National Coalition Party

The National Coalition Party (NCP; Finnish: Kansallinen Kokoomus; Kok.; Swedish: Samlingspartiet; Saml.) is a centre-right[6] political party in Finland considered liberal,[7] conservative,[8] and liberal-conservative.[2] Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the "big three" parties that have dominated Finnish national politics for several decades, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring"[9] and supports multiculturalism and LGBT rights. It is pro-NATO and pro-European as well as a member of the European People's Party (EPP).[4]

For the party of the same name in El Salvador, see National Coalition Party (El Salvador).

National Coalition Party Finnish: Kansallinen Kokoomus Swedish: Samlingspartiet
Abbreviation	KOK
Chairman	Petteri Orpo
Deputy chairs	Antti Häkkänen Sanni Grahn-Laasonen Mari-Leena Talvitie
Founded	9 December 1918 (9 December 1918)
Merger of	Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
Headquarters	Kansakoulukuja 3 A, Helsinki
Youth wing	Youth of the National Coalition Party
Student wing	Student Union of National Coalition Party - Tuhatkunta
Women's wing	Kokoomuksen Naisten Liitto
LGBT wing	Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä - Kasary
Membership (2016)	34,000[1]
Ideology	Liberal conservatism[2][3] Pro-Europeanism[4] Social liberalism[5]
Political position	Centre-right[4][6]
European affiliation	European People's Party
International affiliation	International Democrat Union
European Parliament group	European People's Party[4]
Nordic affiliation	Conservative Group
Colours	Cyan
Parliament of Finland	38 / 200
European Parliament	3 / 14
Municipalities	1,492 / 8,999
Website
kokoomus.fi
Politics of Finland Political parties Elections

The party's vote share was approximately 20% in parliamentary elections in the 1990s and 2000s. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the parliamentary elections of 2011, becoming the largest party in the Finnish Parliament (Finnish: eduskunta; Swedish: riksdag) for the first time in its history. On the municipal level, it became the most popular party in 2008. In the 2015 election, the NCP lost its status as the country's largest party finishing second in votes and third in seats, but again joining the governing coalition. After the 2019 election, it is now the third largest party in the Finnish Parliament, behind the Social Democrats and the Finns Party, and became the second-largest opposition party after being excluded from the Rinne Cabinet.

History

1918–1939

The National Coalition Party was founded on 9 December 1918 after the Finnish Civil War by the majority of the Finnish Party and the minority of the Young Finnish Party, both supporting Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the King of Finland in the new monarchy.[10][11] The previous day, the republicans of both parties had founded the National Progressive Party.[12] With over 600 representatives, the foundational meeting of NCP declared the following:

A national coalition is needed over old party lines that have lost meaning and have too long separated similarly thinking citizens. This coalition's grand task must be to work to strengthen in our nation the forces that maintain society. Lawful societal order must be strictly upheld and there must be no compromise with revolutionary aspirations. But simultaneously, determined constructive reform work must be pursued."[13]

The party sought to accomplish their task by advocating for constitutional monarchy and, failing that, strong governmental powers within a republican framework. On the other hand, their goal was to implement a number of social and economic reforms, such as compulsory education, universal health care, and progressive income and property taxation.[14] The monarchist aims failed and Finland became a parliamentary republic—in which NCP advocated for strong presidential powers. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the threat posed by Joseph Stalin's communist Soviet Union influenced Finnish politics. Communists, backed by Soviet leaders, accelerated their activities while the ideological position of the National Coalition Party shifted to strongly conservative. The new ideology was poorly received, particularly by the youth, attracted instead more to irredentist and fascist movements, such as the Academic Karelia Society or Patriotic People's Movement.[10][11][12] In the 1933 parliamentary election, the party formed an electoral coalition with the Patriotic People's Movement, founded by former supporters of the radical nationalist Lapua Movement—even though P.E. Svinhufvud, the party's first President of Finland, played a key role in halting the Lapua Movement and vanquishing their Mäntsälä rebellion. The result was a major defeat as the NCP lost 24 of its 42 seats in Parliament. The NCP broke ties with the Patriotic People's Movement in 1934 under the newly elected party chair J.K. Paasikivi, but was nevertheless shut out from the Finnish Government until the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939 and only slowly regained support.[11][12][15]

