Social Democratic Party (Portugal)

The Social Democratic Party (Portuguese: Partido Social Democrata, PSD; pronounced [pɐɾˈtiðu susiˈaɫ dɨmuˈkɾatɐ]) is a liberal-conservative[9][10] political party in Portugal. Commonly known by its colloquial initials PSD, on ballot papers its initials appear as its official form PPD/PSD, with the first three letters coming from the party's original name, the Democratic Peoples' Party (Partido Popular Democrático, PPD). Alongside the Socialist Party, the PSD is one of the two major parties in Portuguese politics.

Social Democratic Party

Partido Social Democrata
AbbreviationPPD/PSD[1]
PresidentRui Rio
Secretary-GeneralJosé Silvano
FounderFrancisco Sá Carneiro
Founded6 May 1974 (1974-05-06)
Legalized17 January 1975 (1975-01-17)[1]
HeadquartersRua de S. Caetano à Lapa, 9,
1249-087 Lisboa
NewspaperPovo Livre
Youth wingSocial Democratic Youth
Women's wingSocial Democratic Women
Workers wingSocial Democratic Workers
Membership (2018)129,735[2]
IdeologyLiberal conservatism[3]
Christian democracy[4]
Political positionCentre-right[5][6][7]
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
International affiliationCentrist Democrat International
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
Colours     Orange
Anthem
"Paz, Pão, Povo e Liberdade"[8]
"Peace, Bread, People and Freedom"
Assembly of the Republic
79 / 230
European
Parliament
6 / 21
Regional
parliaments
40 / 104
Local
government
729 / 2,074
Party flag
Website
psd.pt

The party was founded in 1974, two weeks after the Carnation Revolution and in 1976 adopted its current name. In 1979, the PSD allied with centre-right parties to form the Democratic Alliance and won that year's election. After the 1983 general election, the party formed a grand coalition with the Socialist Party, known as the Central Bloc, before winning the election under new leader Aníbal Cavaco Silva in 1985 and shift the party to the right. Cavaco Silva served as Prime Minister for ten years, instituting major economic liberalisation and winning two landslide victories. After he stepped down, the PSD lost the 1995 election. The party was returned to power under José Manuel Durão Barroso in 2002, but was defeated in the 2005 election. The party was able to return to power after the 2011 elections and four years later was able to win a plurality in the 2015 legislative election, winning 107 seats in the Assembly of the Republic in alliance with the CDS – People's Party, but being unable to form a minority government. The current leader, Rui Rio, a centrist, was elected on 13 January 2018.

Originally a social-democratic party, the PSD became the main centre-right, conservative party in Portugal.[5] The PSD is a member of the European People's Party and the Centrist Democrat International. Until 1996, the PSD belonged to the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party and Liberal International.[5] The party publishes the weekly Povo Livre (Free People) newspaper.

History

Foundation
Rui Rio, leader since 2018

The Social Democratic Party was born on 6 May 1974, when Francisco Sá Carneiro, Francisco Pinto Balsemão and Joaquim Magalhães Mota publicly announced the formation of what was then called the PPD, the Democratic People's Party (Portuguese: Partido Popular Democrático). On 15 May, the party's first headquarters were inaugurated in Largo do Rato, Lisbon. This was followed, on 24 June, by the formation of the first Political Committee, consisting of Francisco Sá Carneiro, Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Joaquim Magalhães Mota, Barbosa de Melo, Mota Pinto, Montalvão Machado, Miguel Veiga, Ferreira Júnior, António Carlos Lima, António Salazar Silva, Jorge Correia da Cunha, Jorge Figueiredo Dias and Jorge Sá Borges.

The Povo Livre publication was founded, its first issue being published on 13 July 1974, led by its first two directors, Manuel Alegria and Rui Machete. The PPD's first major meeting was held in the "Pavilhão dos Desportos", Lisbon, on 25 October, and a month later the party's first official congress took place.

On 17 January 1975, 6300 signatures were sent to the Supreme Court so that the party could be approved as a legitimate political entity, which happened a mere eight days later.

