Freedom Party of Austria

The Freedom Party of Austria[note 1] (German: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ) is a far-right populist[27] and national-conservative[27] political party in Austria. The party, led by Norbert Hofer since September 2019, is a member of the Identity and Democracy group in the European Parliament, as well as of the Identity and Democracy Party. The FPÖ was founded in 1956 as the successor to the short-lived Federation of Independents (VdU), representing the "Third Camp" of Austrian politics, i.e. pan-Germanists and national liberals opposed to both socialism and Catholic clericalism. The party's first leader was Anton Reinthaller, a former Nazi functionary and SS officer. Despite this, the FPÖ did not endorse Nazism or radical-right policies and presented itself as a centralist party.[28] In its early years, the FPÖ was a third party with modest support. It was admitted to the Liberal International (LI) in 1979 and participated in a government led by the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ), following the 1983 legislative election. Under the leadership of Norbert Steger in the early 1980s, the party sought to style itself on the German Free Democratic Party.[22][23][29]

Freedom Party of Austria

Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs
AbbreviationFPÖ
ChairmanNorbert Hofer
Secretaries-GeneralChristian Hafenecker
Harald Vilimsky
Parliamentary leadersNorbert Hofer
Herbert Kickl
Managing directorHans Weixelbaum
Joachim Stampfer
Notable deputy chairpersonsMario Kunasek
FounderAnton Reinthaller
Founded7 April 1956
Preceded byFederation of Independents
HeadquartersTheobaldgasse 19/4
A-1060 Vienna
NewspaperNeue Freie Zeitung
Student wingRing Freiheitlicher Studenten
Youth wingRing Freiheitlicher Jugend
Membership (2017)60,000
IdeologyAustrian nationalism[1]
National conservatism[2]
Social conservatism[3]
Right-wing populism[4][5]
Anti-immigration[6]
Anti-globalism[7]
Euroscepticism[8]
Anti-Islam[9]
Historical:
 • Pan-Germanism[10]
 • National liberalism[11]
 • Classical liberalism[10]
 • Libertarianism[12]
 • Anti-clericalism[13]
Political positionRight-wing[14][15][16] to
far-right[17][18][19][20][21]
Historical (1956–1986):
Centre[22][23] to centre-right[24]
European affiliationIdentity and Democracy Party
International affiliationLiberal International[25] (1978–1993)
European Parliament groupIdentity and Democracy
Colours     Blue
National Council
30 / 183
Federal Council
16 / 61
Governorships
0 / 9
State cabinets
2 / 9
State diets
98 / 440
European Parliament
3 / 19
Website
fpoe.at

When Jörg Haider was chosen as new FPÖ leader in 1986, the party started an ideological turn towards right-wing populism. This new political course soon resulted in a strong surge in electoral support, although it also led the SPÖ to break ties. In 1993, after a controversial proposal on immigration issues, the adherents of a position closer to classical liberalism broke away from the FPÖ and formed the Liberal Forum (LiF), which took over the FPÖ's membership in the LI (since the FPÖ considered itself forced to leave) and would later eventually merge into NEOS. Among other things, the party supports the unification of South Tyrol (Italy) with Tyrol (Austria)[30] and therefore the South Tyrolean secessionist movement, which notably includes its South Tyrolean sister party Die Freiheitlichen.

In the 1999 legislative election the FPÖ placed second and won 26.9% of the vote, its best-ever result in a nationwide election, and for the first time came ahead of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) by a small margin. The FPÖ eventually reached a coalition agreement with the ÖVP in 2000, but ceded the chancellorship to the ÖVP to appease international opinion. The FPÖ soon became uncomfortable with governing and fell sharply in the 2002 legislative election, in which it obtained only 10% of the vote; however, the two parties agreed to continue their coalition following the election. In 2005 increasing internal disagreements in the FPÖ led Haider and several leading members (including all the party's ministers) to defect and form the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ), which replaced the FPÖ as government partner.

Under the leadership of Heinz-Christian Strache (2005–2019), the party gradually re-gained and increased popular support. In the 2013 legislative election the FPÖ won 20.5% of the vote and, more recently, it came ahead either of the SPÖ or the ÖVP in some state elections, entered in an SPÖ-led government in Burgenland and gained more than 30% of the vote in Vienna. Finally, in the 2016 presidential election, FPÖ member Norbert Hofer won the first round, receiving 35.1%, but was defeated by The Greens' candidate Alexander Van der Bellen, 53.8% against 46.2%, in the final run-off (an earlier run-off was invalidated).

In the nationwide legislative snap elections in October 2017, the FPÖ won 26% of the vote, a narrow third place, and entered the coalition government as a junior partner, with the ÖVP leader, Sebastian Kurz, as Chancellor. The Ibiza affair that broke out on 17 May 2019 has led Strache to tender his resignation the next day as both Vice-Chancellor and party leader,[31] which in turn led to the collapse of the coalition with the ÖVP, and subsequent new elections. The scandal was triggered by video of a July 2017 meeting in Ibiza, Spain, published on 17 May 2019, appearing to show Strache and Gudenus discussing underhanded political practices. In the video, both politicians appeared receptive to proposals by a woman posing as the niece of a Russian oligarch, discussing providing the FPÖ positive news coverage in return for business contracts. Strache and Gudenus also hinted at corrupt political practices involving other wealthy donors to the FPÖ elsewhere. In a snap election held on 29 September 2019, the Freedom Party won 16 percent of the vote.[32] The results represent a loss of about one-third of the party's seats in parliament.[33]

History

Political background
Further information: German nationalism in Austria

The FPÖ is a descendant of the pan-German[34] and national liberal camp (Lager) dating back to the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas.[11] During the interwar era, the national liberal camp (gathered in the Greater German People's Party)[35] fought against the mutually-hostile Christian Social and Marxist camps in their struggles to structure the new republic according to their respective ideologies.[36] After a short civil war, the Federal State of Austria, an authoritarian Christian Social dictatorship, was established in 1934.[36] By 1938, with the Anschluss of Austria into Nazi Germany, the national liberal camp (which had always striven for an inclusion of Austria into a Greater Germany) had been swallowed whole by Austrian National Socialism and all other parties were eventually absorbed into Nazi totalitarianism.[36] Both Socialists and Christian Socials were persecuted under the Nazi regime, and the national liberal camp was scarred after the war due to guilt by association with National Socialism.[36]

