2019 European Parliament election

An election to the European Parliament was held between 23 and 26 May 2019, the ninth parliamentary election since the first direct elections in 1979. A total of 751 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) represent more than 512 million people from 28 member states. In February 2018, the European Parliament had voted to decrease the number of MEPs from 751 to 705 if the United Kingdom were to withdraw from the European Union on 29 March 2019.[3] However, the United Kingdom participated alongside other EU member states after an extension of Article 50 to 31 October 2019; therefore, the allocation of seats between the member states and the total number of seats remained as it had been in 2014.[4] The Ninth European Parliament had its first plenary session on 2 July 2019.[5]

2019 European Parliament election
23–26 May 2019[1]
All 751 seats to the European Parliament
353 seats needed for a majority
Turnout50.62%[2] 8.01 pp
 
Leader Manfred Weber Frans Timmermans Margrethe Vestager
Alliance EPP S&D RE
Leader's seat Germany Netherlands Denmark
Last election 221 seats, 23.8% 191 seats, 24.4% 67 seats, 7.0%
Seats before 216 185 69
Seats won
Seat change 34 31 39
Percentage 21.0% 18.5% 13.0%
Swing 2.8% 5.9% 6.0%
 
Leader Bas Eickhout
Ska Keller		 Marco Zanni Jan Zahradil
Alliance Greens/EFA ID ECR
Leader's seat Netherlands
Germany		 North-West Italy Czech Republic
Last election 50 seats, 7.3% New group 70 seats, 5.2%
Seats before 52 36 77
Seats won
Seat change 22 37 15
Percentage 11.7% 10.8% 8.2%
Swing 4.4% New group 3.0%
 
Leader Violeta Tomić
(not elected)
Nico Cué
(not elected)
Alliance GUE/NGL
Leader's seat Slovenia
Belgium (French)
Last election 52 seats, 5.6%
Seats before 52
Seats won
Seat change 11
Percentage 6.5%
Swing 0.9%
Map of Europe showing the European parliamentary group leading in each constituency. In constituencies where some groups have had the same number of seats, the groups with the most seats are displayed with hashing.

  EPP   S&D   RE   G/EFA   ID   ECR   GUE/NGL

  NI
President of the European Commission before election

Jean-Claude Juncker
EPP

 Elected President of the European Commission

Ursula von der Leyen
EPP

European Union
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the European Union
 European Union portal

On 26 May 2019, the European People's Party led by Manfred Weber won the most seats in the European Parliament, making Weber the leading candidate to become the next President of the European Commission.[6][7] Despite this, the European Council decided after the election to nominate Ursula von der Leyen as new Commission President. The centre-left and centre-right parties suffered significant losses, while pro-EU centrist liberal, environmentalist, Eurosceptic and right-wing populist parties made substantial gains.[8][9]

New law

On 7 June 2018, the Council agreed at ambassador level to change the EU electoral law and to reform old laws from the 1976 Electoral Act. The purpose of the reform is to increase participation in elections, raise understanding of their European character and prevent irregular voting while at the same time respecting the constitutional and electoral traditions of the member states.[10] The reform forbids double voting and voting in third countries, thus improving the visibility of European political parties.[10] To avoid double voting, contact authorities are established to exchange data on voters, a process that has to start at least six weeks before the elections.[10]

The European Parliament gave its consent on 4 July 2018 and the Act was adopted by the Council on 13 July 2018. However, not all member states ratified the Act prior to the 2019 elections and therefore this election took place in line with the previous rules.[11][12]

Political groups and candidates
See also: Spitzenkandidat

The Spitzenkandidat process involves the nomination by European political parties of candidates for the role of Commission President, the party winning the most seats in the European Parliament receiving the first opportunity to attempt to form a majority to back their candidate (akin to how heads of government are elected in national parliamentary democracies). This process was first used in 2014 and was opposed by some in the European Council. The future of the process is uncertain, but the European Parliament has attempted to codify the process and the parties are almost certain to select the candidates again.[13] On 23 January 2018, the Constitutional Affairs Committee adopted a text stating that the Spitzenkandidat process could not be overturned, and that Parliament "will be ready to reject any candidate in the investiture procedure of the Commission President who was not appointed as a Spitzenkandidat in the run-up to the European elections".[14]

In May 2018 a Eurobarometer poll suggested that 49% of the 27,601 individuals from all 28 EU countries surveyed think that the Spitzenkandidat process will help them vote in the next European elections while 70% also think that the process requires a real debate on European issues.[15]

European People's Party

Incumbent Jean-Claude Juncker has stated he will not seek a second term as President of the European Commission.[16]

Two candidates sought the nomination of the EPP:

At their 2018 Congress in Helsinki, the EPP elected Manfred Weber as their Spitzenkandidat for President of the European Commission.[19]

Party of European Socialists

Previous candidate Martin Schulz left the European Parliament in 2017 to head the Social Democratic Party of Germany, but he stepped down from the latter position in 2018.