In 1975, the PPD applied unsuccessfully to join the Socialist International,[11] with its membership attempt vetoed by the Socialist Party.[12]

Alberto João Jardim was the co-founder of the Madeiran branch of the PSD, and governed the autonomous archipelago for decades, running as a member of the party.

Democratic Alliance governments

The Social Democratic Party participated in a number of coalition governments in Portugal between 1974 and 1976, following the Carnation Revolution. This is seen as a transitional period in Portuguese politics, in which political institutions were built and took time to stabilize. In 1979, the PSD formed an electoral alliance, known as the Democratic Alliance (AD), with the Democratic and Social Centre (now called the People's Party, CDS-PP) and a couple of smaller right-wing parties. The AD won the parliamentary elections towards the end of 1979, and the PSD leader, Francisco Sá Carneiro, became Prime Minister. The PSD would be part of all governments until 1995. The AD increased its parliamentary majority in new elections called for 1980, but was devastated by the death of Sá Caneiro in an air crash on 4 December 1980. Francisco Pinto Balsemão took over the leadership of both the Social Democratic Party and the Democratic Alliance, as well as the Prime Ministership, but lacking Sá Carneiro's charisma, he was unable to rally popular support.

The Democratic Alliance was dissolved in 1983, and in parliamentary elections that year, the PSD lost to the Socialist Party (PS). Falling short of a majority, however, the Socialists formed a grand coalition, known as the Central Bloc, with the PSD. Many right-wingers in the PSD, including Aníbal Cavaco Silva, opposed participation in the PS-led government, and so, when Cavaco Silva was elected leader of the party on 2 June 1985, the coalition was doomed.

Cavaco Silva governments (1985–1995)

The PSD won a plurality (but not a majority) in the general election of 1985, and Cavaco Silva became Prime Minister. Economic liberalization and tax cuts ushered in several years of economic growth. After a motion of no confidence was approved, early elections were called for July 1987 which resulted in a landslide victory for the PSD, who captured 50.2% percent of the popular vote and 148 of the 250 parliamentary seats – the first time that any political party in Portugal had mustered an absolute majority in a free election. A strong economy, growing above 7% in 1988, ushered a big convergence between Portugal and other EU countries. The PSD won a historic 3rd term in the 1991 election, almost as easily as in 1987, but continuing high levels of unemployment and a lower economy, after 1993, eroded the popularity of the Cavaco Silva government.

Post-Cavaco Silva

Cavaco Silva stepped down as leader in January 1995. In the following month, in the PSD congress, the party elected Fernando Nogueira as leader. The PSD lost the 1995 election to the PS. In 1996, Cavaco Silva ran for the presidency of the republic, but he failed to defeat former Lisbon Mayor Jorge Sampaio. Sampaio won 53.9% to Cavaco's 46.1%. The party, for the first time in 16 years, was out of government. The party was again defeated in the 1999 elections.

First PSD/CDS coalition government

The PSD made a comeback in 2002, however: despite falling short of a majority, the PSD won enough seats to form a coalition with the CDS-PP, and the PSD leader, José Manuel Durão Barroso, became Prime Minister. Durão Barroso later resigned his post to become President of the European Commission, leaving the way for Pedro Santana Lopes, a man with whom he was frequently at odds, to become leader of the party and Prime Minister.

Back in opposition (2005–2011)

In the parliamentary election held on 20 February 2005, Santana Lopes led the PSD to its worst defeat since 1983. With a negative swing of more than 12% percent, the party won only 75 seats, a loss of 30. The rival Socialist Party had won an absolute majority, and remained in government after the 2009 parliamentary election, albeit without an absolute majority, leaving the PSD in opposition.

The PSD-supported candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva won the Portuguese presidential elections in 2006 and again in 2011. After the 2005 elections, Luís Marques Mendes was elected leader of the party. Internal infighting weakened Marques Mendes and, in September 2007, Marques Mendes was defeated by Luís Filipe Menezes by a 54% to 42% margin. Menezes was also incapable with dealing with his internal opposition and, after just six months in the job, Menezes resigned. On 31 May 2008, Manuela Ferreira Leite became the first female leader of a Portuguese major party. She won 38% of the votes, against the 31% of Pedro Passos Coelho and the 30% of Pedro Santana Lopes.