In 1949, the Federation of Independents (VdU) was founded as a national liberal alternative to the main Austrian parties—the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) and the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP),[22] successors to the interwar era Marxist and Christian Social parties.[36] The VdU was founded by two liberal Salzburg journalists—former Nazi Germany prisoners—who wanted to stay clear of the mainstream socialist and Catholic camps and feared that hostility following the hastily devised postwar denazification policy (which did not distinguish between party members and actual war criminals) might stimulate a revival of Nazism.[36][37] Aiming to become a political home to everyone not a member of the two main parties, the VdU incorporated an array of political movements—including free-market liberals, populists, former Nazis and German nationalists, all of whom had been unable to join either of the two main parties.[22][38][39] The VdU won 12% of the vote in the 1949 general election, but saw its support beginning to decline soon afterward. It evolved into the FPÖ by 1955/56 after merging with the minor Freedom Party in 1955;[40] a new party was formed on 17 October 1955, and its founding congress was held on 7 April 1956.[41][42]

Early years (1956–1980)

The first FPÖ party leader was Anton Reinthaller, a former Nazi Minister of Agriculture and SS officer.[43] He had been asked by ÖVP Chancellor Julius Raab to take over the movement rather than let it be led by a more socialist-leaning group.[28] While the majority of former Nazis had probably joined the two main parties in absolute numbers, they formed a greater percentage of FPÖ members due to the party's small size.[28] Nevertheless, none of them were real revolutionaries and they pursued pragmatic, non-ideological policies.[28] The FPÖ served as a vehicle for them to integrate in the Second Republic; the party was a welcome partner with both the SPÖ and ÖVP in regional and local politics, although it was excluded at the national level.[28][44] The ÖVP and the FPÖ ran a joint candidate for the 1957 presidential election, who lost.[28]

Reinthaller was replaced as leader in 1958 by Friedrich Peter (also a former SS officer), who led the party through the 1960s and 1970s and moved it towards the political centre.[23] In 1966 the ÖVP-SPÖ Grand Coalition which had governed Austria since the war was broken, was put to an end, when the ÖVP gained enough votes to govern alone. SPÖ leader Bruno Kreisky (himself a Jew) defended Peter's past and initiated a political relationship—and a personal friendship—with Peter; in 1970 the FPÖ was, for the first time, able to tolerate an SPÖ minority government.[28][45] In 1967 the more extreme faction in the FPÖ broke away and established the National Democratic Party, seen by some observers as a final shedding of the party's Nazi legacy.[46] Under the influence of Kreisky, a new generation of liberals brought the FPÖ into the Liberal International in 1978.[25][45] During the years under Peter the party never won more than 8% of the national vote in general elections, and generally did not have much political significance.[22]

Steger leadership (1980–1986)

Liberal Norbert Steger was chosen as new FPÖ party leader in 1980; in an effort to gain popularity, he helped the FPÖ become established as a moderate centrist liberal party.[22][23] His vision was to transform the FPÖ into an Austrian version of the German Free Democratic Party, focusing on free-market and anti-statist policies.[29] In the 1980s, the Austrian political system began to change; the dominance of the SPÖ and ÖVP started to erode, and the Austrian electorate began to swing to the right. SPÖ leader Bruno Kreisky had encouraged the FPÖ's move to the centre, in order to establish an SPÖ-FPÖ alliance against the ÖVP. The 1983 general election was a watershed; the SPÖ lost its absolute majority in Parliament, which resulted in the formation of an SPÖ-FPÖ "Small Coalition".[23] Ironically, the 1983 election result was the worst for the FPÖ in its history (it received slightly less than 5% of the vote), and during the next few years the party saw 2–3% support—or even less—in opinion polls. As a consequence, the party was soon torn by internal strife.[45][47]

In 1983, the right-wing Jörg Haider took over the leadership of the FPÖ's significant Carinthia branch. Its importance dated to the Kärntner Abwehrkampf (Carinthian defensive struggle) following World War I, and subsequent anti-Slavic sentiment arising from a fear of being taken over by Yugoslavia.[23] Encouraged by the mass media, a struggle soon developed between Steger and Haider over the future of the party. In the 1985 Reder case, for instance, Haider staunchly supported FPÖ Minister of Defence Friedhelm Frischenschlager when the latter welcomed convicted Waffen-SS war criminal Walter Reder in person when Reder arrived at Graz Airport after his release from Italy.[23][48][note 2] While the FPÖ struggled with its low support at the national level in the mid-1980s, this was in sharp contrast to the party's position in Haider's Carinthia (where the party had increased its support from 11.7% in the 1979 provincial election to 16% in 1984).[23]

During the 1986 National Convention in Innsbruck, the internal struggle developed into an open conflict; this led Haider to victory as new FPÖ party leader with 58% of the vote, supported by conservative and pan-German factions.[22][23][45][49] However, incoming SPÖ Chancellor Franz Vranitzky—who also entered office in 1986—had strong negative feelings towards Haider, who he felt was too far-right. Vranitzky subsequently announced an election in 1986, in the process disbanding the SPÖ-FPÖ "Small Coalition" and, after the election, entered into a coalition with the ÖVP.[50] Under Haider's leadership, the FPÖ increased its vote to 9.7%,[51] while the party gradually became more right-wing and its former liberal influence waned.[52] As the FPÖ increased its electoral support with Haider's radical-populist rhetoric, the party reduced its chances of forming coalitions with other parties.[51]

Haider leadership (1986–2000)
Jörg Haider (2007).
Further information: Jörg Haider

With Jörg Haider as the new party leader, the 1989 Carinthia provincial election caused a sensation; the SPÖ lost its majority and the ÖVP was relegated to third-party status, as the FPÖ finished second with 29% of the vote. The FPÖ formed a coalition with the ÖVP, with Haider as Governor of Carinthia (at this point his greatest political triumph).[51] By the 1990 general election the party had moved away from the liberal mainstream course, instead focusing on immigration and becoming increasingly critical of the political establishment and the EU.[52] Following a remark made by Haider in 1991 about the "decent employment policy" of Nazi Germany (in contrast to that of the current Austrian government),[note 3] he was removed as governor by a joint SPÖ-ÖVP initiative and replaced by the ÖVP's Christof Zernatto. Later that year, however, the FPÖ saw gains made in three provincial elections (most notably in Vienna).[54]

While Haider often employed controversial rhetoric, his expressed political goals included small government with more direct democracy rather than centralized totalitarianism.[11] Following the increasing importance of immigration as a political issue, in 1993 the party decided to launch the "Austria First!" initiative (calling for a referendum on immigration issues). The initiative was controversial and five FPÖ MPs, including Heide Schmidt, left the party and founded the Liberal Forum (LiF). The FPÖ's relations with the Liberal International also became increasingly strained, and later that year the FPÖ left the LI (which was preparing to expel it). In turn, the LiF soon joined the Liberal International instead.[55] In 1999, Haider was again elected Governor of Carinthia.[49]

Coalition government (2000–2005)

