Progressive Party of Working People

The Progressive Party of Working People (Greek: Ανορθωτικό Κόμμα Εργαζόμενου Λαού (ΑΚΕΛ), Anorthotikó Kómma Ergazómenou Laoú (AKEL); Turkish: Emekçi Halkın İlerici Partisi) is a Marxist–Leninist,[3][4][5] communist[1][2] political party in Cyprus.

Progressive Party of Working People Ανορθωτικό Κόμμα Εργαζόμενου Λαού Emekçi Halkın İlerici Partisi
Abbreviation	AKEL
General Secretary	Andros Kyprianou
Founded	15 August 1926 (1926-08-15)
Headquarters	Nicosia, Cyprus
Newspaper	Haravgi
Youth wing	United Democratic Youth Organisation (EDON)
Trade Union Wing	Pancyprian Federation of Labour (PEO)
Ideology	Communism[1][2] Marxism–Leninism[3][4][5]
Political position	Left-wing[2][6][7][8]
European affiliation	Party of the European Left (observer)
International affiliation	International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties International Communist Seminar
European Parliament group	European United Left–Nordic Green Left
Colours	Red
House of Representatives	16 / 56
European Parliament	2 / 6
Municipal Councils	123 / 478
Website
www.akel.org.cy
Politics of Cyprus Political parties Elections

AKEL is one of the two major parties in Cyprus, and it supports an independent, demilitarized, and non-aligned Cyprus, and a federal solution of the internal aspect of the Cyprus problem. It places particular emphasis on rapprochement with the Turkish Cypriots. It supported entry into the European Union with certain reservations. Initially supportive of the Annan Plan in 2004, the AKEL ultimately opposed the plan because the UN Security Council did not provide guarantees on post-reunification security.[9]

As a strong supporter of welfare benefits and nationalization, AKEL successfully put into practice several social measures to support the economic welfare of Cypriots during the late-2000s financial crisis, such as increasing low pensions by 30% and strengthening the welfare benefits given to university students to €12 million per year. Overall, €1.2 billion were spent on welfare benefits during the first three years that AKEL was in power, with various improvements made in social welfare provision.[3][4] The party is now in opposition following the 2013 election. The party's candidate was defeated in the 2018 presidential election against the incumbent president.

History

It was founded in 1926 with the name Communist Party of Cyprus (CPC). The communist party set as its aim not only the struggle against exploitation, but also the independence of Cyprus from British rule. The party became illegal in 1931 when the British colonial government imposed restrictions on civil rights following a nationalist riot. In 1941, leading members of the underground communist party and others founded AKEL. In the first municipal elections in 1943 (before that mayors were appointed) AKEL candidates became mayors of Limassol (Ploutis Servas) and Famagusta (Adam Adamantos).

List of general secretaries:

• 1936-1945 Ploutis Servas
• 1945-1949 Fifis Ioannou
• 1949-1988 Ezekias Papaioannou
• 1988-2009 Dimitris Christofias (6th President of the Republic of Cyprus)
• 2009–present Andros Kyprianou[10]

Unlike its predecessor, AKEL was not against Enosis. Instead, AKEL supported a gradual process, starting off with a constitution and self-government, while Cyprus would remain a colony, leading to self-determination and Enosis. After the failure of the consultative assembly in 1949 to grant a constitution acceptable to the Cypriot members, AKEL changed line, supporting immediate Enosis with no intermediate stages.

During the late 1950s, AKEL was opposed to the violent tactics followed by the anti-British resistance movement of EOKA. EOKA accused AKEL of being collaborators with the British, even though AKEL had also been illegal since 1955. Several AKEL members were assassinated by EOKA at the time for being "traitors", including AKEL supporter Savas Menikou, who was stoned to death. AKEL denounced EOKA's leadership as being anti-communist, as its leader George Grivas had fought against the communist side during the Greek Civil War. Grivas later founded EOKA B, which supported the 1974 coup d'état following his death.

Foreign Minister of Greece Stavros Lambrinidis and President of Cyprus Demetris Christofias during his tenure in New York City in October 2011

About 1958, the Turkish Cypriot nationalist organization TMT started forcing Turkish Cypriots members of AKEL to leave. Editor of a workers' newspaper Fazıl Önder was killed and the head of the Turkish bureau of PEO (AKEL's trade union) Ahmet Sadi moved to the UK to save his life.