In the European Parliament election held on 7 June 2009, the PSD defeated the governing socialists, capturing 31.7% of the popular vote and electing eight MEPs, while the Socialist Party only won 26.5% of the popular vote and elected seven MEPs.

Although this was expected to be a "redrawing of the electoral map", the PSD was still defeated later that year, though the PS lost its majority. Pedro Passos Coelho was elected leader in March 2010, with 61% of the votes.

Second PSD/CDS coalition government

Growing popular disenchantment with the government's handling of the economic crisis coupled with the government's inability to secure the support of other parties to implement the necessary reforms to address the crisis, forced the Socialist Party Prime Minister José Sócrates to resign, leading to a fresh election on 5 June 2011. This resulted in a non-absolute majority for the PSD, leading to a coalition government with the CDS-PP, which served a full term until the 2015 general election. During this term, many austerity policies were put into practice to reduce the budget deficit but, ultimately, created unemployment and a recession that lasted until mid 2013. Since that date, the economy recovered starting to grow between 1 and 2% per trimester.

In the 2015 general election, the PSD and CDS-PP ran in a joint coalition, called Portugal Ahead, led by Pedro Passos Coelho and Paulo Portas. The coalition won the elections by a wide margin over the Socialists, capturing 38.6% of the votes while the Socialists captured only 32%, although the coalition lost 25 MPs and a more than 11% of the votes, thus falling well short of an absolute majority. The PSD/CDS-PP coalition was asked by the then President of the Republic, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, to form a government with Passos Coelho as Prime Minister.

Back in opposition (2015–present)

The 2nd PSD/CDS government was duly formed and took the oath of office on 30 October 2015, but fell after a no-confidence motion was approved two weeks later. Its 11 days of rule make it the shortest-lived government since Portugal has been a democracy holding free elections. After that, the PSD returned to the opposition benches, and the Socialist Party was able to form an agreement with BE and CDU to support a PS minority government led by António Costa. Pedro Passos Coelho continued as party leader, but a weak opposition strategy led to bad polling numbers for the PSD. All of this culminated with the results of the 2017 local elections. In these elections, the PSD achieved their worst results ever, winning just 98 mayors and 30% of the votes. Passos Coelho announced he would not run for another term as PSD leader. On 13 January 2018, Rui Rio defeated Pedro Santana Lopes by a 54% to 46% margin and became the new party leader.

During his first year in the leadership, Rio faced big internal opposition and, in January 2019, Rio won a motion of confidence presented by Luís Montenegro. In the EP 2019 elections, the PSD achieved their worst result ever in a national election, winning just 22% of the votes. However, the party recovered a lot of ground in the October 2019 general elections, achieving 28% of the votes, against the 36% of the PS. Nonetheless, Rio's leadership was, once again, challenged and he faced, in a two round leadership contest in January 2020, Luís Montenegro and Miguel Pinto Luz. Rio won the 1st round with 49% of the votes and defeated Luís Montenegro in the 2nd round by 53% to 47% margin, thus being re-elected as party leader.

Ideology
Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Prime Minister 1981–1983
Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime Minister 1985–1995 and President 2006–2016

Historical evolution

The party was founded based on classical social democracy[5] and was a centre[13][14] to centre-left[4] party, but later it evolved into catch-all centre-right party. The party has been described as liberal-conservative,[9][10] conservative,[5] or conservative-liberal,[15] with Christian democratic and liberal elements.[4]

Factions

The PSD is frequently referred to as a party that is not ideology-based, but rather a power party (partido do poder).[16] It frequently adopts a functional big tent party strategy to win elections.[16] Due to this strategy, which most trace to Cavaco Silva's leadership,[17] the party is made up of many factions, mostly centre-right (including liberal democrats, Christian democrats and neoconservatives) as well as quasi-social-democrats and former communists:

  • Portuguese social democrats: the main faction when the party was created, throughout the party's history rightist politicians joined them to have a greater chance of gaining power and influencing the country's politics (see liberals, conservatives, right-wing populists and neoliberals). They do not follow traditional social democracy, but Portuguese social democracy as defined by Sá Carneiro's actions and writings, which includes a degree of centrist and leftist populism. They followed a kind of anti-class struggle party/cross-class party strategy. All the other members of the party claim to follow this line. Among its representatives were most of the leaders between Francisco Sá Carneiro and Cavaco Silva, Alberto João Jardim (also a founding member and an anti-neoliberal) and to an extent Luís Filipe Menezes (who called the PSD the "moderate left party")[18] identified himself with a centre-left matrix and a united left strategy and defended a more open party on issues like abortion.[19] José Mendes Bota is another left-wing populist.[20] The Portuguese social-democrats are centered around the Grupo da Boavista (Boavista Group).
  • European-style social-democrats: follow traditional social democracy. They share with the Portuguese social democrats their presence at the creation of the party and "a non-Marxist progressivist line".[21] Many of them (former party leader António Sousa Franco, party co-founder Magalhães Mota, writer and feminist Natália Correia) supported the Opções Inadiáveis (Pressing Options) manifesto,[22] and then left to create the Independent Social Democrat Association (Associação Social Democrata Independente, ASDI)[23] and the Social Democrat Movement (Movimento Social Democrata, MSD),[24] forming electoral coalitions (later fusioning to) the Socialist Party during the 1970s–1980s. Some took part in the Democratic Renovator Party. A later example of a European-style Social democrat leaving the party for the Socialists is activist and politician Helena Roseta. The ones still in the party adapted to its current right-wing outlook or Portuguese social democracy. They today include former communists-turned centre-leftists, like Zita Seabra. Durão Barroso might have moved from Thatcherism to social democracy.[25] Ironically, both Social Democrat factions were represented in the 2008 party elections by Manuela Ferreira Leite, economically neoliberal and socially conservative (often compared to Thatcher).
  • Agrarianism: the other main faction at creation. The PSD was always more successful in the Northern and rural areas of the country. When Sousa Franco and his SPD-inspired social democrats started their break with the rest of the party he referred to a division between "a rural wing, led by Sá Carneiro, and an urban wing, more moderate and truly social democratic, close to the positions of Helmut Schmidt"[26] Due to the electoral influence of ruralism on the PSD's politics they may be seen inside of or influencing most factions.
Durão Barroso, Prime Minister 2002–2004
Pedro Santana Lopes, Prime Minister 2004–2005
Pedro Passos Coelho, Prime Minister 2011–2015
  • Liberals (classical and social): due to the Salazarist connotation of the term right-wing[27] and all terms connected (liberal and conservative) after the Carnation Revolution, the little atractiveness of economic liberalism in European politics,[28] no specific liberal or conservative party was formed in post-1974 Portugal, except the experiences of the Catholic Action-monarchist Liberal Party in 1974[29] and the centrist liberal Democratic Renovator Party, so they started working inside the PSD. This strategy of joining "socialism and liberalism under the same hat"[16] was especially successful during Cavaco Silva's leadership, when the party gave up its candidacy to the Socialist International and became member of the Liberal International and European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party and Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group, leaving the international and the European party and group in 1996 to join the Christian Democrat International (today Centrist Democrat International), the European People's Party and the European People's Party-European Democrats. Since then, the liberal-social democrat rift (or even the liberal-conservative-populist-social democrat rift) has plagued the party's cohesion and actions.[30][31] Durão Barroso (a former revolutionary Maoist who switched sides in the 1980s) is sometimes referred to as the most pure liberal of the party.[32] In terms of social liberals, some try to link both social democracy and social liberalism to the PSD,[33] to refer to the early PSD as liberal[34] or partly social liberal[35] party and social liberalism is sometimes identified with the social market economy tradition the party traditionally supported.[36] Even members of the Portuguese Social Liberal Movement admit the traditional and current presence of social liberals (and other liberals) on the PSD.[37]
  • Christian democrats and social Christians: some claim the PSD as the party from Christian democracy and social Christianity from the beginning,[38] or having these currents as part of its legacy.[35] Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa is one of the main preachers of Social Christianity inside the PSD. As is Paulo Rangel.[39]