In the 1999 general election the FPÖ won 27% of the votes, more than in any previous election—beating the ÖVP for the first time by a small margin. In February 2000, the ÖVP agreed to form a coalition government with the FPÖ.[56] Normally, Haider should have become federal chancellor. However, it soon became apparent that Haider was too controversial to be part of the government, let alone lead it. Amid intense international criticism of the FPÖ's participation in the government, the FPÖ ceded the chancellorship to Wolfgang Schüssel of the ÖVP. As a concession to the FPÖ, the party was given the power to appoint the Ministers of Finance and Social Affairs.[52] Later that month Haider stepped down as party chairman, replaced by Susanne Riess-Passer.[57] Having threatened a diplomatic boycott of Austria, the other fourteen European Union (EU) countries introduced sanctions after the government had been formed; other than formal EU meetings, contacts with Austria were reduced. The measures were justified by the EU, which stated that "the admission of the FPÖ into a coalition government legitimises the extreme right in Europe."[58]

The party had been kept on the sidelines for most of the Second Republic, except for its brief role in government in the 1980s. Along with the party's origins and its focus on issues such as immigration and questions of identity and belonging, the party had been subjected to a strategy of cordon sanitaire by the SPÖ and ÖVP. The EU sanctions were lifted in September after a report had found that the measures were effective only in the short term; in the long run, they might give rise to an anti-EU backlash.[58] Some observers noted an inconsistency in that there had been no sanctions against Italy when the post-fascist Italian Social Movement/National Alliance had entered government in 1994.[59]

The FPÖ struggled with its shift from an anti-establishment party to being part of the government, which led to decreasing internal stability and electoral support. Its blue collar voters became unhappy with the party's need to support some neo-liberal ÖVP economic reforms; the government's peak in unpopularity occurred when tax reform was postponed at the same time that the government was planning to purchase new interceptor jets. Internecine strife erupted in the party over strategy between party members in government and Haider, who allied himself with the party's grassroots. Several prominent FPÖ government ministers resigned in the 2002 "Knittelfeld Putsch" after strong attacks by Haider, which led to new elections being called.[57][60]

In the subsequent election campaign, the party was deeply divided and unable to organise an effective political strategy. It changed leaders five times in less than two months, and in the 2002 general election decreased its share of the vote to 10.2%, almost two-thirds less than its previous share. Most of its voters sided with the ÖVP, which became the largest party in Austria with 43% of the vote. Nevertheless, the coalition government of the ÖVP and FPÖ was revived after the election; however, there was increasing criticism within the FPÖ against the party's mission of winning elections at any cost.[61]

Haider's departure for BZÖ

After an internal row had threatened to tear the FPÖ apart, former chairman Jörg Haider, then-chairwoman and his sister Ursula Haubner, vice chancellor Hubert Gorbach and all of the FPÖ ministers left the party and on 4 April 2005 founded a new political party called the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ).[62][63][64] Austria's chancellor Wolfgang Schüssel followed, changing his coalition with the FPÖ into cooperation with the BZÖ.[65] In Haider's stronghold of Carinthia, the local FPÖ branch became the Carinthia branch of the BZÖ.[64]

Strache's early leadership (2005–2017)

The FPÖ fared much better than the BZÖ in polls following the 2005 split,[66] with the first tests in regional elections in Styria[67] and Burgenland.[68] On 23 April 2005 Heinz-Christian Strache was elected as new chairman of the FPÖ, taking over from interim leader Hilmar Kabas. As most of the party's office-seeking elite had gone over to the BZÖ, the FPÖ was again free from responsibility. Under Strache the party's ideology grew more radical, and it returned to its primary goal of vote-maximising.[69] The FPÖ did reasonably well in October's Vienna election, in which Strache was the leading candidate and ran a campaign directed strongly against immigration. It took a 14.9% share, while the BZÖ won just 1.2%.[70]

By the 2006 general election, the FPÖ returned to promoting anti-immigration, anti-Islam and Eurosceptic issues. It won 11% of the vote and 21 seats in parliament,[69] while the BZÖ only barely passed the 4% threshold needed to enter Parliament. The subsequent coalition between the SPÖ and the ÖVP left both parties in opposition. In the 2008 general election both the FPÖ and the BZÖ rose significantly at the expense of the SPÖ and the ÖVP. Both parties increased their percentage of the vote by about 6.5%, with the FPÖ at 17.4% and the BZÖ at 10.7%— together gaining 28.2%, and thus both breaking the record vote for the FPÖ in the 1999 election.[71] In the 2009 European Parliament election the FPÖ doubled its 2004 results, winning 12.8% of the vote and 2 seats.

Heinz-Christian Strache, speaking at a rally before the 2010 Vienna elections.

In December 2009 the local Carinthia branch of the BZÖ, its stronghold, broke away and founded the Freedom Party in Carinthia (FPK); it cooperated with the FPÖ at the federal level, modeling itself on the German CDU/CSU relationship.[72] The leader of the branch, Uwe Scheuch, had fallen out with BZÖ leader Josef Bucher after the latter had introduced a "moderate, right-wing liberal" and more economically oriented ideology.[73] In the 2010 Vienna elections, the FPÖ increased its vote to 25.8% (slightly less than the record result of 1996); this was seen as a victory for Strache, due to his popularity among young people. This was only the second time in the postwar era that the SPÖ lost its absolute majority in the city.[74][75]

After its convention in early 2011 midway between general elections, the FPÖ had a support in opinion polls of around 24–29%—at par with the SPÖ and ÖVP, and above the BZÖ. Among people under 30 years of age, the FPÖ had the support of 42%.[76][77]

In the 2013 legislative election the party obtained 20.51% of votes, while BZÖ scored 3.53% and lost all of its seats. After the election SPÖ and ÖVP renewed their coalition and FPÖ remained in opposition.

In June 2015 the main part of the federal party section of Salzburg split of and formed the Free Party Salzburg.[78]

In the 2016 Austrian presidential election, Freedom Party candidate Norbert Hofer won the first round of the election, receiving 35.1% of the vote, making that election the Freedom Party's best ever election result in its history.[79][80][81][82] However, in the second round, Hofer was defeated by Alexander Van der Bellen, who received the support of 50.3% compared to Hofer's 49.7%.[83] In July first the Constitutional Court of Austria voided the results of the second round due to mishandling of postal votes; although the court did not find evidence of deliberate manipulation.[84] The re-vote took place on 4 December 2016 when Van der Bellen won by a significantly larger margin.[85]

Coalition government (2017–2019)

In the 2017 Austrian legislative election, the FPÖ obtained 26% of votes, increased its seats by eleven seats to 51 seats, achieving its best result since the 1999 election.[86] It was leading every other party until Sebastian Kurz became the leader of the ÖVP,[87] and polling still predicted it would reach second place.[88] Despite the FPÖ's decline in support during the election campaign, it still achieved an ideological victory as Austria's governing parties, particularly the ÖVP under Kurz[86][87] but also the SPÖ,[89] shifted noticeably to the right, adopting much of the FPÖ's policies.[89][90][91]

The FPÖ entered coalition talks with the ÖVP, and in December 2017, they reached an agreement and created a coalition government. The FPÖ gained control over six ministries, including defense, the interior, and foreign affairs.[92][93][94][95]

Ibiza affair (May 2019)
Main article: Ibiza affair

In mid-May 2019, secretly made footage was released, apparently showing Strache soliciting funds for the party from a purported Russian national.[96] In the video, Strache also suggests his intention to censor the Austrian media in a way that would favor the FPÖ, citing the media landscape of Orban's Hungary.[97]

The footage led to the collapse of the coalition with the ÖVP on May 20, 2019.[98][99]

Post-Ibiza era (2019–Present)

In the 2019 general election the party's support collapsed to 16%, down from 26% in 2017. In the aftermath of the election they collapsed to a record low of 10% in April 2020, but as of August 2020 they have stabilized to around 13–15%.

