West Coast Main Line

The West Coast Main Line (WCML) is one of the most important railway corridors in the United Kingdom, connecting the major cities of London and Glasgow along with Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and Edinburgh. It is one of the busiest mixed-traffic railway routes in Europe, carrying a mixture of intercity rail, regional rail, commuter rail and rail freight traffic. The core route of the WCML runs from London to Glasgow for 399 mi (642 km) and was opened from 1837 to 1869. With additional lines deviating to Northampton, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool and Edinburgh, this totals a route mileage of 700 miles (1,127 km).[3][4] The Glasgow–Edinburgh via Carstairs line connects the WCML to Edinburgh, however the main London–Edinburgh route is the East Coast Main Line. Several sections of the WCML form part of the suburban railway systems in London, Coventry, Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester and Glasgow, with many more smaller commuter stations, as well as providing links to more rural towns.

West Coast Main Line
The WCML running alongside the M1 at Watford Gap
Overview
Type	Commuter rail Inter-city rail High-speed rail Heavy rail
System	National Rail
Status	Operational
Locale	Greater London South East England West Midlands North West England Scotland
Termini	London Euston Glasgow Central
Stations	46
Operation
Opened	1837-1869
Owner	Network Rail
Operator(s)	Passenger: Avanti West Coast Caledonian Sleeper CrossCountry Northern Trains ScotRail Southern TransPennine Express Transport for Wales West Midlands Trains Freight: DB Cargo UK Direct Rail Services Freightliner GB Railfreight
Rolling stock	Class 37 Class 43 HST Class 66 Class 67 Class 68 Class 86 Class 87 Class 90 Class 91 Class 92 Class 142 Pacer Class 150 Sprinter Class 153 Class 156 SuperSprinter Class 175 Coradia Class 185 Pennine Class 220 Voyager Class 221 Super Voyager Class 318 Class 319 Class 320 Class 350 Desiro Class 377 Electrostar Class 380 Desiro Class 390 Pendolino
Technical
Line length	399 mi (642 km)[1]
Number of tracks	Double track Quadruple track Sextuple track
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8 ^1⁄2 in)
Loading gauge	W10
Electrification	25 kV 50 Hz AC OHLE
Operating speed	125 mph (201 km/h) for tilting trains[2] 110 mph (177 km/h) for standard trains
Route map (Click to expand - Interactive map)

West Coast Main Line All WCML services & branches
Edinburgh Waverley ( St Andrew Sq.) Haymarket Glasgow Central ( St Enoch) Motherwell Carstairs Carstairs South Junction Lockerbie Scotland England Carlisle Penrith Oxenholme Lake District for Windermere Lancaster Preston for Blackpool North Euxton Junction Bolton Wigan North Western Warrington Bank Quay Liverpool Lime Street Liverpool South Parkway Runcorn Weaver Junction Manchester Piccadilly Stockport Holyhead for Dublin Ferry Port Wales England Chester Cheadle Hulme Junction Crewe North Junction North Wales Coast Line Crewe Macclesfield Stoke-on-Trent Stone Junction Norton Bridge Junction Stafford Stafford South Junction Colwich Junction Wolverhampton Lichfield Trent Valley Cross-City Line Birmingham New Street Tamworth Cross Country Route Birmingham International Nuneaton Coventry Rugby Trent Valley Junction Rugby Hillmorton Junction Northampton Hanslope Junction Milton Keynes Central Watford Junction London Euston
All WCML routes shown. A detailed diagram of the core route can be found at West Coast Main Line diagram.

It is one of the busiest freight routes in Europe, carrying 40% of all UK rail freight traffic. The line is the principal rail freight corridor linking the European mainland (via the Channel Tunnel) through London and South East England to the West Midlands, North West England and Scotland.[5] The line has been declared a strategic European route and designated a priority Trans-European Networks (TENS) route.

Much of the line has a maximum speed of 125 mph (201 km/h), meeting the European Union's definition of an upgraded high-speed line,[6] although only Class 390 Pendolinos and Class 221 Super Voyagers with tilting mechanisms operated by Avanti West Coast travel at that speed. Other traffic is limited to 110 mph (177 km/h).

Geography

The northern WCML as it weaves through the Lune Gorge in Cumbria alongside the M6

The core section between London Euston and Glasgow Central is 399 miles (642 km) long,[1] with principal InterCity stations at Milton Keynes Central, Rugby, Stafford, Crewe, Warrington Bank Quay, Wigan North Western, Preston, Lancaster, Oxenholme Lake District, Penrith and Carlisle.

The central core[7] has branches serving the major towns and cities of Northampton, Coventry, Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Stoke-on-Trent, Macclesfield, Stockport, Manchester, Runcorn, and Liverpool; there is also a link to Edinburgh, but this is not the direct route between London and Edinburgh.[8]

The route between Rugby and Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stafford was the original main line until the Trent Valley Line was built in 1847. South of Rugby there is a loop that serves Northampton, and there is also a branch north of Crewe to Liverpool which is notable since Weaver Junction on this branch is the oldest flyover-type junction in use. A loop branches off to serve Manchester, another between Colwich Junction in the Trent Valley south of Stafford via Stoke-on-Trent, one north of Stafford also via Stoke-on-Trent, and one via Crewe and Wilmslow. A further branch at Carstairs links Edinburgh to the WCML, providing a direct connection between the WCML and the East Coast Main Line.

