote is a vote under section 13 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, requiring the government to arrange for a motion proposing approval of the outcome of negotiations with the EU to be debated and voted on by the House of Commons before the European Parliament decides whether it consents to the withdrawal agreement being concluded on behalf of the EU in accordance with Article 50(2) of the Treaty on European Union.[62]

Managed no-deal

"Managed no-deal Brexit"[63] or "managed no deal Brexit"[64] was increasingly used near the end of 2018, in respect of the complex series of political, legal and technical decisions needed if there is no withdrawal agreement treaty with the EU when the UK exits under the Article 50 withdrawal notice. The Institute for Government has advised that the concept is unrealistic.[65]

N

No-deal Brexit

This means the UK would leave the European Union without a withdrawal agreement.[66] and/or without a trade deal with the EU.

Further information: No-deal Brexit

Norway model/Norway plus

This is shorthand for a model where the United Kingdom leaves the European Union but becomes a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Economic Area, possibly with the addition of a customs union ("plus"). EFTA and EEA membership would allow the UK to remain in the single market but without having to be subject to the Common Fisheries Policy, Common Agricultural Policy, and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). The UK would be subject to the EFTA court, which largely shadows the ECJ, have to transfer a large amount of EU law into UK law, and have little say on shaping EU rules (some of which the UK will be compelled to take on). The UK would also have to allow freedom of movement between the EU and UK, which was seen as a key issue of contention in the referendum.[67]

P

People's Vote

An advocacy group launched in April 2018 which calls for a second referendum on the final Brexit deal. The People's Vote march is part of a series of demonstrations against Brexit.

Political declaration

A document setting out the intended future relationship between the UK and EU. The declaration will form the basis for the trade deal negotiations that will start once the UK has left the EU.[3] Unlike the withdrawal agreement, which is a legally binding treaty, the political declaration will not have legal force.[68]

R

Remainer

Those in favour of the UK remaining in the EU are often referred to as "Remainers".[69]

Remoaner

Portmanteau of "Remainer" and "moan", sometimes used pejoratively by Leavers to describe a subset of Remainers, especially those that criticised or campaigned to undo the result after the referendum.[70][54][56]

S

Second referendum

A second referendum has been proposed by a number of politicians and pressure groups. The Electoral Commission has the responsibility for nominating lead campaign groups for each possible referendum outcome.[71]

Slow Brexit

The term "slow Brexit" was first coined by Prime Minister Theresa May on 25 March 2019 as she spoke to Parliament, warning MPs that Article 50 could be extended beyond 22 May, slowing down the Brexit process. A 'slow Brexit' implies a longer period of political uncertainty in which members of Parliament will debate the next steps of Britain's departure from the European Union.[72][73]

W

Withdrawal agreement

A treaty between the UK and the EU, setting out the terms for the UK's withdrawal. The first version was agreed in November 2018,[68] but was rejected by the UK parliament three times.[74] The withdrawal agreement contained the contentious Irish backstop, which was one of the reasons for opposition to it.[42] The failed ratification let to the resignation of UK's prime minister, Theresa May,[74] and the new prime minister, Boris Johnson sought to renegotiate it, despite EU's refusal to do so.[75] In October 2019, the EU and the new UK government agreed a new version of the withdrawal agreement, this time with the backstop being replaced by another solution to the Irish border problem.[49] The new withdrawal agreement passed its second reading in the House of Commons in December 2019, following a general election in which the Conservatives won an decisive majority.[76]

Further reading

• Gadd, Eleanor, ed. (17 December 2019). "Brexit Glossary" (PDF). House of Commons Library. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
• Henley, Jon (23 November 2018). "Brexit phrasebook: a guide to the talks' key terms". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
• O'Grady, Sean (21 February 2018). "Brexicon: A full dictionary of Brexit-related jargon". The Independent. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
• "Brexit: Jargon-busting guide to the key terms". BBC News. 21 October 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
• Kirby, Jen (28 October 2019). "Brexiteer to second referendum: a handy Brexit glossary". Vox. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
• "Brexit: The jargon explained". Sky News. 26 June 2019. Retrieved 2 January 2020.

References

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4. Blitz, James (6 September 2018). "The danger of a 'blind Brexit'". Financial Times. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
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70. "remoaner noun – Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. a name given to a person who believes that the UK should remain in the European Union and does not support Brexit: – The journalist doesn't mind being called a Remoaner, as it tells her that her opponents, the Brexiteers, are getting desperate.
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See also

• The dictionary definition of Appendix: Brexit glossary at Wiktionary