Two candidates were nominated by PES member parties and organisations:

  • Maroš Šefčovič (Vice-President of the Commission) announced in September his bid to head the Commission.[20]
  • Frans Timmermans (first Vice-President of the Commission, previous Dutch Foreign Affairs Minister) announced in October his bid to head Commission.[21]

Šefčovič announced his withdrawal in November and supported Frans Timmermans as the Common Candidate.[22]

The party will convene an extraordinary Congress in Lisbon to ratify the election of the candidate and to vote upon the manifesto.

European Conservatives and Reformists

Jan Zahradil, an MEP for the Czech Civic Democratic Party, is the Spitzenkandidat of the European Conservatives and Reformists.

European Green Party

As in 2014, the Greens adopted the principle of having two leading candidates for the European Elections 2019.[23] Unlike in 2014, where the candidates were chosen through an open online primary elections, the two leading candidates were elected by the Council of the Party in Berlin in November 2018.[24] Four people, two of them being currently MEPs, have declared their candidacy:[24]

At their 2018 Congress in Berlin, the party elected Ska Keller and Bas Eickhout as their Spitzenkandidaten for the President of the European Commission.

European Free Alliance

Oriol Junqueras, a Catalan historian, academic and former Vice President of Catalonia who is currently imprisoned because of his involvement in the 2017 Catalan independence referendum, is the Spitzenkandidat of the European Free Alliance.[25][26]

Alliance of Liberals and Democrats

Rather than present a single candidate, the ALDE group presented a Team Europe of seven people as the alliance's leading candidates:[27]

Party of the European Left

The designated candidates are Violeta Tomič from Slovenia and Belgian trade-unionist Nico Cué.[31]

Populist and Eurosceptic groups

The Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy was widely expected to disband after the election. One reason was that its biggest share of MEPs came from the United Kingdom, which was long expected to leave the EU before the election. The second was that the second-biggest partner, Italy's Five Star Movement (M5S), felt uneasy about this alliance anyway, having unsuccessfully tried to join the Greens/EFA or ALDE group instead. In February 2019, M5S alongside partners from Croatia, Finland, Greece and Poland presented a new alliance of anti-establishment parties that claim to be neither left nor right.[32]

The Movement is an alliance of populist parties set up by Steve Bannon in 2018 with the purpose of contesting the European elections. Participating parties included, at least temporarily, Lega Nord, People's Party of Belgium and Brothers of Italy and possibly French National Rally. Originally envisioned as an attempt to unite the populist parties in Europe, The Movement has so far been snubbed by the Alternative for Germany,[33] the Freedom Party of Austria[34] and the UK Independence Party.[35] In March 2019, reporters assessed Bannon's project as a failure.[36][37] Shortly ahead of the election, Marine Le Pen of the French National Rally distanced herself from Bannon, clarifying that he played no role in her party's campaign.[38]

In April 2019, Matteo Salvini of Italy's Lega launched the European Alliance of Peoples and Nations as a new coalition of populist, hard Eurosceptic and anti-immigration parties. It has been joined by most of the members of the outgoing Europe of Nations and Freedom group (including Lega, the French National Rally, Freedom Party of Austria and the Dutch Party for Freedom) as well as some former EFDD (Alternative for Germany) and ECR parties (Danish People's Party and Finns Party). It has been predicted to become the fourth largest group in parliament with an estimate of more than 80 MEPs.[39]

New parties

2019 saw the debut of new parties such as Wiosna of Poland, Czech Pirate Party of Czech Republic, USR-PLUS of Romania, Human Shield and Most of Croatia, ĽSNS and Progressive Slovakia of Slovakia. Some of the new parties have already joined European parties, e.g. LMŠ of Slovenia is a member of ALDE.