The geography of the route was determined by avoiding large estates, and hilly areas, such as the Chilterns (Tring cutting), the Watford Gap and Northampton uplands followed by the Trent Valley, the mountains of Cumbria with a summit at Shap, and Beattock Summit in South Lanarkshire. This legacy means the WCML has limitations as a long-distance main line, with lower maximum speeds than the East Coast Main Line (ECML) route, the other major main line between London and Scotland. The principal solution has been the adoption of tilting trains, initially with British Rail's APT, and latterly the Class 390 Pendolino trains constructed by Alstom and introduced by Virgin Trains in 2003. A 'conventional' attempt to raise line speeds as part of the InterCity 250 upgrade in the 1990s would have relaxed maximum cant levels on curves and seen some track realignments; this scheme faltered for lack of funding in the economic climate of the time.

History

Early history

The WCML was not originally conceived as a single trunk route, but was a number of separate lines built by different companies between the 1830s and the 1880s. After the completion of the successful Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, schemes were mooted to build more inter-city lines. The business practice of the early railway era was for companies to promote individual lines between two destinations, rather than to plan grand networks of lines, as it was considered easier to obtain backing from investors. And so this is how the early stages of the WCML evolved.

The first stretch of what is now the WCML was the Grand Junction Railway connecting Liverpool and Manchester to Birmingham, via Crewe, Stafford and Wolverhampton, opening in 1837. The following year the London and Birmingham Railway was completed, connecting to the capital via Coventry, Rugby and the Watford Gap. The Grand Junction and London and Birmingham railways shared a Birmingham terminus at Curzon Street station, so that it was now possible to travel by train between London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool.[9][10]

3020 Cornwall, an early LNWR express locomotive (built 1847, as running circa 1890)

These lines, together with the Trent Valley Railway (between Rugby and Stafford, avoiding Birmingham) and the Manchester and Birmingham Railway (Crewe-Manchester), amalgamated operations in 1846 to form the London and North Western Railway (LNWR). Three other sections, the North Union Railway (Wigan-Preston), the Lancaster and Preston Junction Railway and the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway, were later absorbed by the LNWR.

North of Carlisle, the Caledonian Railway remained independent, and opened its main line from Carlisle to Beattock on 10 September 1847, connecting to Edinburgh in February 1848, and to Glasgow in November 1849.[11]

Another important section, the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR), which opened its route in 1848 from Macclesfield (connecting with the LNWR from Manchester) to Stafford and Colwich via Stoke-on-Trent, also remained independent. Poor relations between the LNWR and the NSR meant that through trains did not run until 1867.[12]

The route to Scotland was marketed by the LNWR as The Premier Line. Because the cross-border trains ran over the LNWR and Caledonian Railway, through trains consisted of jointly owned "West Coast Joint Stock" to simplify operations.[13] The first direct London to Glasgow trains in the 1850s took 12.5 hours to complete the 400-mile (640 km) journey.[14]

The final sections of what is now the WCML were put in place over the following decades by the LNWR. A direct branch to Liverpool, bypassing the earlier Liverpool and Manchester line, was opened in 1869, from Weaver Junction north of Crewe to Ditton Junction via the Runcorn Railway Bridge over the River Mersey.[15]

To expand capacity, the line between London and Rugby was widened to four tracks in the 1870s. As part of this work, a new line, the Northampton Loop, was built, opening in 1881, connecting Northampton before rejoining the main line at Rugby.[10]

The worst-ever rail accident in UK history, the Quintinshill rail disaster, occurred on the WCML during World War I, on 22 May 1915, between Glasgow Central and Carlisle, in which 227 were killed and 246 injured.

LMS era

The Coronation Scot in 1937, hauled by a streamlined Coronation Class locomotive

The route came under the control of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) on 1 January 1923 when railway companies were grouped, under the Railways Act 1921.

The LMS competed fiercely with the rival LNER's East Coast Main Line for London to Scotland traffic (see Race to the North). Attempts were made to minimise end-to-end journey times for a small number of powerful lightweight trains that could be marketed as glamorous premium crack expresses, especially between London and Glasgow, such as the 1937–39 Coronation Scot, hauled by streamlined Princess Coronation Class locomotives, which made the journey in 6 hours 30 minutes,[16] making it competitive with the rival East Coast Flying Scotsman. (British Railways in the 1950s could not match this, but did achieve a London-Glasgow timing of 7 hours 15 minutes in the 1959–60 timetable by strictly limiting the number of coaches to eight and not stopping between London and Carlisle.[17])

British Rail era

In 1948, following nationalisation, the line came under the control of British Railways' London Midland and Scottish Regions, when the term "West Coast Main Line" came into use officially, although it had been used informally since at least 1912.[18]