P.E. Svinhufvud, 3rd President of Finland

1939–2000

During the Winter War and the Continuation War in 1939–1944, the party took part in the war-time national unity governments and generally had strong support for its government policies. After the wars, the National Coalition Party sought to portray itself as a defender of democracy against the resurgent Finnish communists. Chair Paasikivi, who had advocated making more concessions to Soviet Union before the Winter War and taken a cautious line regarding cooperation with Germany before the Continuation War, acted first as Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946) and then as President (1946–1956) of Finland. Paasikivi is remembered as the formulator of Finnish foreign policy after World War II.[16] The conflict between the NCP and the communist Finnish People's Democratic League culminated when President Paasikivi fired the communist Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino, who had used the State Police to spy on the party's youth wing among other abuses.[12][17][18]

In 1951, the party changed its official name from the original Kansallinen Kokoomuspuolue to the current Kansallinen Kokoomus. The 1950s were also a time of ideological shifts, as the emphasis on individual liberty and free market reforms increased at the expense of social conservatism and maintenance of a strong government. A minor division in 1958 led to the formation of the Christian Democrats party. From 1966 to 1987, the party was in the opposition.[19] By criticizing Finnish communists and President Urho Kekkonen of the Centre Party, the party had lost the President's trust—and thus governments formed by the Centre Party and left-wing parties followed one another. A new guard emerged within the NCP in the 1970s that sought to improve relations with long-serving President Kekkonen. Their work was partially successful in the late 1970s.[20] However, even though the NCP supported Kekkonen for president in 1978 and became the second largest party in the country in the 1979 parliamentary election, a spot in the government continued to elude the NCP until the end of Kekkonen's time in office.[11][12][18]

During the long years in opposition, the party's support grew steadily and in 1987 it attained the best parliamentary election result in its history so far. Harri Holkeri became the party's first prime minister since Paasikivi. During Holkeri's time in office, the Finnish economy suffered a downturn, precipitated by a multitude of factors, and the 1991 parliamentary election resulted in a loss. The party continued in government as a minor partner until 2003.[11][12]

J.K. Paasikivi, 7th President of Finland

2000–present

After losing six seats in the 2003 parliamentary election, the National Coalition Party spent the next electoral period in opposition. Jyrki Katainen was elected party chair in 2004 and in March 2006, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP). Under the leadership of Katainen, chair until 2014, liberalism became the main attribute of the party.[21] In the 2007 parliamentary election, the party increased its share to 50 seats in the largest gain of the election. The party held a close second place in Parliament, shy of the Centre Party and its 51 seats. After the election, the party entered into a coalition government together with the Centre Party, the Green League, and the Swedish People's Party. The NCP secured important ministerial portfolios, including finance and foreign affairs. In the 2011 parliamentary election, the party finished first place for the first time in its history with 44 seats, despite losing 6 seats, and party chair Jyrki Katainen formed his cabinet as a six-party coalition government from parties on the left and on the right after lengthy negotiations.[11][12][22]

Sauli Niinistö, 12th and the incumbent President of Finland

The National Coalition Party's candidate in the 2006 Finnish presidential election was former minister of finance and former party chair Sauli Niinistö. He qualified for the second round runoff as one of the top two candidates in the first round but was defeated by the incumbent Tarja Halonen with 51.8% of the vote against his 48.2%. The party nominated Sauli Niinistö again for the presidential election of 2012. Niinistö won the election, beating his Green League opponent Pekka Haavisto decisively on the second round with a 62.6% portion of the votes, and thus becoming the third president elected from the party and the first one since 1956. Niinistö's margin of victory was larger than that of any previous directly elected president in Finland. He won a majority in 14 of the country's 15 constituencies.[11][23] Niinistö is described as a pragmatical fiscal conservative and a pro-European and supporting restraint of bailouts to partner countries. Upon taking office, Niinistö intended to strengthen interaction with the United States and China and maintain good relations with Russia as well as address the European debt crisis.[22] Niinistö was re-elected in 2018 for a second six-year term. He ran as an independent but had the support of the National Coalition Party.[24]

In 2014, Katainen stepped down as party chair and Prime Minister of Finland for a vice-president position in the European Commission.[25] Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chair of the National Coalition Party in the June 2014 leadership election and thus became the prime minister. Katainen's cabinet was likewise succeeded by the cabinet of Alexander Stubb on 23 June 2014.[12] Stubb went on to lead the party into the 2015 parliamentary election, in which the National Coalition Party placed second in votes and third in parliamentary seats.[26] After the election, National Coalition joined a right-leaning majority coalition consisting of the three largest parties – the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.[27] During his term, Stubb faced growing criticism for the NCP's poor poll results, the declining economy as well as compromises in the three-party government. After two years as party chair, Stubb was voted by 441 to 361 to be replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016.[28]

Ideology and political position

A 1964 NCP poster with "for the security of the future" written in Finnish

According to its 2006-adopted platform, the National Coalition Party's policy is based on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equality of opportunity, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring".[9] The party is described by literature as a liberal[7] and conservative[8] as well as a liberal-conservative[2] party in the centre-right[6] with catch-all party characteristics.[29] The non-profit Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism.[4]

Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and social reformism.[30] For example, it supports multiculturalism, work-based immigration, gay rights and same sex marriage.[4][31][32][33] Although formerly considered to have been critical of the Nordic welfare model and campaigning for strict doctrines of economic liberalism, in the 1970s the party shifted to supporting more social liberalism, such as increased social security and a welfare state, justified by increased individual liberty.[34] In international relations, the party advocates for multilateralism. The National Coalition Party is pro-European and it supports continued European integration and close relations with the European Union (EU). Likewise, the party publicly advocates Finnish membership in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO).[35]

Voter base

Votes for NCP by municipality in the 2011 parliamentary election with urban areas gathering most support

The magazine Suomen Kuvalehti created a profile of a typical National Coalition Party voter from over 18,000 interviews in 2011: a 36-year-old lawyer or management consultant living with a family in the Capital region who supports economic liberalism and conservative values and enjoys alpine skiing and golf.[36] Unlike other conservative parties in Europe, the party's voters are predominantly urban while rural regions favor the Centre Party.[4] In 2005, the NCP had the highest proportion of women members out of the major parties.[37] Membership in the party was momentarily on the rise in 2008, but had declined from 41,000 to 34,000 by 2016.[38] In contrast, the party had 81,000 members in 1970.[1] According to 2008 polling data, the National Coalition Party was the most positively viewed party by Finns[39] and was the most favored party among young generations in 2008 and 2014 polls.[40][41]

Organisation

The main structure of the National Coalition Party comprises municipal and local chapters organized into districts and as well as the women's, student and youth wings. The party conference (Finnish: puoluekokous), the main decision-making body convening every two years with representatives from the suborganisations as its members, elects the party chair and three deputy chairs as well as the 61-member party council (Finnish: puoluevaltuusto).[42]

The party chair and the deputy chairs lead the party board (Finnish: puoluehallitus), which is in charge of the daily management and is composed of a representative from each district and from each of the three wings. The party council also elects the party secretary to head the main office, located in Helsinki, and to coordinate the National Coalition Party's activities according to the board's decisions. Additionally, the NCP has separate groups for coordinating ministers, members of Parliament, and members of the European Parliament.[42]

Two foundations, Kansallissäätiö and Porvarillisen Työn Arkiston Säätiö, assist the party with a source of funding and as an archive, respectively.[43][44] Reportedly, donations to Kansallissäätiö are kept secret, but according to the treasurer, donations are a limited asset compared to the foundation's 5 million euro investment capital. In 2008, the foundation supported NCP with €400,000.[45] The NCP owns two companies, Kansalliskustannus Oy and Suomen Kansallismedia Oy, to publish the party newspapers Nykypäivä and Verkkouutiset as well as to handle media communications.[46] Additionally, some thematic organizations report themselves as close to the party, such as the Swedish-language group Borgerlig samling i Finland[47] and the LGBT network Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary.[48]

Election results

See also: Elections in Finland

Election results are based on respective files of the Official Statistics of Finland (Finnish: Suomen virallinen tilasto) published by the national Statistics Finland institution.

Parliament of Finland

Election	Votes	%	Seats	+/-	Status
1919	155,018	15.70%	28 / 200	New	Opposition (1919–1920)
					Leading government (1920–1921)
					Opposition (1921–1922)
1922	157,116	18.15%	35 / 200	7	Opposition
1924	166,880	18.99%	38 / 200	2	Leading government (1924–1925)
					Coalition government (1925–1926)
					Opposition (1926–1927)
1927	161,450	17.74%	34 / 200	4	Opposition
1929	138,008	14.51%	28 / 200	6	Opposition
1930	203,958	18.05%	42 / 200	14	Leading government (1930–1931)
					Coalition government (1931–1932)
					Opposition (1932–1933)
1933	187,527	16.93%	32 / 200	10	Opposition
1936	121,619	10.36%	20 / 200	12	Opposition
1939	176,215	13.58%	25 / 200	5	Coalition government (1939–1943)
					Leading government (1943–1944)
					Coalition government (1944)
					Leading government (1944)
					Opposition (1944–1945)
1945	255,394	15.04%	28 / 200	3	Opposition
1948	320,366	17.04%	33 / 200	5	Opposition
1951	264,044	14.57%	28 / 200	5	Opposition
1954	257,025	12.80%	24 / 200	4	Opposition
1958	297,094	15.28%	29 / 200	5	Coalition government (1958–1959)
					Opposition (1959–1962)
1962	346,638	15.06%	32 / 200	3	Coalition government
1966	326,928	13.79%	26 / 200	6	Opposition
1970	457,582	18.05%	37 / 200	11	Opposition
1972	453,434	17.59%	34 / 200	3	Opposition
1975	505,145	18.37%	35 / 200	1	Opposition
1979	626,764	21.65%	47 / 200	12	Opposition
1983	659,078	22.12%	44 / 200	3	Opposition
1987	666,236	23.13%	53 / 200	9	Leading government
1991	526,487	19.31%	40 / 200	13	Coalition government
1995	497,624	17.89%	39 / 200	1	Coalition government
1999	563,835	21.03%	46 / 200	7	Coalition government
2003	517,904	18.55%	40 / 200	6	Opposition
2007	616,841	22.26%	50 / 200	10	Coalition government
2011	598,369	20.44%	44 / 200	6	Leading government
2015	540,212	18.20%	37 / 200	7	Coalition government
2019	523,957	17.00%	38 / 200	1	Opposition