Herbert Hofer replaced Strache as party leader in September 2019, just before the election.

Ideology

Under the leadership of Heinz-Christian Strache, the FPÖ has focused on describing itself as a Heimat and social party. This means that the party portrays itself as a guarantor of Austrian identity and social welfare. Economically, it supports regulated liberalism with privatisation and low taxes, combined with support for the welfare state; however, it maintains that it will be impossible to uphold the welfare state if current immigration policies are continued.[100]

The present FPÖ has variously been described as right-wing populist,[101] national conservative,[102] "right-conservative",[103] "right-national",[104] and far right.[105][106][107] The party has traditionally been part of the national liberal camp, and generally identifies with a freiheitlich (libertarian) profile.[11] Leading current party members such as Andreas Mölzer and Harald Vilimsky have considered themselves as national liberal "cultural Germans",[102][108] while Barbara Rosenkranz has considered her ideology as national conservative.[109]

Individual freedom

The principle of individual freedom in society was already one of the central points in the FPÖ (and VdU's) programme during the 1950s. The party did not regard its liberalism and its pan-German, nationalist positions as contradictory. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, the party developed economically, supporting tax reduction, less state intervention and more privatisation. Starting in the late 2000s, the party has taken a more populist tack, combining this position with qualified support for the welfare state.[110] According to a 2020 study, the party's policy on welfare "is restricted to the mitigation of welfare retrenchment for the core workforce, whereas the party has been a protagonist of tax cuts, trade union disempowerment and, more recently, welfare chauvinism."[110] It criticised unemployment and alleged welfare-state abuse by immigrants which, it said, threatened the welfare state and pensioners' benefits.[111]

Anti-establishment

During the 1980s and 1990s, Austrian voters became increasingly disaffected with the rule by the two major parties (SPÖ and ÖVP). This coincided with the leadership of Haider, who presented the FPÖ as the only party which could seriously challenge the two parties' dominance. The party strongly criticised the power concentrated in the hands of the elite, until the FPÖ joined the government in 2000. In the 1990s the party advocated replacing the present Second Austrian Republic with a Third Republic, since it sought a radical transformation from "a party state to a citizens' democracy." The party wanted to provide more referendums, directly elect the federal president, significantly reduce the number of ministries, and devolve power to the federal states and local councils. Surveys have shown that anti-establishment positions were one of the top reasons for voters to vote for the FPÖ. Its anti-establishment position proved incompatible with being in government during the first half of the 2000s, but was renewed after most of the parliamentary group left to join the BZÖ in 2005.[112]

Immigration and Islam

Immigration was not a significant issue in Austria until the 1980s. Under Haider's leadership, immigration went from being practically non-existent on the list of most important issues for voters before 1989, to the 10th-most-important in 1990, and the second-most-important in 1992. In 1993, the controversial "Austria First!" initiative attempted to collect signatures for a referendum on immigration restrictions and asserted that "Austria is not a country of immigration."[113]

The party maintained that "the protection of cultural identity and social peace in Austria requires a stop to immigration," maintaining that its concern was not against foreigners, but to safeguard the interests and cultural identity of native Austrians.[114] Although during the late 1990s the party attacked the influence of Islamic extremism, this was later expanded to include "Islamisation" and the increasing number of Muslims in general.[115] According to The Economist, the hostility to Muslims is "a strategy that resonates with voters of Serbian background, whom the party has assiduously cultivated."[116] The party has also vowed to outlaw the distribution of free copies of the Koran.[117]

During the period of ÖVP-FPÖ government, many amendments were introduced to tighten the country's immigration policies.[8] The number of new asylum applications, for example, was reduced from 32,000 in 2003 to 13,300 in 2006.[118]

Heimat

From the mid-1980s, the concept of Heimat (a word meaning both "the homeland" and a more general notion of cultural identity) has been central to the ideology of the FPÖ, although its application has slightly changed with time. Initially, Heimat indicated the feeling of national belonging influenced by a pan-German vision; the party assured voters in 1985 that "the overwhelming majority of Austrians belong to the German ethnic and cultural community." Although it was noted then that Austria was the mother country which held the national traditions, this would later be favoured more explicitly over the pan-German concept.[114] In 1995 Haider declared an end to pan-Germanism in the party, and in the 1997 party manifesto the former community of "German people" was replaced with the "Austrian people".[119] Under the leadership of Strache, the concept of Heimat has been promoted and developed more deeply than it had been previously.[120] After his reelection as chairman in 2011, the German aspects of the party's programme were formally reintroduced.[121]

Foreign policy

At the end of the Cold War, the FPÖ became more eurosceptic, which was reflected by its change from Pan-Germanism to Austrian nationalism.[49] The party's opposition to the European Union grew stronger in the 1990s. The FPÖ opposed Austria's joining the EU in 1994, and promoted a popular initiative against the replacement of the Austrian schilling with the euro in 1998, but to no avail. Owing to perceived differences between Turkish and European culture, the party opposes the accession of Turkey to the EU; it has declared that should this happen, Austria must immediately leave the EU.[122] Current party leader Norbert Hofer has said that Austria should consider a referendum on EU membership should Turkey join the block or if the EU makes any further attempt to become a Federal superstate.