Modernisation by British Rail

As part of the 1955 modernisation plan, the line was modernised and electrified in stages between 1959 and 1974. The first stretch to be electrified was Crewe to Manchester, completed on 12 September 1960. This was followed by Crewe to Liverpool, completed on 1 January 1962. Electrification was then extended south to London. The first electric trains from London ran on 12 November 1965, with full public service from 18 April 1966. Electrification of the Birmingham line was completed on 6 March 1967. In March 1970 the government approved electrification between Weaver Junction (where the route to Liverpool diverges) and Glasgow, and this was completed on 6 May 1974.[7][19] The announcement, after five years of uncertainty, was made 48 hours before the writ was issued for a by-election in South Ayrshire.[20] The Observer commented that, if the £25 million decision was politically rather than financially motivated, it would have the makings of a major political scandal.[20]

A new set of high-speed long-distance services was introduced in 1966, launching British Rail's highly successful "Inter-City" brand[21] (the hyphen was later dropped) and offering journey times as London to Manchester or Liverpool in 2 hours 40 minutes (and even 2 hours 30 minutes for the twice-daily Manchester Pullman).[22] A new feature was that these fast trains were offered on a regular-interval service throughout the day: hourly to Birmingham, two-hourly to Manchester, and so on.[23] With the completion of the northern electrification in 1974, London to Glasgow journey times were reduced to 5 hours.[7]

BR Class 87 electric locomotive, 87020 in BR blue livery with a train of Mark 2 coaches. These, along with the similar Class 86 formed the backbone of express passenger services on the WCML from the 1970s until the 2000s.

Along with electrification came modern coaches such as the Mark 2 and from 1974 the fully integral, air-conditioned Mark 3 design. These remained the mainstay of express services until the early 2000s. Line speeds were raised to a maximum 110 miles per hour (180 km/h), and these trains, hauled by Class 86 and Class 87 electric locomotives, came to be seen as BR's flagship passenger product. Passenger traffic on the WCML doubled between 1962 and 1975.[24]

The modernisation also saw the demolition and redevelopment of several of the key stations on the line: BR was keen to symbolise the coming of the "electric age" by replacing the Victorian-era buildings with new structures built from glass and concrete. Notable examples were Birmingham New Street, Manchester Piccadilly, Stafford, Coventry and London Euston. To enable the latter, the famous Doric Arch portal into the original Philip Hardwick-designed terminus was demolished in 1962 amid much public outcry.[25]

Electrification of the Edinburgh branch was carried out in the late 1980s as part of the East Coast Main Line electrification project in order to allow InterCity 225 sets to access Glasgow via Carstairs Junction.[26]

The Advanced Passenger Train, British Rail's ill-fated tilting train, seen here next to the WCML at Crewe Heritage Centre

Modernisation brought great improvements in speed and frequency. However some locations and lines were no longer served by through trains or through coaches from London, such as: Windermere; Barrow-in-Furness, Whitehaven and Workington; Huddersfield, Bradford Interchange, Leeds and Halifax (via Stockport); Blackpool South; Colne (via Stockport); Morecambe and Heysham; Southport (via Edge Hill); Blackburn and Stranraer Harbour. Notable also is the loss of through services between Liverpool and Scotland; these were due to be reinstated in December 2018 but have now been further delayed until at least May 2019.[27][28]

British Rail introduced the Advanced Passenger Train APT project, which proved that London-Glasgow WCML journey times of less than 4 hours were achievable and paved the way for the later tilting Virgin Pendolino trains.[29]

In the late 1980s British Rail put forward a track realignment scheme to raise speeds on the WCML; a proposed project called InterCity 250, which entailed realigning parts of the line in order to increase curve radii and smooth gradients in order to facilitate higher-speed running. The scheme, which would have seen the introduction of new rolling stock derived from that developed for the East Coast electrification, was scrapped in 1992.

Modernisation by Network Rail

A tilting Class 390 Pendolino on the WCML (introduced since 2002)

By the dawn of the 1990s, it was clear that further modernisation was required. Initially this took the form of the InterCity 250 project. But then the privatisation of BR intervened, under which Virgin Trains won a 15-year franchise in 1996 for the running of long-distance express services on the line. The modernisation plan unveiled by Virgin and the new infrastructure owner Railtrack involved the upgrade and renewal of the line to allow the use of tilting Pendolino trains with a maximum line speed of 140 mph (225 km/h), in place of the previous maximum of 110 mph (177 km/h). Railtrack estimated that this upgrade would cost £2 billion, be ready by 2005, and cut journey times to 1 hour for London to Birmingham and 1 hr 45 mins for London to Manchester.

However, these plans proved too ambitious and were subsequently cancelled. Central to the implementation of the plan was the adoption of moving block signalling, which had never been proven on anything more than simple metro lines and light rail systems – not on a complex high-speed heavy-rail network such as the WCML. Despite this, Railtrack made what would prove to be the fatal mistake of not properly assessing the technical viability and cost of implementing moving block prior to promising the speed increase to Virgin and the government. By 1999, with little headway on the modernisation project made, it became apparent to engineers that the technology was not mature enough to be used on the line.[30] The bankruptcy of Railtrack in 2001 and its replacement by Network Rail following the Hatfield crash brought a reappraisal of the plans, while the cost of the upgrade soared. Following fears that cost overruns on the project would push the final price tag to £13 billion, the plans were scaled down, bringing the cost down to between £8 billion and £10 billion, to be ready by 2008, with a maximum speed for tilting trains of a more modest 125 mph (201 km/h) – equalling the speeds available on the East Coast route, but some way short of the original target, and even further behind BR's original vision of 155 mph (250 km/h) speeds planned and achieved with the APT.