The biggest new party is La République En Marche! (LREM) of French President Emmanuel Macron that was formed in 2016 and won the French presidential and parliamentary elections of the following year. Initially, it balked at joining any of the existing party families, instead trying to form a new parliamentary group of pro-European centrists who support Macron's plans to reform the European institutions, drawing away members from ALDE, EPP and S&D.[40][41] Possible partners for such a project were expected to include Spanish Ciudadanos, Progressive Slovakia and the Hungarian Momentum Movement.[40] However, the hypothetical group was considered to have difficulties to find MEPs from at least seven member states as is required to form a new group.[40] In November 2018, LREM decided to cooperate with the liberal ALDE group instead. Nevertheless, Macron stressed that this was merely a loose alliance and his party is not a member of the ALDE Europarty. He bluntly criticised ALDE for accepting donations from the Bayer-Monsanto chemical group while LREM's campaign chief threatened to recall the alliance.[42] In April and May 2019, LREM continued its efforts to build a broader group, including ALDE, but also centrist and centre-left parties outside of ALDE.[43][44]

The European Spring initiated from the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 ran as a pan-European party alliance with one unified vision for Europe, the European Green New Deal.[45] The most prominent figure is the former Greek minister Yanis Varoufakis, who ran as a candidate in the constituency of Germany, but failed to secure a seat.[46]

As a new pan-European party, Volt Europa was founded in different European countries two years before the elections and successfully campaigned in eight EU countries for the elections with one transnational programme.[47] Despite missing its own goal to create a parliamentary group on its own, approximately half a million votes in total were sufficient to send one of the founders, Damian Boeselager, into the European Parliament via a German Volt list.[48] Since June 2019, Volt is part of the group of the Greens/EFA.[49]

Televised debates
European Commission presidency candidates at Eurovision Debate (May 2019). Left to right: Zahradil, Cué, Keller, Vestager, Timmermans, Weber
Table of televised debates
Date Time (CEST) Institute Participants Location Language Main presenter(s)
17 April 2019 21:00 France 24 and RFI[50] Timmermans and Weber Strasbourg French Caroline de Camaret (France 24) and Dominique Baillard (RFI)
17 April 2019 22:00 France 24[51][52] Timmermans and Weber Strasbourg English Catherine Nicholson (France 24)
29 April 2019 19:00 Politico Europe[53] Eickhout, Timmermans, Tomić, Verhofstadt and Zahradil Maastricht English Ryan Heath (Politico Europe) and Rianne Letschert (Maastricht University)
2 May 2019 18:00 Financial Times[54] Keller, Timmermans, Verhofstadt and Weber Florence English Martin Sandbu (Financial Times)
7 May 2019 20:15 ARD[55] Timmermans and Weber Cologne German Ellen Ehni and Andreas Cichowicz (both ARD)
15 May 2019 21:00 EBU[56] Cué, Keller, Timmermans, Vestager, Weber, and Zahradil Brussels English Emilie Tran Nguyen (France Television), Markus Preiss (ARD Germany), and Annastiina Heikkilä (YLE Finland)
16 May 2019 20:15 ZDF and ORF[57] Timmermans and Weber Berlin German Peter Frey (ZDF) and Ingrid Thurnher (ORF)
21 May 2019 22:00 NOS and NTR[58] Timmermans and Weber Hilversum German and Dutch Jeroen Wollaars (NOS)

Results

Groups
2019 results by political group[59]
Group (2019–24) Seats 2019 Outgoing
seats		 ∆
EPP European People's Party group (Christian democrats, liberal conservatives and conservatives)
182 / 751
216 / 751
 −34
S&D Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats (Social democrats)
154 / 751
185 / 751
 −31
RE Renew Europe (Social liberals, classical liberals and conservative liberals)
108 / 751
69 / 751
 +39
Greens/EFA Greens/European Free Alliance (Greens and regionalists)
74 / 751
52 / 751
 +22
ID Identity and Democracy (Right-wing populists and nationalists)
73 / 751
36 / 751
 +37
ECR European Conservatives and Reformists (National conservatives and sovereignists)
62 / 751
77 / 751
 −15
GUE/NGL European United Left–Nordic Green Left (Democratic socialists)
41 / 751
52 / 751
 −11
NI Non-attached
57 / 751
20 / 751
 +37
EFDD Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (Populists and hard eurosceptics) –
42 / 751
42		 −42
Vacant N/A 0
2 / 751
2		 N/A
Total 751 751
Notes on changes in groups
Seats summary
EPP
 