  • Right-wing populists: distinct from radical right-wing populists, the populist centre and centre-left social democrats (like João Jardim and Sá Carneiro), the populist overlapers (like Cavaco Silva), and the Eurosceptic populists of the Democratic and Social Centre–People's Party (CDS-PP). They are social-economic liberal conservative/conservative liberal and moderate culturally religious conservatives and internationalist national conservatives. Their main representative is Pedro Santana Lopes. Though the main right-wing populists were present at the founding of the party (like Santana Lopes), they were clearly right-wing, recruited when their abilities were noticed in educated circles and universities,[40] with minor agreements with Sá Carneiro's philosophy. Frequently as the PSD is a bipartisanship party, right-wing populists from the CDS-PP join the party. Luís Filipe Meneses is frequently described as a populist but he tried to lead the party back to a left line,[41] and does not identify or act like the liberal conservative/conservative liberal populists.
  • Conservatives: with the post-revolutionary opposition to the right (see above in liberal) no specific conservative party was founded in Portugal; conservatives acted inside the CDS-PP and the PSD. Frequently linked with the neoliberals, pure conservatives are rare in the party as the usual partisan or politician of the party is economically moderate, but socially conservative. One of the rare exceptions of a pure conservative in this party was former party member and MP Vasco Pulido Valente, who is highly elitist and a cultural purist (unlike most of the party's partisans, who have various degrees of populism or meritocratism), highly conservative and traditionalist.[42]
  • Neoconservatives: mostly former communists and leftists who supported the policies of the Bush Administration and defend similar views in Portuguese politics. The main example is José Pacheco Pereira[43][44] (though his support of the Bush doctrine on the invasion of Iraq is sometimes challenged.[45] They are frequently referred to as "Cavaco-ists" due to their support of cavacoism's legacy and candidates representative of it, like Cavaco Silva himself and Ferreira Leite, defending the position that they should take a hard stance on the left and its social liberalism).[46]
  • Neoliberals: neoliberal tendencies were introduced in Portuguese economy by Cavaco Silva, removing socialism from the constitution and finishing the de-collectivization of the economy started with Sá Carneiro. Cavaco (a self-described neo-Keynesian) never employed a totally Reaganite or Thatcherite strategy, maintaining a social democrat matrix and many (right and left-wing) populist and neo-Keynesian policies. Alberto João Jardim described the inconsistent neoliberalism of the PSD as "those Chicago Boys have some funny ideas, but when election time arrives the old Keynesianism is still what counts".[47] Cavaco Silva and Durão Barroso are both sometimes referred to as the closest to neo-liberal leaders of the party.[48] The main pure representative of the streak is Manuela Ferreira Leite, but even she called herself a social democrat and explained "I'm not certainly liberal, I'm also not populist"[49] and lead the social democratic factions during internal party rifts, though she accepts the nickname "Portuguese iron lady" and comparisons to Thatcher if "[it] means [...] an enormous intransigence on values and in principles, of not abdicating from these values and from these principles and of continuing my way independently of the popularity of my actions and the effects on my image".[49] The main group (officially non-partisan) associated with the neoliberal faction of the PSD is the Projecto Farol (Lighthouse Project).[50]
  • Overlappers: the average PSD voter and partisan since Cavaco Silva's leadership. Cavaco himself, though a self-described Neo-Keynesian, an early member of the party since its centre-left days and a man with social-liberal and centrist populist economic policy tendencies, he is personally a social conservative (opposing same-sex marriage[51] and abortion) and a practicing Catholic.[52] As such, Cavacoism should be considered a "hybrid" or a political syncretism.[53] A similar case is Vasco Graça Moura, who claims to be an economic social democrat but opposes gay people serving in the military and is a self-described "centre-left reactionary".[54] The overlappers are mainly represented in the forums gathered by the District of Oporto section of the party, which during the 2009 European elections tried to gather the ideas of all factions.
  • Centrists: not to be confused with overlappers. Still indecisive between (traditional or Portuguese) social democracy, social liberalism or any other kind of centrism.
  • Transversalists: are pragmatic and not strict on ideological issues. Although open to privatization and civil society alternatives to the social state, in speech they move closer to the centre-left origins of the party and are generally proud of them.[55] The main representative of this faction is Pedro Passos Coelho, who claims to be neither left nor right, but that "the real issues are between old and new",[56] though his opponents identified him as a liberal (in the conservative-liberal or neoliberal European sense) since the 2008 party election, though he recalled the many meanings of liberal and recalled the left liberalism of the United States Democratic Party,[57] being even called "PSD's Obama" by supporters. Centrists and transversalists inside the party share the think tank Construir Ideias (Building Ideas), which Passos Coelho founded and leads.[50] They mix (like the closely allied centrists) calls to privatization with others to more social justice, government regulation and arbitration and strategic governmental involvement in the economy. This faction is in constant rift with the more socially right-wing ones (who have been leading the party for a long time) and also with the overlappers whose hybrid approach they refuse, over the future of the party and its future ideological and philosophical alignments.