A Virgin Pendolino and EWS Class 66 freight train on the WCML

The first phase of the upgrade, south of Manchester, opened on 27 September 2004 with journey times of 1 hour 21 minutes for London to Birmingham and 2 hours 6 minutes for London to Manchester. The final phase, introducing 125 mph (201 km/h) running along most of the line, was announced as opening on 12 December 2005, bringing the fastest journey between London and Glasgow to 4 hours 25 mins (down from 5 hours 10 minutes).[2] However, considerable work remained, such as the quadrupling of the track in the Trent Valley, upgrading the slow lines, the second phase of remodelling Nuneaton, and the remodelling of Stafford, Rugby, Milton Keynes and Coventry stations, and these were completed in late 2008. The upgrading of the Crewe–Manchester line via Wilmslow was completed in summer 2006.

In September 2006, a new speed record was set on the WCML – a Pendolino train completed the 401-mile (645 km) Glasgow Central – London Euston run in a record 3 hours 55 minutes, beating the APT's record of 4 hours 15 minutes, although the APT still holds the overall record on the northbound run.

The decade-long modernisation project was finally completed in December 2008.[31] This allowed Virgin's VHF (very high frequency) timetable to be progressively introduced through early 2009, the highlights of which are a three-trains-per-hour service to both Birmingham and Manchester during off-peak periods, and nearly all London-Scottish timings brought under the 4 hours 30 minutes barrier – with one service (calling only at Preston) achieving a London-Glasgow time of 4 hours 8 minutes.

Some projects that were removed from the modernisation as a result of the de-scoping, such as a flyover at Norton Bridge station, were later restarted. A £250 million project to grade-separate the tracks at Norton Bridge that allowed for increased service frequency as well as improved line-speeds was completed in spring 2016.[32] Other projects such as the replacement of a weak bridge in Watford allowed line-speeds to be increased from 90 mph (145 km/h) to 125 mph (201 km/h) decreasing journey times.[33]

Infrastructure

Track

Quadruple track section of line at Roade cutting in Northamptonshire – lines have already divided south of here and diverge a little further north

The main spine of the WCML is quadruple track almost all of the route from London to Weaver junction, south east of Runcorn. At Hanslope Junction (near Milton Keynes), the line divides with one pair going direct to Rugby and the other pair diverting via Northampton to rejoin at Rugby. The spine continues north in quadruple track until Winsford, where it reduces to double track through the town, reverting to quadruple track thereafter. The spine reduces to double track at Weaver junction (where a double track spur to Liverpool branches off). After Weaver junction the line continues north to Scotland in double track.[34] There is a busy section around Glasgow in quadruple track.

The WCML is noted for the diversity of branches served from the spine, notably those to/from the West Midlands and North Wales, Greater Manchester, and Liverpool. These are detailed below.

The complete route has been cleared for W10 loading gauge freight traffic, allowing use of higher 9 ft 6 in (2,896 mm) hi-cube shipping containers.[35][36]

Electrification

Nearly all of the WCML is electrified with overhead wires at 25 kV AC.[37] Several of the formerly unelectrified branches of the WCML in the North West have recently been electrified such as the Preston to Blackpool North Line on which electric service commenced in May 2018 along with the Preston - Manchester Piccadilly line which saw electric service commence in February 2019.[38]

The Wigan North Western to Lostock Parkway branch is also scheduled to be electrified.[39]

Rolling stock

The majority of stock used on the West Coast Main Line is new-build, part of Virgin's initial franchise agreement having been a commitment to introduce a brand-new fleet of tilting Class 390 "Pendolino" trains for long-distance high-speed WCML services. The 53-strong Pendolino fleet, plus three tilting SuperVoyager diesel sets, were bought for use on these InterCity services. One Pendolino was written off in 2007 following the Grayrigg derailment. After the 2007 franchise "shake-up" in the Midlands, more SuperVoyagers were transferred to Virgin West Coast, instead of going to the new CrossCountry franchise. The SuperVoyagers are used on London-Chester and Holyhead services because the Chester/North Wales line is not electrified, so they run "under the wires" between London and Crewe. SuperVoyagers were also used on Virgin's London-Scotland via Birmingham services, even though this route is entirely electrified – this situation is however changing since the expansion of the Pendolino fleet; from 2013 onward Class 390 sets have been routinely deployed on Edinburgh/Glasgow-Birmingham services.

By 2012, the WCML Pendolino fleet was strengthened by the addition of two coaches to 31 of the 52 existing sets, thus turning them into 11-car trains. Four brand new 11-car sets are also part of this order, one of which replaced the set lost in the Grayrigg derailment. Although the new stock is to be supplied in Virgin livery, it was not expected to enter traffic before 31 March 2012, when the InterCity West Coast franchise was due to be re-let, though the date for the new franchise was later put back to December 2012,[40] and any effect of this on the timetable for introducing the new coaches remains unclear.