In the first presidential elections for independent Cyprus, AKEL backed Ioannis Kliridis (father of Glafkos Klerides) against Makarios III. The last Turkish Cypriot to be a member of the central committee of AKEL, Derviş Ali Kavazoğlu, was killed by TMT in 1965.

In the mid 1960s the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 10,000 (3.25% of the working age population).[11]

Recent history

Greek Foreign Minister Stavros Dimas (to the right) and leader of AKEL Andros Kyprianou

AKEL headquarters in Nicosia, Cyprus

At the legislative elections on 27 May 2001, the party won 34.7% of the popular vote and 20 out of 56 seats. After this election, AKEL's General Secretary, Dimitris Christofias, was elected as President of the House of Representatives, serving in that post until 2006. His election was supported by AKEL, Movement for Social Democracy (EDEK), and the Democratic Party (DIKO).

AKEL is a member of the European United Left - Nordic Green Left political group in the European Parliament, and it is considered to be moderately eurosceptic. Cyprus joined the EU in 2004, and in the 2004 European parliament election, AKEL elected two members (Adamos Adamou and Kyriacos Triantaphyllides).

AKEL remained the largest political party in the 2006 legislative elections; however, the party lost two seats, winning 18 seats with 31.31% of the vote.

In the second round presidential election held on 24 February 2008, Dimitris Christofias, General Secretary of AKEL, was elected President of Cyprus. Christofias won 53.36% of the vote against his right-wing opponent Ioannis Kasoulidis' 46.64%.[12]

On 21 January 2009, Andros Kyprianou was elected general secretary of the party with 54.3% in the central committee election.

In the 2009 election to the European Parliament, AKEL received 34.9% of the votes, and again elected two out of Cyprus' six members (Kyriacos Triantaphyllides and Takis Hadjigeorgiou). In the 2014 election, they held their two seats with a reduced 27% of the vote.

In the 22 May 2011 legislative election AKEL received 32.67% of the votes, and elected 19 out of the 56 members of parliament.

In an interview with Athens News Agency, party leader Andros Kyprianou said that AKEL was considering Cyprus' exit from the eurozone, saying, "It is an option on the table", but that it will require "study and planning".[13]

In the 2013 presidential election, the AKEL candidate Stavros Malas lost by a margin of 42.52% to 57.48%.

Youth

AKEL youth conference in 1984 in Nicosia

The party's youth wing is the United Democratic Youth Organisation, which was founded in 1959.

Election results

Parliament

House of Representatives

Election	Votes			Seats
	#	%	Rank	#	±
1960	51,719	35.0	2nd	5 / 50	new
1970	68,229	34.1	1st	9 / 35	4
1976	With DIKO and EDEK			9 / 35	0
1981	95,364	32.8	1st	12 / 35	3
1985	87,628	27.4	3rd	15 / 56	3
1991	104,771	30.6	2nd	18 / 56	3
1996	121,958	33.0	2nd	19 / 56	1
2001	142,648	34.7	1st	20 / 56	1
2006	131,237	31.1	1st	18 / 56	2
2011	132,171	32.7	2nd	19 / 56	1
2016	90,204	25.7	2nd	16 / 56	3

European Parliament

European Parliament

Election	Votes			Seats
	#	%	Rank	#	±
2004	93,212	27.9	2nd	2 / 6	new
2009	106,922	34.9	2nd	2 / 6	0
2014	69,852	27.0	2nd	2 / 6	0
2019	77.241	27.5	2nd	2 / 6	0