Election results

Assembly of the Republic
Election Assembly of the Republic Government Size Leader
Votes % ±pp Seats won +/−
1975 1,507,282 26.4%
81 / 250
 Constituent assembly 2nd Francisco Sá Carneiro
1976 1,335,381 24.4% 2.0
73 / 263
 8 Opposition 2nd
1979 w. Democratic Alliance
80 / 250
 7 Majority gov't 1st
1980 w. Democratic Alliance
82 / 250
 2 Majority gov't 1st
1983 1,554,804 27.2%
75 / 250
 7 Central Bloc gov't
PS-PSD		 2nd Carlos Mota Pinto
1985 1,732,288 29.9% 2.7
88 / 250
 13 Minority gov't 1st Aníbal Cavaco Silva
1987 2,850,784 50.2% 20.3
148 / 250
 60 Majority gov't 1st
1991 2,902,351 50.6% 0.4
135 / 230
 13 Majority gov't 1st
1995 2,014,589 34.1% 16.5
88 / 230
 47 Opposition 2nd Fernando Nogueira
1999 1,750,158 32.3% 1.8
81 / 230
 7 Opposition 2nd José Manuel Durão Barroso
2002 2,200,765 40.2% 7.9
105 / 230
 24 Coalition gov't
PSD-CDS–PP		 1st
2005 1,653,425 28.8% 11.4
71 / 230
 34 Opposition 2nd Pedro Santana Lopes
2009 1,653,665 29.1% 0.3
81 / 230
 10 Opposition 2nd Manuela Ferreira Leite
2011 2,159,181 38.7% 9.6
108 / 230
 27 Coalition gov't
PSD-CDS–PP		 1st Pedro Passos Coelho
2015 w. Portugal Ahead
89 / 230
 19 Minority gov't (2015) 1st
Opposition (2015-19)
2019 1,454,283 27.8%
79 / 230
 10 Opposition 2nd Rui Rio

European Parliament
Election European Parliament Size Candidate
Votes % ±pp Seats won +/
1987 2,111,828 37.5%
10 / 24
 1st Pedro Santana Lopes
1989 1,358,958 32.8% 4.7
9 / 24
 1 1st António Capucho
1994 1,046,918 34.4% 1.6
9 / 25
 0 2nd Eurico de Melo
1999 1,078,528 31.1% 3.3
9 / 25
 0 2nd José Pacheco Pereira
2004 w. Força Portugal
7 / 24
 2 2nd João de Deus Pinheiro
2009 1,131,744 31.7%
8 / 22
 1 1st Paulo Rangel
2014 w. Aliança Portugal
6 / 21
 2 2nd
2019 727,224 21.9%
6 / 21
 0 2nd

Regional Assemblies
Region Election Regional Assemblies Government Size
Votes % ±pp Seats won +/−
Azores 2016 28,793 30.9% 2.1
19 / 57
 1 Opposition 2nd
Madeira 2019 56,448 39.4% 4.9
21 / 47
 3 Coalition gov't
PSD-CDS–PP		 1st