Previous franchisees Central Trains and Silverlink (operating local and regional services partly over sections of the WCML) were given 30 new "Desiro" Class 350s, originally ordered for services in the south-east. Following Govia's successful bid for the West Midlands franchise in 2007, another 37 Class 350s were ordered to replace its older fleet of Class 321s.

The older BR-vintage locomotive-hauled passenger rolling stock still has a limited role on the WCML, with the overnight Caledonian Sleeper services between London Euston and Scotland using Mark 3 and Mark 2 coaches. Virgin has also retained and refurbished one of the original Mark 3 rakes with a Driving Van Trailer and a Class 90 locomotive as a standby set to cover for Pendolino breakdowns. This set was retired from service on 25 October with a rail tour the following day. In November 2014 the "Pretendolino" was transferred to Norwich Crown Point depot to enter service with Abellio Greater Anglia having come to the end of its agreed lease to Virgin Trains.

The following table lists the rolling stock which forms the core passenger service pattern on the WCML serving its principal termini; it is not exhaustive since many other types use sections of the WCML network as part of other routes – notable examples include the InterCity 125 HST on certain CrossCountry services (primarily through the West Midlands area) and the London North Eastern Railway InterCity 225 between Edinburgh and Glasgow Central.

Commuter Trains

Trainset	Class	Image	Type	Cars per set	Top speed		Number	Operator	Routes	Built
					mph	km/h
	Class 67		Diesel-electric locomotive	4	125	200	3	Transport for Wales	Manchester Piccadilly to Holyhead	1999—2000
	Mark 3 carriage		Passenger coach				12			1975-88
	Driving Van Trailer		Driving Van Trailer				3			1988
Sprinter	Class 153		DMU	1	75	120	8	East Midlands Railway	Derby to Crewe	1987–1988
	Class 156		DMU	2	75	120	90	Abellio ScotRail Northern Trains	Settle to Carlisle Line, Glasgow South Western Line, Shotts Line	1987–89
	Class 158		DMU	2	90	145	61	Northern Trains Transport for Wales	Settle to Carlisle Line Birmingham International to Shrewsbury, Aberystwyth, Pwllheli, Chester and Holyhead.	1989–92
				3			8
Alstom Coradia	Class 175		DMU	2	100	161	11	Transport for Wales	Holyhead to: Cardiff Central and Llanelli via Llandudno, Manchester Airport and Manchester Piccadilly to Bangor via Llandudno, Manchester Piccadilly, Crewe, Chester to Cardiff Central, Swansea, Milford Haven	1999–2001
				3			16
Siemens Desiro	Class 185		DMU	3	100	160	51	TransPennine Express	TransPennine North West	2005–2006
	Class 318		EMU	3	90	145	21	Abellio ScotRail	Glasgow Central to Lanark/Carstairs	1985–86
	Class 319		EMU	4	100	160	39	West Midlands Trains Northern Trains	LNR: Watford Junction to: St Albans Abbey, London Euston to Milton Keynes (Peak Hours) NT: Liverpool and Warrington Bank Quay to Preston, Manchester Victoria to Liverpool via Earlestown, Crewe to Manchester Piccadilly	1987–1988 1990
	Class 320/3		EMU	3	90	145	22	Abellio ScotRail	North Clyde Line, Argyle Line, Whifflet Line	1990
	Class 320/4			3[41]	100	161	7			1989–90
	Class 323		EMU	3	90	145	26	West Midlands Trains Northern Trains	WMR: Birmingham New Street to: Redditch, Lichfield Trent Valley, Wolverhampton, Walsall, Four Oaks, Longbridge and Birmingham International NT: Crewe and Stoke-on-Trent to Manchester Piccadilly	1992–93
CAF Civity	Class 331		EMU	3	110	180	31	Northern Trains	Crewe to Manchester Piccadilly	2017-2020
				4			12
Alstom Juniper	Class 334		EMU	3	90	145	40	Abellio ScotRail	Glasgow Central to Lanark/Carstairs	1999–2002
Siemens Desiro	Class 350/1		EMU	4	110	180	30	West Midlands Trains	London Euston to Tring, Milton Keynes, Northampton and Birmingham Birmingham to Liverpool.	2004–2005
	Class 350/2						37			2008–2009
	Class 350/3						10			2014
	Class 350/4						10			2013–2014
Bombardier Electrostar	Class 377/2		EMU	4	100	160	12	Govia Thameslink Railway	Milton Keynes Central to South Croydon	2003–2004
	Class 377/7		EMU	5	100	160	8		Milton Keynes Central to South Croydon	2013–14
Siemens Desiro	Class 380/0		EMU	3	100	161	22	Abellio ScotRail	Ayrshire Coast Line, Inverclyde Line, North Berwick Line, Paisley Canal Line, Argyle Line, Cathcart Circle Line	2009–2011
	Class 380/1			4			16