European Parliament

Year	MEPs	Votes
1996	4	453,729	20.17%
1999	4	313,960	25.27%
2004	4	392,771	23.71%
2009	3	386,416	23.21%
2014	3	390,112	22.6%
2019	3	380,106	20.8%

Municipal

Year	Councillors	Votes
1950		88,159	5.85%
1953		133,626	7.59%
1956		105,220	6.29%
1960		275,560	14.04%
1964		213,378	10.0%
1968	1,388	364,428	16.09%
1972	1,503	451,484	18.06%
1976	2,047	561,121	20.92%
1980	2,373	628,950	22.94%
1984	2,423	619,264	22.96%
1988	2,392	601,468	22.87%
1992	2,009	507,574	19.05%
1996	2,167	514,313	21.64%
2000	2,028	463,493	20.84%
2004	2,078	521,412	21.83%
2008	2,020	597,727	23.45%
2012	1,735	544,682	21.9%
2017	1,490	531,599	20.68%

Presidential

The below tables indicate which presidential candidate NCP supported, but not necessarily if the candidate was a member of the party.[11]

indirect
Year	Candidate	Electors	Votes
1925	Hugo Suolahti	68	141,240	22.71%
1931	Pehr Evind Svinhufvud	64	180,378	21.56%
1937	Pehr Evind Svinhufvud	86	330,980	29.75%
1950	Juho Kusti Paasikivi	68	360,789	22.88%
1956	Sakari Tuomioja	54	340,311	17.94%
1968	Matti Virkkunen	58	432,014	21.19%
1978	Urho Kekkonen	45	360,310	14.72%
1982	Harri Holkeri	58	593,271	18.7%
1988	Harri Holkeri	63	603,180	20.2%

direct
Year	Candidate	Votes
1988	Harri Holkeri	570,340	18.4%
1994	Raimo Ilaskivi	^1st 485,035	^1st 15.2%
2000	Riitta Uosukainen	^1st 392,305	^1st 12.8%
2006	Sauli Niinistö	^1st 725,866 ^2nd 1,518,333	^1st 24.06% ^2nd 48.21%
2012	Sauli Niinistö	^1st 1,131,254 ^2nd 1,802,400	^1st 36.96% ^2nd 62.59%
2018	Sauli Niinistö	^1st 1,874,334	^1st 62.6%

^1st Result for candidate in the first election (i.e. round).

^2nd Result for candidate in the second election (i.e. round).

Prominent party leaders

The following NCP members have held high offices:[49]

• Lauri Ingman – Prime Minister 1918–1919, 1924–1925
• Antti Tulenheimo – Prime Minister 1925
• Pehr Evind Svinhufvud – President 1931–1937
• Edwin Linkomies – Prime Minister 1943–1944
• Juho Kusti Paasikivi – President 1946–1956, Prime Minister 1944–1946
• Harri Holkeri – Prime Minister 1987–1991
• Riitta Uosukainen – Minister of Education 1991–1994, Speaker of the Parliament 1994–2003
• Sauli Niinistö – Minister of Finance 1995–2003, Speaker of the Parliament 2007–2011, President 2012–
• Jyrki Katainen – Minister of Finance 2007–2011, Prime Minister 2011–2014, vice president of the European Commission 2014–
• Alexander Stubb – Prime Minister, 2014–2015, Minister of Finance 2015–2016

See also

• Constitution of Finland
• Foreign relations of Finland
• Moderate Party – similar party in Sweden
• Nordic model

Notes and references

Notes

• The newspapers Nykypäivä and Verkkouutiset are published by NCP-owned companies

References

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External links

• Official website