The party's views on the United States and the Middle East have evolved over time. Despite the anti-American views of some right-wing forums in the 1970s and 1980s (that chiefly were rooted in worries over US cultural expansion and hegemonic role in world politics at the expense of Europe), the FPÖ were more positively inclined towards the United States under Haider's leadership in the late 1980s and 1990s. However, this changed in 2003 following Haider visiting Saddam Hussein on the eve of the Iraq War; he subsequently condemned US foreign policy and derided George W. Bush as not being very different from Hussein. This move was strongly criticised by the FPÖ, which was part of the then-current government. Nevertheless, in the mid- to late 2000s the FPÖ too criticised US foreign policy as promoted by Bush, which it saw as leading to increased levels of violence in the Middle East. The party also became more critical of Israel's part in the Israel–Palestine conflict.[123]

By 2010, under Heinz-Christian Strache's leadership, the party became more supportive of Israel. In December 2010 the FPÖ (along with the representatives of like-minded rightist parties) visited Israel, where they issued the "Jerusalem Declaration", which affirmed Israel's right to exist and defend itself, particularly against Islamic terror.[124][125][126] The party also recognises Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.[127] At the FPÖ's invitation, Israeli Deputy Minister Ayoob Kara of the Likud party subsequently visited Vienna.[128]

Strache, at about the same time, said he wanted to meet with the front figures of the American Tea Party movement (which he described as "highly interesting").[126][129] He has also declared himself "a friend of the Serbs", who constitute one of the largest immigrant groups in Austria.[130] Siding with Serbia, the FPÖ rejects the independence of Kosovo.[130] FPÖ also call to lift "damaging and pointless" international sanctions against Russia, approved by the EU.[131]

Presently the FPÖ advocates the introduction of a hard north Euro and a soft south Euro.[132]

International relations

While the FPÖ is currently not a member of any European or international organisations, the party has ties with several European political parties and groupings. Additionally, according to political analyst Thomas Hofer, the party's policies and brash style helped inspire like-minded parties across Europe.[133] From 1978 to 1993, under the party's liberal leadership, the party was a member of the Liberal International.[25] In the early years of Haider's leadership, meetings were held with figures such as Jean-Marie Le Pen of the French National Front and Franz Schönhuber of the German Republicans.[134] In the late 1990s, however, he chose to distance himself from Le Pen, and refused to join Le Pen's EuroNat project. Following the FPÖ's entrance in government in 2000, Haider sought to establish his own alliance of right-wing parties. For his project, Haider tried to establish stable cooperations with the Vlaams Blok party in Belgium and the Northern League party in Italy, as well as some other parties and party groupings. In the end, the efforts to establish a new alliance of parties were not successful.[135]

Under the leadership of Strache, the party has cooperated mainly with the Northern League, Vlaams Belang (successor to the Vlaams Blok, which it has traditionally maintained good ties with),[136] and the Pro Germany Citizens' Movement in Germany.[137][138] The FPÖ also has contacts with the Danish People's Party, the Slovak National Party, the Sweden Democrats, the Hungarian Fidesz, the Lithuanian Order and Justice, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, the Dutch Party for Freedom, Alternative for Germany and the German Freedom party.[138][139][140][141][142] In 2007, the party's then-only MEP was a member of the short-lived Identity, Tradition and Sovereignty grouping in the European Parliament.[138] Outside the EU, it has contacts with Tomislav Nikolić of the Serbian Progressive Party (formerly of the Serbian Radical Party),[130][142][143] the Swiss People's Party,[144] the Israeli Likud,[145][146] and the United Russia party.[142]

At a conference in 2011, Strache and the new leader of the French National Front, Marine Le Pen, announced deeper cooperation between their parties.[147] Shortly thereafter, the FPÖ attempted to become a member of the Europe for Freedom and Democracy group, but was vetoed by some of its parties.[136] The FPÖ's two MEPs are individual members of the establishing European Alliance for Freedom.[148][149] After the 2014 European elections, the party joined the National Front, the Northern League, Vlaams Belang and the Czech Civic Conservative Party in forming the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom, and participated along with these parties, the Dutch Party for Freedom, the Alternative for Germany, the Polish Congress of the New Right and a former member of the UK Independence Party in the Europe of Nations and Freedom parliamentary group.[150]

Election results

National Council
National Council of Austria
Election year # of total votes % of overall vote # of seats Government
1956 283,749 6.5%
6 / 165
 in opposition
1959 336,110 7.7%
8 / 165
 in opposition
1962 313,895 7.0%
8 / 165
 in opposition
1966 242,570 5.4%
6 / 165
 in opposition
1970 253,425 5.5%
6 / 165
 SPÖ-FPÖ Majority
1971 248,473 5.5%
10 / 183
 in opposition
1975 249,444 5.4%
10 / 183
 in opposition
1979 286,743 6.1%
11 / 183
 in opposition
1983 241,789 5.0%
12 / 183
 SPÖ-FPÖ Majority
1986 472,205 9.7%
18 / 183
 in opposition
1990 782,648 16.6%
33 / 183
 in opposition
1994 1,042,332 22.5%
42 / 183
 in opposition
1995 1,060,175 21.9%
41 / 183
 in opposition
1999 1,244,087 26.9%
52 / 183
 ÖVP–FPÖ majority
2002 491,328 10.0%
18 / 183
 ÖVP–FPÖ majority
2006 519,598 11.0%
21 / 183
 in opposition
2008 857,028 17.5%
34 / 183
 in opposition
2013 962,313 20.5%
40 / 183
 in opposition
2017 1,316,442 26.0%
51 / 183
 ÖVP–FPÖ majority
2019 772,666 16.2%
31 / 183
 in opposition

President
Election Candidate First round result Second round result
Votes % Result Votes % Result
1957 Wolfgang Denk 2,159,604 48.9% 2nd place
1963 No candidate
1965 No candidate
1971 No candidate
1974 No candidate
1980 Willfried Gredler 751,400 17.0% 2nd place
1986 Otto Scrinzi 55,724 1.2% 4th place
1992 Heide Schmidt 761,390 16.4% 3rd place
1998 No candidate
2004 No candidate
2010 Barbara Rosenkranz 481,923 15.24% 2nd place
2016 Norbert Hofer 1,499,971 35.1% Runner-up 2,124,661 46.2% Lost

European Parliament
European Parliament
Election year # of total votes % of overall vote # of seats
1996 1,044,604 27.5%
6 / 21
1999 655,519 23.4%
5 / 21
2004 157,722 6.3%
1 / 18
2009 364,207 12.7%
2 / 19
2014 556,835 19.7%
4 / 18
2019 650,114 17.2%
3 / 18

Party leaders

The following is a list of the party leaders of the FPÖ:[104]

No. Party leaderTook officeLeft officeTime in office
1
Reinthaller, AntonAnton Reinthaller
(1895–1958)		7 April 195619581–2 years
2
Peter, FriedrichFriedrich Peter
(1921–2005)		1958197819–20 years
3
Götz, AlexanderAlexander Götz
(1928–2018)		1978November 19790–1 years
4
Steger, NorbertNorbert Steger
(born 1944)		November 197913 September 19866 years
5
Haider, JörgJörg Haider
(1950–2008)		13 September 19861 May 200013 years
6
Riess, SusanneSusanne Riess-Passer
(born 1961)		1 May 200020021–2 years
7
Reichhold, MathiasMathias Reichhold
(born 1957)		200220020 years
8
Haupt, HerbertHerbert Haupt
(born 1947)		20023 July 20041–2 years
9
Haubner, UrsulaUrsula Haubner
(born 1945)		3 July 20045 April 20050 years
–
Kabas, HilmarHilmar Kabas
(born 1942)
Acting		5 April 200523 April 200518 days
10
Strache, HeinzHeinz-Christian Strache
(born 1969)		23 April 200519 May 201914 years
11
Hofer, NorbertNorbert Hofer
(born 1971)		14 September 2019Incumbent339 days