 24.23%
S&D
 
 20.51%
RE
 
 14.38%
G/EFA
 
 9.85%
ID
 
 9.72%
ECR
 
 8.26%
GUE/NGL
 
 5.46%
NI
 
 7.59%

By country
State Political groups MEPs
EPP
(EPP, ECPM)		 S&D
(PES, EDP)		 RE
(ALDE, EDP)		 G/EFA
(EGP, EFA)		 ID
(IDP)		 ECR
(ECRP, ECPM, EFA)		 GUE/NGL
(PEL)		 NI

Germany		 23 (CDU)
6 (CSU)		 −5
+1		 16 (SPD) −11 5 (FDP)
2 (FW)		 +2
+1		 21 (B’90/Grüne)
1 (ÖDP)
1 (Piraten)
1 (Volt Europa)
1 (Die Partei)		 +10
=
=
+1
+1		 11 (AfD) +4 1 (Familie) = 5 (Linke)
1 (Tierschutz)		 −2
=		 1 (Die Partei) = 96

France		 8 (LR-LC) −12 5 (PS-PP-ND) −8 21 (LREM-MoDem) +21 12 (EELV) +6 22 (RN) −2 6 (FI) +6 74

United
Kingdom		 10 (Lab) −10 16 (Lib Dems)
1 (Alliance)		 +15
+1		 7 (Green)
3 (SNP)
1 (PC)		 +4
+1
=		 4 (Con) −15 1 (SF) = 29 (Brexit Party)
1 (DUP)		 +29

=

 73

Italy		 6 (FI)
1 (SVP)		 −7
=		 19 (PD) −12 28 (Lega) +23 5 (FdI) +5 14 (M5S) −3 73

Spain		 12 (PP) −4 20 (PSOE) +6 7 (Cs)
1 (CEUS/EAJ/PNV)		 +1
=		 1 (AR-ERC)
1 (UP)		 -1
=		 3 (VOX) +3 5 (UP)
1 (AR-EH Bildu)		 −5
=		 2 (JuntsxCat)
1 (AR-ERC)		 +2
+1		 54

Poland		 17 (KE) −6 5 (KE)
3 (Wiosna)		 =
+3		 26 (PiS-SP) +7 51

Romania		 10 (PNL)
2 (UDMR)
2 (PMP)		 −1
=
=		 8 (PSD)
2 (PRO)		 −8
+2		 8 (USR-PLUS) +8 32

Netherlands		 4 (CDA)
1 (50+)
1 (CU)		 −1
+1
+1		 6 (PvdA) +3 2 (D66)
4 (VVD)		 −2
+1		 3 (GL) +1 3 (FvD)
1 (SGP)		 +3
=		 1 (PvdD) = 26

Belgium		 2 (CD&V)
1 (CDH)
1 (CSP)		 =
=
=		 2 (PS)
1 (SP.A)		 −1
=		 2 (Open VLD)
2 (MR)		 −1
−1		 2 (ECOLO)
1 (Groen)		 +1
=		 3 (VB) +2 3 (N-VA) −1 1 (PTB) +1 21

Czech
Republic		 2+1 (TOP 09+STAN)
2 (KDU–ČSL)		 −1
−1		 6 (ANO) +2 3 (Piráti) +3 2 (SPD) +2 4 (ODS) +2 1 (KSČM) −2 21

Greece		 8 (ND) +3 2 (KINAL) = 1 (EL)[61] +1 6 (SYRIZA) = 2 (KKE)
2 (XA)		 =
−1		 21

Hungary		 12+1 (Fidesz+KDNP) +1 1 (MSZP)
4 (DK)		 −1
+2		 2 (MoMo) +2 1 (Jobbik) −2 21

Portugal		 6 (PSD)
1 (CDS–PP)		 =
=		 9 (PS) +1 1 (PAN) +1 2 (CDU: PCP)
2 (BE)		 −1
+1		 21

Sweden		 4 (M)
2 (KD)		 +1
+1		 5 (S) = 2 (C)
1 (L)		 +1
−1		 2 (MP) −2 3 (SD) +1 1 (V) = 20