High Speed Trains

Trainset	Class	Image	Type	Cars per set	Top speed		Number	Operator	Routes	Built
					mph	km/h
InterCity 125	Class 43		Diesel locomotive	7	125	200	10	CrossCountry	Edinburgh branch of the WCML between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley before joining / leaving the ECML	1976–82
	Mark 3		Passenger coach				40			1975–88
InterCity 225	Class 91		Electric locomotive	9			31	London North Eastern Railway	Edinburgh branch of the WCML between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley before joining / leaving the ECML	1988—91
	Mark 4		Passenger coach				302			1989-92
	Driving Van Trailer		Control car				31			1988
Bombardier Voyager	Class 220		DEMU	4			34	CrossCountry	Between Birmingham New Street and Manchester Piccadilly and between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley before joining / leaving the ECML	2000–01
	Class 221		DEMU	5			20	Avanti West Coast	Services between London Euston to: North Wales, Chester, Shrewsbury, Blackpool, Edinburgh and Glasgow Central.	2001–2002
							22	CrossCountry	Between Birmingham New Street and Manchester Piccadilly and between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley before joining / leaving the ECML
Pendolino	Class 390		EMU	9 or 11			56	Avanti West Coast	Services from London Euston to Manchester, Liverpool, Blackpool, West Midlands, Glasgow Central and Edinburgh. Selected Glasgow Central/Edinburgh services to Birmingham New Street	2001–2004 2009–2012
CAF Civity	Class 397		EMU	5			12	TransPennine Express	Manchester Airport and Liverpool Lime Street to Glasgow and Edinburgh.	2017-19
Hitachi AT300	Class 800 Azuma		Bi-mode multiple unit	5			10	London North Eastern Railway	Edinburgh branch of the WCML between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley before joining / leaving the ECML	2014-2018
				9			13
	Class 801 Azuma		EMU	5			12			2017-2020
				9			30

Sleeper Trains

Class	Image	Type	Cars per set	Top speed		Number	Operator	Routes	Built
				mph	km/h
Class 92		Electric locomotive	1	87	140	6	Caledonian Sleeper (x6) Hired from GB Railfreight	All Caledonian Sleeper services between London Euston as far as Glasgow & Edinburgh	1993–1996
Mark 5 Coach		Lounge car Seated Sleeper Sleeping car	16	100	161	75	Caledonian Sleeper	All Caledonian Sleeper services between London Euston to Scottish destinations[42]	2016-2018

Future Trains

Class	Image	Type	Cars per set	Top speed		Number	Operator	Routes	Entry to Service
				mph	km/h
Class 90		Electric locomotive	6	110	177	5[43]	Grand Central[44]	London Euston to Blackpool North	2021
Mark 4 carriage		Passenger carriage		140	225	30
Driving Van Trailer		Driving Van Trailer		140	225	5
Class 805		Bi-mode multiple unit	5	125	200	13	Avanti West Coast[45]	Services between London Euston to: North Wales, Chester and Shrewsbury.	2022
Class 807		EMU	7			10		Services between London Euston to: Blackpool, Birmingham New Street and Liverpool Lime Street.

Operators

Avanti West Coast

The current principal train operating company on the West Coast Main Line is Avanti West Coast, which runs the majority of long-distance services under the West Coast Partnership rail franchise. In November 2016, the government announced that the (then named) InterCity West Coast franchise would be replaced by a new franchise called 'West Coast Partnership', which includes operating the planned High Speed 2 (HS2) service as well as the existing West Coast Main Line express services. In August 2019, the DfT announced that First Trenitalia West Coast Rail (trading as Avanti West Coast) was the successful bidder. Avanti West Coast commenced operating the franchise on 8 December 2019.[46][47]

Avanti operates nine trains per hour on the WCML from London Euston, with three trains per hour to each of Manchester Piccadilly and Birmingham New Street, one train per hour to each of Chester, Liverpool Lime Street and Glasgow Central via the Trent Valley (one Birmingham New Street train per hour continues to Scotland via Wolverhampton alternating between Edinburgh Waverley or Glasgow Central), five trains on a weekday to Holyhead and three trains on a weekday to Bangor. There is also one weekday train in to/from Wrexham General. Additional peak terminating services run between London Euston and Preston, Wolverhampton, Crewe, Birmingham International, Lancaster and Carlisle. Additional trains during the early morning, late evening, rush hour and night that terminate or start at Birmingham. There are also two daily services between London Euston and Shrewsbury and four daily (Monday to Friday) services between London Euston and Blackpool North.

Off-peak departure pattern from London Euston[48] [49]

Time	Destination	via	Duration	Calling pattern
xx:00	Manchester Piccadilly	Stoke-on-Trent	2hr 05min	Stoke-on-Trent; Macclesfield; Stockport; Manchester Piccadilly
xx:03	Birmingham New Street		1hr 21min	Rugby; Coventry; Birmingham International; Birmingham New Street
xx:07	Liverpool Lime Street	Crewe	2hr 13min	Stafford; Crewe; Runcorn; Liverpool Lime Street
xx:10	Chester or Holyhead	Crewe	1hr 58min	Milton Keynes Central; Crewe; Chester; (Flint; Prestatyn; Rhyl; Colwyn Bay; Llandudno Junction; Bangor; Holyhead)
xx:20	Manchester Piccadilly	Stoke-on-Trent	2hr 07min	Milton Keynes Central; Stoke-on-Trent; Stockport; Manchester Piccadilly
xx:23	Birmingham New Street		1hr 21min	Watford Junction (pick up only); Coventry; Birmingham International; Birmingham New Street
xx:30	Glasgow Central	Trent Valley	4hr 29min	Warrington Bank Quay; Wigan North Western; Preston; Lancaster; (Oxenholme Lake District or Penrith North Lakes); Carlisle; Glasgow Central
xx:40	Manchester Piccadilly	Crewe	2hr 06min	Crewe; Wilmslow; Stockport; Manchester Piccadilly
xx:43 (odd hours)	Glasgow Central	Birmingham New Street	5hr 32 min	Milton Keynes Central; Coventry; Birmingham International; Birmingham New Street; Sandwell & Dudley; Wolverhampton; Crewe; Warrington Bank Quay; Wigan North Western; Preston; Lancaster; (Oxenholme Lake District or Penrith North Lakes); Carlisle; Glasgow Central
xx:43 (even hours)	Edinburgh Waverley	Birmingham New Street	5hr 39min	Milton Keynes Central; Coventry; Birmingham International; Birmingham New Street; Sandwell & Dudley; Wolverhampton; Crewe; Warrington Bank Quay; Wigan North Western; Preston; Lancaster; (Oxenholme Lake District or Penrith North Lakes); Carlisle; Haymarket; Edinburgh Waverley