List of leaders

List of Secretaries-General (second-in-command)
  • Joaquim Magalhães Mota (1976–1978; as President)
  • Sérvulo Correia (1978; as President)
  • Amândio de Azevedo (1978–1979; as President)
  • António Capucho (1979–1984; as President until 1983)
  • Antunes da Silva (1984–1985)
  • Dias Loureiro (1985–1990)
  • Falcão e Cunha (1990–1992)
  • Nunes Liberato (1992–1995)
  • Azevedo Soares (1995–1996)
  • Rui Rio (1996–1997)
  • Horta e Costa (1997–1998)
  • António Capucho (1998)
  • Torres Pereira (1998–1999)
  • José Luís Arnaut (1999–2004)
  • Miguel Relvas (2004–2005)
  • Miguel Macedo (2005–2007)
  • Ribau Esteves (2007–2008)
  • Luís Marques Guedes (2008–2010)
  • Miguel Relvas (2010–2011)
  • José Matos Rosa (2011–2018)
  • Feliciano Barreiras Duarte (2018)
  • José Silvano (2018–present)

Source:[58]

Prime Ministers

Presidents of the Republic
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See also

References
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  2. "PSD tem 1201 novos militantes". Social Democratic Party. 28 March 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  3. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Portugal". Parties and Elections in Europe. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  4. Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). "The Liberals; Or, the Curse of the Political Center". Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared. Ashgate Publishing. p. 110.
  5. Almeida, Dimitri (2012). The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus. Taylor & Francis. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-136-34039-0.
  6. Freire, André (2007). "The Party System of Portugal". In Oskar Niedermayer; Richard Stöss; Melanie Haas (eds.). Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas. Springer-Verlag. p. 373. ISBN 978-3-531-90061-2.
  7. Lisi, Marco (2007). "The Importance of Winning Office: The PS and the Struggle for Power". In Anna Bosco; Leonardo Morlino (eds.). Party Change in Southern Europe. Routledge. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-136-76777-7.
  8. https://observador.pt/2015/07/11/os-hinos-cantavam-nas-primeiras-eleicoes/
  9. Josep M. Colomer (2008). "Spain and Portugal: Rule by Party Leadership". In Josep M. Colomer (ed.). Comparative European Politics (3rd edition). Routledge. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2.
  10. Oppelland, Torsten (2007). "Das Parteiensystem der Europäischen Union". In Oskar Niedermayer; Richard Stöss; Melanie Haas (eds.). Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas. Springer-Verlag. p. 373. ISBN 978-3-531-90061-2.
  11. Gunther, Richard (1991). "Spain and Portugal". In Gerald Allen Dorfman; Peter J. Duignan (eds.). Politics in Western Europe. Hoover Press. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8179-9123-4. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  12. Takis S. Pappas (2001). "In Search of the Center: Conservative Parties, Electoral Competition, and Political Legitimacy in Southern Europe's New Democracies". In Nikiforos P. Diamandouros; Richard Gunther (eds.). Parties, Politics, and Democracy in the New Southern Europe. JHU Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-8018-6518-3. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  13. Manuel, Paul Christopher (1996). The Challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Portugal: Political, Economic, and Military Issues, 1976-1991. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-275-94849-8. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  14. "Portugal". European Election Database. Norwegian Centre for Research Data.
  15. Machado, Diamantino P. (1 January 1991). "The Structure of Portuguese Society". The Structure of Portuguese Society: The Failure of Fascism. Praeger Publishing. p. 193. ISBN 9780275937843. …the government has been led by the conservative-liberal Social Democrats…
  16. "Ideologia do PSD: entre Nacionalistas Croatas e Camponeses da Lituânia". Eleicoes2009.info. 9 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  17. "O PSD no seu labirinto, A Mão Invisível". Invisiblehand.blogs.sapo.pt. 16 October 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  18. "O partido da esquerda democrática". Atlantico.blogs.sapo.pt. 14 October 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  19. Luís Filipe Menezes: "Tenho capacidade para penetrar em sectores que tradicionalmente não votam PSD" Archived 29 September 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  20. PSD assume-se como partido liberal: só falta ser coerente e mudar o nome Archived 20 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 31 August 2009, Câmara dos Comuns. Retrieved 15 June 2010
  21. Povo Livre, first issue