AKEL MPs

• 2011-Ongoing Adamos Adamou
• 2007-2011 Dina Akkelidou
• 2006-2011 Aristos Aristotelous
• 2011-Ongoing Irere Charalambides
• 1991-2008 Dimitris Christofias
• 2011-Ongoing Aristos Damianou
• 2004-Ongoing Stella Demetriou Misiaouli
• 1981-1991 Pavlos Diglis
• 2001-Ongoing Stavros Evagorou
• 2006-Ongoing Andreas Fakontis
• 1970-1991 Andreas Fantis
• 2008-Ongoing Yiannakis Gavriel
• 1991-2011 Aristophanes Georgiou
• 2011-2019 Giorgos K. Georgiou
• 1996-2009 Takis Hadjigeorgiou
• 2003-2011 Dinos Hadjinicolas
• 2011-Ongoing Christakis Jovanis
• 1991-Ongoing Nicos Katsourides
• 2011-Ongoing Andreas Kafkalias
• 2011-Ongoing Kostas Kosta
• 2008-Ongoing Skevi Koukouma Koutra
• 2001-Ongoing Andros Kyprianou
• 2006-2011 Pambis Kiritsis
• 2001-Ongoing Yiannos Lamaris
• 1996-2003 Giorgos Lillikas
• 2011-Ongoing Giorgos Loucaides
• 2008-2011 Klavdios Mavrohannas
• 2001-2006 Eleni Mavrou
• 2011-Ongoing Christos Mesis
• 2006-2011 Andreas Mouskalis
• 2011-2016 Pambos Papageorgiou
• 1960-1988 Ezekias Papaioannou
• 1985-1991 Michalis Papapetrou
• 1970-1991 Georgios Savvides
• 2006-Ongoing Panikkos Stavrianos
• 1996-2011 Yannakis Thoma
• 1960-1991 Andreas Ziartides

AKEL MEPs

• 2004-2009 Adamos Adamou
• 2004-2014 Kyriacos Triantaphyllides
• 2009–2019 Takis Hadjigeorgiou
• 2014–2019 Neoklis Sylikiotis
• 2019–present Niyazi Kızılyürek
• 2019–present Giorgos K. Georgiou

See also

• Co-ordinating Committee of Communist Parties in Britain
• Syriza (Greece)

References

1. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2016). "Cyprus". Parties and Elections in Europe.
2. Harry Anastasiou, The Broken Olive Branch: Nationalism versus Europeanization, Syracuse University Press, 2008, ISBN 9780815631972, p. 163
3. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2012-08-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
4. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-15. Retrieved 2012-08-27.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
5. Helena Smith, Cyprus gets ready for a communist 'takeover', The Guardian, 2008
6. Yiannis Papadakis, Nicos Peristianis, Gisela Welz, Divided Cyprus: Modernity, History, And an Island in Conflict - New Anthropologies of Europe, Indiana University Press, 2006, ISBN 9780253218513, p. 80
7. Uwe Backes, Patrick Moreau, Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008, ISBN 9783525369128, p. 268 ss.
8. https://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2018/01/28/presidentielle-a-chypre-le-sortant-nicos-anastasiades-favori_5248234_3214.html
9. Wright, George (April 22, 2004). "Greek Cypriot leaders reject Annan plan". The Guardian. Retrieved November 1, 2019. The AKEL communist party had earlier suggested it might throw its weight behind the Annan plan and help turn around the widespread antipathy of the Greek-Cypriot south. But today its leadership said it had decided to oppose the plan because the UN security council had not provided guarantees on post-reunification security.
10. "Ο νέος ΓΓ του ΑΚΕΛ (3) « Faros's Weblog". Faros.wordpress.com. 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2010-06-17.
11. Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H. "Communism and Economic Development", in The American Political Science Review, volume 62, number 1, March 1968, page 122.
12. "Cypriot victor rallies for unity". BBC News. 24 February 2008.
13. "Aνησυχεί το ΑΚΕΛ για την πορεία της Ε.Ε." YouTube. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2015.

Bibliography

• Panayiotou, A. (2006) "Lenin in the Coffee-Shop: The Communist Alternative and Forms of non-Western Modernity", Postcolonial Studies, 9, 3, pp. 267–280.
• Adams (1971) AKEL: The Communist Party of Cyprus. California: Hoover Press
• Lefkis, G. (1984) Roots (Limassol).
• Fantis (2005) The Cypriot Trade Union Movement During the Period of British Colonialism (Nicosia)
• Servas (1985, 1991) Responsibilities (Athens, Grammi).
• Peristianis (2006) "The Rise of the Left and Intra-Ethnic Cleavages" in Faustmann, H. and Peristianis, N. (ed.), Britain in Cyprus, Colonialism and Post-colonialism 1878-2006. Mannheim, Bibliopolis.
• Philippou, Lambros (2010) "The Cypriot Paradox: The Communist Way Towards Political Liberalism", Cyprus Review, 22, 1, pp. 129–149.
• Δίγκλης, Παύλος (2010) ΑΚΕΛ. Με τόλμη και παρρησία: Προσωπικές μαρτυρίες. Εκδόσεις Επιφανίου. ISBN 978-9963-685-80-6

External links

• AKEL's website in English (Greek, English and Turkish)