West Midlands Trains

West Midlands Trains provides commuter and long-distance services on the route, which terminate at London Euston. They are all operated under the London Northwestern Railway brand. There are two trains an hour from London to Birmingham; one calling at the majority of stations en route and one calling only at Watford Junction, Milton Keynes Central, Northampton, Rugby, Coventry, Tile Hill, Hampton-in-Arden, Birmingham International and Marston Green. There are three trains per hour from Birmingham New Street to London Euston. These London-Birmingham stopping services are roughly one hour slower, end to end, than the Virgin Trains fast service. There is also an hourly service from London Euston to Northampton calling at Leighton Buzzard, Bletchley, Milton Keynes Central and Wolverton.

West Midlands Trains also operates an hourly service between London and Crewe, serving Watford Junction, Milton Keynes Central, Northampton (peak times and Sundays only), Rugby, Nuneaton, Atherstone, Polesworth (once a day on Mondays to Saturdays), Tamworth, Lichfield Trent Valley, Rugeley Trent Valley, Stafford, Stone, Stoke-on-Trent, Kidsgrove, Alsager and Crewe. Some services also call at Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted, Tring, Cheddington, Leighton Buzzard and Bletchley. Trains also call at Long Buckby (Sundays only). This service was introduced in 2008 to coincide with the withdrawal of the similar Virgin Trains service. Under 'Project 110' this service was reconfigured in December 2012 and to operate 10 mph faster using enhanced British Rail Class 350/1 units.

A service to Tring is provided half-hourly from Euston; one calling at Harrow & Wealdstone, Bushey, Watford Junction, Kings Langley, Apsley, Hemel Hempstead and Berkhamsted and one calling at Wembley Central, Harrow & Wealdstone, Bushey, Watford Junction, Kings Langley, Apsley, Hemel Hempstead and Berkhamstead. An hourly service operates to Milton Keynes Central calling at Watford Junction, Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamstead, Tring, Cheddington, Leighton Buzzard and Bletchley.

West Midlands Trains also operates an hourly stopping train on the Marston Vale Line from Bletchley to Bedford as well as a 45-minute service on the Abbey Line to St Albans Abbey. These are both local branches off the WCML and classified as part of it.

After the Central Trains franchise was revised, London Midland took over services running on the WCML between Birmingham and Liverpool. In August 2017, London Midland lost the West Midlands franchise; West Midlands Trains took over in December 2017. Services on the WCML are all branded London Northwestern Railway services, and all local services around Birmingham are branded West Midlands Railway services.

TransPennine Express

As part of its North West route, TransPennine Express provides services along the WCML between Manchester Airport and Glasgow/Edinburgh (alternating serving each every 2 hours) as part of its Manchester Airport to Scotland service.

Southern

Southern provide an hourly service between East Croydon and Milton Keynes Central, which calls at all stations then Clapham Junction via Selhurst, then all stations on the West London Line then Shepherd's Bush, Wembley Central, Harrow & Wealdstone, Watford Junction, Hemel Hempstead, Berkhamsted, Tring, Leighton Buzzard, Bletchley and Milton Keynes Central.

London North Eastern Railway

London North Eastern Railway operates one train per day between Glasgow Central and London King's Cross via Edinburgh Waverley,[50] operating over the West Coast Main Line route between Edinburgh and Glasgow.

CrossCountry

CrossCountry operates services from Plymouth, Bournemouth and Bristol Temple Meads to Manchester Piccadilly; these trains run also the West Coast Main Line between Coventry and Manchester Piccadilly. Some trains from Manchester Piccadilly to Bristol Temple Meads are extended to Paignton and Plymouth, and on summer weekends to Penzance and Newquay. CrossCountry services between Reading and Newcastle also use a small portion of the West Coast Main Line between Coventry and Birmingham New Street. Services towards Reading are often extended to Southampton Central (or occasionally Bournemouth) and 1 train per day towards Reading is extended to Guildford.

CrossCountry also operates a 2 hourly service to/from Glasgow Central, which operates to either Penzance, Plymouth, Newcastle upon Tyne, Bristol Temple Meads or Birmingham New Street. On summer weekends trains from Glasgow Central also operate to Paignton, Penzance and Newquay. These services use the West Coast Main Line from Edinburgh to Glasgow Central.