Austria		 7 (ÖVP) +2 5 (SPÖ) = 1 (NEOS) = 2 (Grüne) −1 3 (FPÖ) −1 18

Bulgaria		 6 (GERB)
1 (DSB)		 =
+1		 5 (BSP) +1 3 (DPS) −1 2 (IMRO) +1 17

Finland		 3 (Kok.) = 2 (SDP) = 2 (Kesk.)
1 (SFP)		 −1
=		 2 (VIHR) +1 2 (PS) = 1 (Vas.) = 13

Denmark		 1 (C) = 3 (S) = 3 (V)
2 (B)		 +1
+1		 2 (SF) +1 1 (O) −3 1 (RG) +1 13

Slovakia		 2 (SPOLU)
1 (KDH)
1 (OĽaNO)		 +2
−1
=		 3 (Smer–SD) −1 2 (PS) +2 2 (SaS) +1 2 (ĽSNS) +2 13

Croatia		 4 (HDZ) −1 3 (SDP) +1 1 (AMS/IDS) −1 1 (HKS) = 1 (Human Shield)
1 (Kolakušić)		 +1
+1		 11

Ireland		 4 (FG) = 1 (FF) = 2 (GP) +2 2 (I4C)
1 (SF)
1 (Flanagan)		 +2
−2
=		 11

Lithuania		 3 (TS–LKD)
1 (Maldeikienė)		 +1
+1		 2 (LSDP) = 1 (DP)
1 (LRLS)		 =
−1		 2 (LVŽS) +1 1 (LLRA) = 11

Latvia		 2 (JV) −2 2 (Saskaņa) +1 1 (AP!) +1 1 (LKS) = 2 (NA) +1 8

Slovenia		 2+1 (SDS+SLS)
1 (NSi)		 −1
=		 2 (SD) +1 2 (LMS) +2 8

Cyprus		 2 (DISY) = 1 (EDEK)
1 (DIKO)		 =
=		 2 (AKEL) = 6

Estonia		 2 (SDE) +1 2 (RE)
1 (KE)		 =
=		 1 (EKRE) +1 6

Luxembourg		 2 (CSV) −1 1 (LSAP) = 2 (DP) +1 1 (Gréng) = 6

Malta		 2 (PN) −1 4 (PL) +1 6
Total MEPs
EPP S&D RE G/EFA ID ECR GUE/NGL NI
182 (24.2%) −39 154 (20.5%) −37 108 (14.4%) +41 74 (9.9%) +24 73 (9.7%) +26 62 (8.3%) −8 41 (5.5%) −11 57 (7.6%) +5 751

Post-Brexit seats
See also: Apportionment in the European Parliament

In June 2018, the European Council decided to reapportion 27 of the 73 seats which would become vacant in the event of the United Kingdom leaving the EU. As the United Kingdom was still a member of the EU at the time of the election, the elections were held with the same allocation of seats as in 2014. When the United Kingdom left the EU, 27 of the seats were reallocated to other EU member states as shown below, resulting in a total of 705 MEPs.[62]

State Seats before Seats after Change
 Austria 18 19 1
 Belgium 21 21 0
 Bulgaria 17 17 0
 Croatia 11 12 1
 Cyprus 6 6 0
 Czech Republic 21 21 0
 Denmark 13 14 1
 Estonia 6 7 1
 Finland 13 14 1
 France 74 79 5
 Germany 96 96 0
 Greece 21 21 0
 Hungary 21 21 0
 Ireland 11 13 2
 Italy 73 76 3
 Latvia 8 8 0
 Lithuania 11 11 0
 Luxembourg 6 6 0
 Malta 6 6 0
 Netherlands 26 29 3
 Poland 51 52 1
 Portugal 21 21 0
 Romania 32 33 1
 Slovakia 13 14 1
 Slovenia 8 8 0
 Spain 54 59 5
 Sweden 20 21 1
 United Kingdom 73 0 73
Total 751 705 46

Changes in group representation

The table below shows the changes in group composition after the United Kingdom left the EU.