Notes
  1. Sometimes referred to as the Liberal Party.[26]
  2. Note that the SPÖ and its chairman Bruno Kreisky did not criticise Reder's release itself, as they themselves had pleaded Italy for it, but that it was Frischenschlager's official state reception of Reder that remained controversial.[48]
  3. The incident started when Haider proposed in parliament to require able-bodied welfare recipients to accept public service work assignments. Following this proposal, an SPÖ delegate shouted that the proposal was akin to the forced labour of the Third Reich, which led Haider to retort; "at least in the Third Reich there was a decent employment policy, which is more than can be said for what your government in Vienna can manage." Haider later apologized and distanced himself from his remark.[53]
gollark: I, of course, do ethical things based on averaging various philosophy-derived ethical systems, arbitrary human intuition, and a neural network thing which weakly approximates average human judgements.
gollark: You can ignore those, but good luck spreading your preferred ethical behaviour patterns in that case.
gollark: It also might work out worse on consequentialist grounds to do it all the time.
gollark: I wouldn't expect them to put the entire image in or something, but IPFS URLs aren't that long.
gollark: I think someone made one which displays differently on different platforms, but I can't dig it out of my web history.

References
  1. Kellas, J. (2004). Nationalist Politics in Europe. Springer. p. 154.
  2. Gerard Braunthal (2009). Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary Germany. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-230-25116-8.
  3. "Austrian coalition parties punished in provincial election". Euractiv. 22 September 2014.
  4. Martin Dolezal; Swen Hutter; Bruno Wüest (2012). "Exploring the new cleavage in across arenas and public debates: designs and methods". In Edgar Grande; Martin Dolezal; Marc Helbling; et al. (eds.). Political Conflict in Western Europe. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-107-02438-0. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  5. Hans-Jürgen Bieling (2015). "Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'". In Johannes Jäger; Elisabeth Springler (eds.). Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives. Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-317-65298-4.
  6. "Austria's Freedom Party sees vote rise". BBC News. 26 May 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  7. Zaslove, Andrej (July 2008). "Exclusion, community, and a populist political economy: the radical right as an anti-globalization movement". Comparative European Politics. 6 (2): 169–189. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110126.
  8. "Austria's Freedom Party sees vote rise". BBC News. 25 May 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  9. Lawson, Hugh (17 January 2017). "Austria's far-right Freedom Party calls for ban on 'fascistic Islam". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  10. Ruth Wodak; Anton Pelinka, eds. (2009). "Austrian Exceptionalism". The Haider Phenomenon in Austria. Transaction Publishers. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-4128-2493-4.
  11. Riedlsperger 1998, p. 27.
  12. Albertazzi, Daniele (2008). Twenty-First Century Populism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 71.
  13. Yves Mény; Yves Surel (2002). Democracies and the Populist Challenge. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-4039-2007-2.
  14. Van Gilder Cooke, Sonia (29 July 2011), "Austria — Europe's Right Wing: A Nation-by-Nation Guide to Political Parties and Extremist Groups", Time, retrieved 16 February 2012
  15. Meyer-Feist, Andreas (14 February 2012), "Austrian villagers quash plans for Buddhist temple", DW, retrieved 16 February 2012
  16. Freedom Party leader may face hate speech charges. The Local (Austria edition). Published 19 October 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  17. Hainsworth, Paul (2008), The Extreme Right in Western Europe, Routledge, pp. 38–39
  18. Art, David (2011), Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe, Cambridge University Press, pp. 106–107
  19. Wodak, Ruth; De Cillia, Rudolf; Reisigl, Martin (2009), The Discursive Construction of National Identity (2nd ed.), Edinburgh University Press, p. 195
  20. Hale Williams, Michelle (2012), "Downside after the summit: factors in extreme-right party decline in France and Austria", Mapping the Extreme Right in Contemporary Europe: From Local to Transnational, Routledge, p. 260
  21. Cauquelin, Blaise (30 November 2016). "l'extrême droite près du pouvoir en Autriche". Le Monde.fr (in French). le Monde. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  22. Meret 2010, p. 186.
  23. Campbell 1995, p. 184.
  24. Ó Maoláin, Ciarán (1988). Political Parties of the World. Longman. p. 31.
  25. Huter, Mathias (April 2006). "Blau-orange Realitäten". Datum (in German). Archived from the original on 23 January 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  26. "Freedom Party of Austria". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  27. Nordsieck, Wolfram (2017). "Austria". Parties and Elections in Europe.
  28. Höbelt, Lothar (2003). Defiant populist: Jörg Haider and the politics of Austria. Purdue University Press. pp. 10–13. ISBN 978-1-55753-230-5.
  29. Bischof, Günter; Plasser, Fritz (2008). The changing Austrian voter. Transaction Publishers. pp. 105–106. ISBN 978-1-4128-0751-7.
  30. "Austrian nationalist calls for referendum on Tyrol unification". 6 May 2016.
  31. Strache tritt als Vizekanzler und FPÖ-Chef zurück: FPÖ-Chef Heinz-Christian Strache zieht Konsequenzen aus der Ibiza-Affäre. Seine auf dem heimlich gefilmten Video dokumentierten Äußerungen seien "peinlich", er habe sich aber nichts zuschulden kommen lassen. Trotzdem habe er Bundeskanzler Kurz seinen Rücktritt angeboten. Der Spiegel, 18 May 2019.
  32. "Austria conservatives win most votes in snap election while far right suffer losses". www.thelocal.at. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
  33. Sarah Dean and Ivana Kottasová. "One of the world's youngest leaders returns in Austria after scandal brought his government down". CNN. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
  34. Pelinka 2005, p. 131.
  35. Jelavich, Barbara (1987). Modern Austria: Empire and Republic, 1815–1986. Cambridge University Press. p. 168. ISBN 9780521316255. Modern Austria.
  36. Riedlsperger 1998, p. 28.
  37. Rydgren, Jens, ed. (2005). Movements of exclusion: radical right-wing populism in the Western world. Nova. p. 1. ISBN 1-59454-096-9.
  38. Krzyżanowski, Michał; Wodak, Ruth (2009). The politics of exclusion: debating migration in Austria. Transaction. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-4128-0836-1.
  39. Blamires, Cypriam (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-57607-940-9.
  40. Prakke, L.; Kortmann, C. A. J. M.; van den Brandhof, J. C. E. (2004). Constitutional law of 15 EU member states. Kluwer. p. 42. ISBN 978-90-13-01255-2.
  41. Piringer, Kurt (1982). Die Geschichte der Freiheitlichen. Orac. p. 326.
  42. Schambeck, Herbert (1986). Österreichs Parlamentarismus: Werden und System. Duncker & Humblot. ISBN 978-3-428-06098-6.
  43. Einöder, Arthur (20 September 2006). "Die Parteien im Porträt: die FPÖ". ORF (in German). Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  44. Riedlsperger 1998, p. 28-29.
  45. Riedlsperger 1998, p. 29.
  46. Carter, Elisabeth (2003). The Extreme Right in Austria: An overview (PDF). Extreme Right Electorates and Party Success. University of Mainz. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  47. Peter H., Merkl; Weinberg, Leonard (2003). Right-wing extremism in the twenty-first century. Taylor & Francis. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-7146-8188-7.
  48. David, Art (2006). The politics of the Nazi past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge University Press. pp. 179–180. ISBN 978-0-521-85683-6.
  49. Fillitz 2006, p. 139.
  50. Campbell 1995, p. 184-185.
  51. Campbell 1995, p. 185.
  52. Meret 2010, p. 187.
  53. Riedlsperger 1998, p. 39-40.
  54. Campbell 1995, p. 186-187.
  55. Meret 2010, p. 195.
  56. Meret 2010, p. 17.
  57. Fillitz 2006, p. 140.
  58. Meret 2010, p. 17-18.
  59. David, Art (2006). The politics of the Nazi past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-521-85683-6.
  60. Meret 2010, p. 187; 206.
  61. Meret 2010, p. 187-188.
  62. Skyring, Kerry (5 April 2005). "The Latest Incarnation of Jörg Haider". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 4 August 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  63. "BZÖ boss determined five years on". Austrian Independent. 5 April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  64. Meret 2010, p. 185.
  65. Purvis, Andrew; Leuker, Angela (10 April 2005). "Jorg Haider's New Clothes". Time Magazine. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  66. "No BZÖ-FPÖ cooperation in Vienna, says Sonnleitner". Austrian Independent. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  67. "SPÖ and ÖVP go head to head in Styria". Austrian Independent. 9 July 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  68. "Liste Burgenland performs spot landing". Austrian Independent. 3 June 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  69. Meret 2010, p. 188.
  70. "Minaret debate continues as Vienna vote approaches". Austrian Independent. 24 August 2010. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  71. Traynor, Ian (30 September 2008). "Austria in crisis as far right win 29% of vote". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  72. Jungnikl, Von Saskia; Kapeller, Lukas (16 December 2009). "FPÖ und Kärntner BZÖ fusionieren". Der Standard (in German). Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  73. Hochwarter, Thomas (18 January 2010). "BZÖ to stay in Carinthia despite FPK 'revolt'". Austrian Independent. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  74. "Far-right surge fears as Gudenus set to head FPÖ Vienna". Austrian Times. 17 November 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  75. "Right-wing triumph in Vienna shocks federal coalition partners". Austrian Independent. 11 October 2010. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  76. "Umfrage: FPÖ schafft Anschluss an "Großparteien"". Die Presse (in German). 21 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  77. "FPÖ-Neujahrstreffen: "Drittes Kapitel" Kanzlerschaft". Die Presse (in German). 22 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2011.