  22. "Opções Inadiáveis". Maltez.info. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  23. "Associação Social Democrata Independente". Maltez.info. 30 April 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  24. "Movimento Social Democrata". Maltez.info. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  25. "Pedro Lains: As duas Europas". Pedrolains.typepad.com. 27 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  26. Partido Popular Democrático Partido Social Democrático. «uma ala rural, liderada por Sá carneiro (sic), e uma ala urbana, mais moderada e verdadeiramente social-democrata, próxima das posições de Helmut Schmidt.»
  27. the only exception of a self proclaimed "Party of the Portuguese Right" (until 1979) the Movement for the Independence and National Reconstruction (Movimento para a Independência e Reconstrução Nacional, MIRN), a far right and clearly pro-salazarist party led by Kaúlza de Arriaga. see KAÚLZA DE ARRIAGA: o general sem vitórias and 20MIRN.htm
  28. As ameaças ao modelo social europeu vs. a incapacidade dos partidos liberais venceram eleições: o dilema do PSD (portuguese)
  29. "Partido Liberal 1974". Maltez.info. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  30. Sociais Democratas & Liberais: o PSD impossível Archived 23 May 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  31. Anónimo (não verificado) (30 October 2009). "Liberais vs. conservadores". Blog.liberal-social.org. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  32. Publicada por João Pedro Freire (23 October 2007). "Europa dos Governos e dos Estados ... A Europa de Sócrates & Barroso". Militantesocialista.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  33. "O PSD e o Futuro, 2008-04-28 – Mário Duarte". Maiahoje.pt. 28 April 2008. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  34. PSD – Alexandre Relvas apela a Paulo Rangel e Aguiar-Branco para candidatura única, 14 February 2010, Destak paper
  35. Afinal como é que é?, 29 January 2010, last comment
  36. Folha laranja, Juventude Social Democrata Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Alges
  37. "Mais outro liberal que está perdido". Blog.liberal-social.org. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  38. "Ppd Vs Psd". Sublegelibertas.wordpress.com. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  39. Paulo Rangel. "Não se deve excluir uma maioria absoluta do PSD", Maria João Avillez, 13 March 2010, i newspaper
  40. compare with Santana Lopes' description of his recruiting in Lisbon University by Sá Carneiro on late night talk show 5 Para a Meia-Noite, RTP 2, 2 September 2009
  41. "Menezes candidato para fazer renovação, 23 FEV 05". Tsf.sapo.pt. Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  42. O jogral dos tempos que correm Archived 29 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  43. "renas e veados: Alinhamentos neo-conservadores". Renaseveados.weblog.com.pt. 22 February 1999. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  44. "Vanunu". Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  45. "Manifesto Nem Pacheco, Nem Soares". Geoscopio.tv. 12 March 2007. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  46. A tradução de Pacheco Pereira do discurso suicida de Cavaco Archived 18 December 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  47. As ameaças ao modelo social europeu vs. a incapacidade dos partidos liberais venceram eleições: o dilema do PSD Archived 23 May 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  48. "Direita Neoliberal ou Conservadora, jornal I online". Ionline.pt. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  49. Por:António Ribeiro Ferreira. "Correio da Manhã". Correiomanha.pt. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  50. PSD: Cinco grupos a elaborar programas. Qual o aquele em que o país deve acreditar?, Quarta-feira, 27 de Maio de 2009, O valor das ideias Archived 29 September 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  51. É tão bom ter um Cavaco em Belém, Paulo Gaião, 2008-10-24 01:36, Semanário Archived 26 September 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  52. "EXP-TC não dá razão a Cavaco, Agosto 31, 2009, Autor: Filipe Santos Costa". Smmp.pt. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  53. "1962, José Adelino Maltez, História do Presente, 2006". Maltez.info. 30 April 2009. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  54. late night talk show 5 Para a Meia-Noite, RTP 2, 28 July 2009
  55. during his interview with Mário Crespo, the main transversalist/centrist leader, Passos Coelho, referred the return to social democratic party roots as essential.
  56. "(2732) O COMPLEXO DE ESQUERDA, TOMAR PARTIDO Sexta-feira, 2 de Maio de 2008". Tomarpartido.blogs.sapo.pt. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  57. PSD: Liberalismo de Passos Coelho e impostos no centro do debate da TVI Archived 29 September 2009 at the Portuguese Web Archive
  58. Filme Secretários Gerais PSD 1975 2012, Youtube.com
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