Member State Political groups MEPs
EPP S&D RE G/EFA ID ECR GUE/NGL NI
Austria +1 (Grüne) +1
Croatia +1 (SDP) +1
Denmark +1 (V) +1
Estonia +1 (PP) +1
Finland +1 (VIHR) +1
France +1 (PS) +1 (LREM)
+1 (PD)		 +1 (EELV) +1 (RN) +5
Ireland +1 (FG) +1 (FF) +2
Italy +1 (FI) +1 (LN) +1 (FdI) +3
Netherlands +1 (VVD) +1 (PVV)[lower-alpha 1] +1 (FvD) +3
Poland +1 (PiS) +1
Romania +1 (PSD) +1
Slovakia +1 (KDH) +1
Spain +1 (PP) +1 (PSOE) +1 (Cs) +1 (VOX) +1 (JuntsxCat) +5
Sweden +1 (MP) +1
United
Kingdom		 −10 (Lab) −16 (LibDem)
−1 (APNI)		 −7 (Green)
−3 (SNP)
−1 (PC)		 −4 (Con) −1 (SF) −29 (Brexit Party)
−1 (DUP)		 −73
Change +5 −6 −11 −7 +3 0 −1 −29 −46
  1. Geert Wilders, leader of the PVV, announced that the party would join the ID group.

Seat projections

There were no pan-European polls for the European elections. However, several organisations calculated the theoretical seat distribution in the European Parliament based on national polls in all member states. The table below displays these different projections. Since the United Kingdom notified its intention to leave the European Union in March 2017, the United Kingdom was expected not to participate in the European elections and was therefore excluded from projections. On 10 April 2019, the European Council extended the Brexit deadline to 31 October 2019, and the UK did participate in the European elections.[63] The UK was included in most projections after that date.

Percent

The following table shows projections with vote share instead of seats.

Aftermath

President of the Commission Approval
See also: von der Leyen Commission

The heads of governments, gathered in a European Council on 1–3 July 2019, could not agree on a consensus President of the Commission. The two Spitzenkandidaten were discussed, but neither Manfred Weber (EPP), nor Frans Timmermans (PES), who had the backing of many leaders but not of those from the Visegrad Group, had a majority.

In the final hours, the name of Ursula von der Leyen was suggested and agreed to by all governments, with Germany's abstention.

The European Parliament voted to approve her nomination on 16 July.

Ursula von der Leyen (EPP, ) as President of the European Commission
16 July 2019 Public accounts of the vote
(individual votes unknown, as the ballot was secret)
Required majority
374 out of 747 Y		 GUE/NGL S&D G/EFA RE EPP ECR ID NI
Yes
383 / 747
 73 or more 108 or less

• ALDE (108)[185]

 182 or less 26 or more

• PiS-SP (26)[184]

 14 or more

• M5S (14)[187]

No
327 / 747
 41 or less

• GUE/NGL[188]

 42 or more 74 or less 9 or more 5 or more 42 or more 29 or more

• Brexit (29)[187]

Abstentions
23 / 747
Absentees
14 / 747
Total : 747 4115374108182627354

Le Grand Continent published a detailed analysis of the secret ballot.[182] The authors numbered the public pledges of national delegations and individual MEPs as amounting to 410, which is 27 more than what von der Leyen ultimately received. To explain the difference, they suggest three scenarios: one in which the support of delegations from the S&D group (some for, some against, some equivocal) was lower than admitted, another in which MEPs from the populist parties in government (Poland's PiS, Hungary's Fidesz and Italy's M5S) were claiming support only to gain leverage, and a half-way scenario which they see as the likeliest. In two of these three scenarios, the S&D group, which for decades was the pillar of the Grand coalition in Europe, no longer has a majority of MEPs supporting the Commission.

gollark: Something like that.
gollark: And coal power is *basically* the alternative.
gollark: Even IGNORING climate change in the long run, they cause lung problems for everyone nearby and produce bad pollution.
gollark: It's great how you can complain about this then TOTALLY IGNORE all the WORSE effects of coal power.
gollark: Yes, nuclear power good.

See also
  • List of European Parliament elections by state (includes 2019 elections)

References
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  17. "Finland's fitness fiend ready for exhausting EU race". Financial Times. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  18. "Merkel backs Bavarian ally as center-right's EU Commission candidate: media | Reuters". 31 August 2018. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  19. "Europe's conservatives nominate Manfred Weber for EU top job". POLITICO. 8 November 2018. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
  20. Slovakia's Sefcovic announces bid to head European Commission, Reuters 17 September 2018
  21. Juncker's Dutch deputy bids to succeed him as EU chief, Reuters 10 October 2018
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