  78. "Strache gegen die Salzburger "Führungsblase" – FPÖ – derStandard.at › Inland". Derstandard.at. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  79. Anton, Troianovski (25 April 2016). "European Right Gets Boost From Austrian Freedom Party Victory". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  80. Oltermann, Philip (25 April 2016). "Austrian Far-Right Party's Triumph In Presidential Poll Could Spell Turmoil". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  81. Groendahl, Boris (24 April 2016). "Austria Rocked by Populist Party's Surge in Presidency Vote". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  82. Withnall, Adam (24 April 2016). "Austria Presidential Election: Far-right Freedom Party 'Comes Top In Vote'". The Independent. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  83. Atkins, Ralph (23 May 2016). "Austrian rightwinger concedes defeat". Financial Times. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  84. "Court orders new election in Austria, opening window for far-right". Washington Post. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  85. http://edition.cnn.com/2016/12/04/europe/austria-presidential-election-rerun/index.html
  86. Barkin, Noah (15 October 2017). "What Austria's Election Says About Europe's Political Landscape". Reuters. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  87. Knolle, Kirsti; Nasralla, Shadia (5 September 2017). "Austria's Far-Right Party Accuses Conservatives of Stealing Campaign Ideas". Reuters. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  88. Atkins, Ralph (8 October 2017). "Austria's Populist Freedom Party Gears Up for Poll". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  89. Murphy, Francois (16 July 2017). "Win or Lose, Austrian Far Right's Views Have Entered Government". Reuters. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  90. Witte, Griff (13 October 2017). "Win or Lose in Austrian Vote, the Far Right Triumphs as Rivals Back Policies Once Deemed Fringe". The Washington Post. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  91. Grabbe, Heather (18 October 2017). "Why Europe isn't worried by Austria's right tilt (but should be)". Politico. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  92. "'Nothing to Fear' as Austrian Far-Right Enters Government". The Local. 16 December 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  93. Korolyov, Alexei (21 December 2018). "Austria's Far Right Takes Power with Little Fanfare in Altered Political Climate". The Washington Times. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  94. Slawson, Nicola (16 December 2017). "Austrian President Approves Far-Right Freedom Party Joining Coalition Government". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  95. Atkins, Ralph; Khan, Mehreen (17 December 2017). "Far-Right Freedom Party Enters Austrian Government". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  96. Staff, BBC (18 May 2019). "Heinz-Christian Strache: Vice-chancellor caught on secret video". BBC. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  97. Weise, Zia (17 May 2019). "Austrian far-right leader filmed offering public contracts for campaign support". Politico. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
  98. "Austria's far-right Freedom Party ministers all resign amid scandal". BBC News. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  99. Oltermann, Philip (20 May 2019). "Austrian government collapses after far-right minister fired". theguardian.com. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
  100. Meret 2010, p. 192; 198.
  101. Fillitz 2006, p. 138.
  102. Peters, Freia; Frigelj, Kristian (19 September 2008). "Mit dem Ausflugsdampfer gegen den Islam". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  103. Stuiber, Petra (15 September 2006). "Im Slalom durch die Alpenrepublik". Die Welt (in German). Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  104. "Lexikon: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs". Der Spiegel (in German). Archived from the original on 2 May 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
  105. "Far-right Freedom party set to win quarter of vote in Vienna election", The Telegraph, 10 October 2010, retrieved 21 July 2011
  106. "How Europe voted and what it means", The Independent, 9 June 2009, retrieved 21 July 2011
  107. Far right eyes Austria poll gains, Al Jazeera English, 28 September 2008, retrieved 21 July 2011
  108. "Ab nach Brüssel?: Die Spitzenkandidaten für die EU-Wahl". Die Presse (in German). Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  109. Pancevski, Bojan (18 April 2010). "'Reich Mother' bids for power". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 9 June 2011.
  110. Rathgeb, Philip (18 February 2020). "Makers against takers: the socio-economic ideology and policy of the Austrian Freedom Party". West European Politics. 0: 1–26. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1720400. ISSN 0140-2382.
  111. Meret 2010, p. 190-192.
  112. Meret 2010, p. 192-193.
  113. Meret 2010, p. 194-196.
  114. Meret 2010, p. 196-200.
  115. Meret 2010, p. 198-199.
  116. "Vexed in Vienna". The Economist. 21 May 2016. Retrieved 21 May 2016.
  117. "Disaster averted—for now". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 29 May 2016.
  118. Meret 2010, p. 195-196.
  119. Fillitz 2006, p. 148-149.
  120. Meret 2010, p. 198.
  121. Zeilinger, Gerhard (16 June 2011). "Straches "neue" Heimat und der Boulevardsozialismus". Der Standard (in German). Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  122. Meret 2010, p. 202-206.
  123. Meret 2010, p. 206-208.
  124. Gutsch, Jochen-Martin (6 January 2011). "Riding the Wave of Islamophobia: The German Geert Wilders". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  125. Jäger, Lorenz (13 December 2010). "Neue Freunde für Israel. Reise nach Jerusalem". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  126. Heneghan, Tom (20 December 2010). "Europe far right courts Israel in anti-Islam drive". MSNBC. Paris. Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  127. "A new coalition in Austria brings the far right in from the cold". The Economist. 19 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  128. Ronen, Gil (25 December 2010). "Deputy Minister Defends Ties with Austrian Freedom Party". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  129. "Leader of Austrian far right wants to meet members of US tea party movement". Vienna. Associated Press. 12 December 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  130. Pink, Oliver (19 February 2008). ""Outlaws" unter sich: Der serbophile HC Strache". Die Presse (in German). Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  131. "Austrian Far-Right Party Signs Cooperation Pact With United Russia". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty.
  132. "Faymann und Merkel gegen den Nord-Euro". Die Presse (in German). 6 September 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  133. Bell, Bethany (23 December 2017). "Austrian Far-Right Triumph Inspires Nationalists in EU". BBC News. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  134. "The far Right in Europe: a guide". Race & Class. Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 32 (3): 127. 1991. doi:10.1177/030639689103200317. ISSN 0306-3968.
  135. Mareš, Miroslav (July 2006). Transnational Networks of Extreme Right Parties in East Central Europe: Stimuli and Limits of Cross-Border Cooperation (PDF). Brno, Czech Republic: Masaryk University. pp. 11–13.
  136. "Europa: Heimatpartei, im Ausland isoliert". Die Presse (in German). 17 June 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2011.
  137. "Austrian far-right to help German populists". The Local. 24 October 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  138. Geden, Oliver (30 August 2007). "Minarett-Streit: Wettlauf der Plagiatoren" (PDF). Der Standard (in German). Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  139. "Austria's far-right FPÖ threatens to fire public broadcaster reporters". Deutsche Welle. 16 April 2018.
  140. Phillips, Leigh (25 October 2010). "Far-right 'lite' to push for EU referendum on Turkish accession". EUobserver. Brussels. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  141. Gutsch, Jochen-Martin (6 January 2011). "Riding the Wave of Islamophobia: The German Geert Wilders". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  142. Strache, HC (31 December 2010). "Klarstellung aufgrund vieler, unrichtiger Berichte bzw. diverser Fehlinterpretationen !". Freedom Party of Austria (in German). Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  143. "Mölzer: Partnerschaftsabkommen zwischen FPÖ und SRS ist wichtiger Schritt zur Stärkung der patriotischen Kräfte Europas". Freiheitlicher Parlamentsklub (in German). 7 May 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
  144. "Die SVP vernetzt sich in Europa". Schweiz am Sonntag. 30 April 2016.
  145. "Israeli MK meets Austrian far right chief; irks local Jews". ynetnews.com.
  146. "Likud Lawmaker Meets With Far-right Austrian Leader Despite Official Israeli Policy". haaretz.com.
  147. Phillips, Leigh (9 June 2011). "Austrian far-right in fresh push for EU respectability". EUobserver. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
  148. "Mölzer wirkt in neuer EU-Rechtsaußenpartei mit". Der Standard (in German). 29 June 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  149. "About EAF". European Alliance for Freedom. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  150. "Members – Europe of Nations and Freedom". enfgroup-ep.eu. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2016.

Works cited

Further reading
  • Campbell, David F. J. (1992). "Die Dynamik der politischen Links-Rechts-Schwingungen in Österreich: Die Ergebnisse einer Expertenbefragung". Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft (in German). 21 (2): 165–79.
  • Geden, Oliver (2005). "The Discursive Representation of Masculinity in the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ)". Journal of Language and Politics. 4 (3): 399–422. doi:10.1075/jlp.4.3.04ged.
  • Happold, Matthew (October 2000). "Fourteen against One: The EU Member States' Response to Freedom Party Participation in the Austrian Government". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 49 (4): 953–963. doi:10.1017/s0020589300064770.
  • Krzyżanowsky, Michał (2013). From Anti-Immigration and Nationalist Revisionism to Islamophobia: Continuities and Shifts in Recent Discourses and Patterns of Political Communications of the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. London/New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 135–148. ISBN 978-1-78093-343-6.
  • Luther, Kurt R. (2003). "The Self-Destruction of a Right-Wing Populist Party? The Austrian Parliamentary Election of 2002" (PDF). West European Politics. 26 (2): 136–52. doi:10.1080/01402380512331341141.
  • Luther, Kurt Richard (2008). "Electoral Strategies and Performance of Austrian Right-Wing Populism, 1986–2006". In Günter Bischof; Fritz Plasser (eds.). The Changing Austrian Voter. Contemporary Austrian Studies. 16. New Brunswick NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 104–122.
  • McGann, Anthony J.; Kitschelt, Herbert (2005). "The Radical Right in The Alps". Party Politics. 11 (2): 147–71. doi:10.1177/1354068805049734.
  • Plasser, Fritz; Ulram, Peter A. (2003). Striking a Responsive Chord: Mass Media and Right-Wing Populism in Austria. The Media and Neo-populism: A Contemporary Comparative Analysis. Westport CT: Praeger. pp. 21–43. ISBN 0-275-97492-8.
  • Wodak, Ruth; Pelinka, Anton (2002). The Haider Phenomenon in Austria. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7658-0116-7.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.