Abellio ScotRail

Abellio ScotRail operates services on sections of the West Coast Main Line for example near Glasgow with Argyle Line trains running on the section from Cambuslang to Carluke before veering off on the short branch to Lanark or heading along till Carstairs. The North Berwick Line runs from Glasgow Central High Level via Motherwell to Carstairs and onto Haymarket, Edinburgh Waverley and North Berwick.

At Carlisle the Glasgow South Western Line runs for several miles before heading west towards Dumfries, Kilmarnock, Ayr and Stranraer.

Caledonian Sleeper

Caledonian Sleeper operates services down the length of the West Coast Main Line, providing an overnight service between London and Scotland.

Recent developments

Felixstowe and Nuneaton freight capacity scheme

A number of items of work are under way or proposed to accommodate additional freight traffic between the Haven ports and the Midlands including track dualling. The 'Nuneaton North Chord' was completed and opened on 15 November 2012.[51][52] The chord will ease access for some trains between the Birmingham to Peterborough Line and the WCML. The Ipswich chord was opened at the end of March 2014 allowing trains to run without reversing from Felixstowe towards the Midlands.[53]

Stafford Area Improvements Programme

Planned flying junction and 2.5 mi (4.0 km) track diversion in the Stafford – Norton Bridge area. This will replace the current level junction where the Stafford to Manchester via Stoke-on-Trent line diverges from the trunk route at Norton Bridge, avoiding conflicting train movements to enhance capacity and reduce journey times, additional freight capacity will also be provided around Stafford station. There will be two extra off-peak trains per hour from Euston to the North West, one extra train per hour from Manchester to Birmingham and one additional freight train per hour. The resignalling work associated with this project is due to be completed in summer 2015 and the Norton Bridge work was complete in December 2016, followed by a new timetable introduced in December 2017.[54]

Weaver Junction to Liverpool signalling

Re-signalling work the WCML spur track from Liverpool to Weaver Junction was underway in 2016. Signal control will move to the Manchester Rail Operating Centre removing five local signal boxes. The signal improvements will improve journey times on this section of track.[55]

Proposed development

Outline map of the possible future Crossrail extensions as recommended in the 2011 RUS, which include the WCML[56]

Increased line speed

Virgin Trains put forward plans in 2007 to increase the line speed in places on the WCML – particularly along sections of the Trent Valley Line between Stafford and Rugby from 125 to 135 mph (200 to 217 km/h) after the quadrupling of track had been completed. This would permit faster services and possibly allow additional train paths. 135 mph (217 km/h) was claimed to be achievable by Pendolino trains while using existing lineside signalling without the need for cab signalling via the use of the TASS system (Tilt Authorisation and Speed Supervision) to prevent overspeeding. In practice, regulations introduced by the HMRI (now ORR) at the time of the ECML high-speed test runs in 1991 are still in force prohibiting this. Network Rail was aware of Virgin Train's aspirations;[57] however, in November 2009 Chris Mole MP (then Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Transport) announced that there were no plans for this to happen and thus for the foreseeable future the maximum speed will remain at 125 mph (201 km/h).[58]

In promoting this proposal, Virgin Trains reported that passenger numbers on Virgin West Coast increased from 13.6 million in 1997/98 to 18.7 million in 2005/6, while numbers on CrossCountry grew from 12.6 million to 20.4 million over the same period.[59]

Crossrail extension

In the London & South East Rail Utilisation Strategy (RUS) document published by Network Rail in 2011, a proposal was put forward to extend the Crossrail lines, currently under construction in central London, along the West Coast Main Line as far as Tring and Milton Keynes Central. The scheme would involve the construction of a tunnel in the vicinity of the proposed new station at Old Oak Common in West London connecting the Crossrail route to the WCML slow lines with a potential for interchange with the planned High Speed 2 line. Under current plans, a proportion of westbound Crossrail trains will terminate at Paddington due to capacity limitations; the RUS recommends the WCML extension as it will enable these services to continue beyond Paddington, maximising the use of the central London tunnels. The RUS also notes that diversion of WCML regional rail services via Crossrail into central London would alleviate congestion at Euston station, and consequently reduce the need for infrastructure work on the London Underground network which would be required to accommodate HS2 passengers arriving at Euston. The Crossrail extension proposal has not been officially confirmed or funded.[56] In August 2014, the government launched a study into the Crossrail extension.[60]

Accidents

See also: List of rail accidents in the United Kingdom

• Grayrigg derailment (at Lambrigg Crossovers, south of Grayrigg) – 23 February 2007; 1 killed
• Tebay rail accident – 15 February 2004; 4 workers killed (no public involvement)
• Norton Bridge rail crash – 16 October 2003; 1 injured
• Winsford rail crash – 23 June 1999; 31 injured
• Watford rail crash – 8 August 1996; 1 killed, 69 injured
• Stafford rail crash (1996) – 8 March 1996; 1 killed, 22 injured
• Newton rail crash – 21 July 1991; 4 killed; 22 injured
• Stafford rail crash (1990) – 4 August 1990; 1 killed, 35 injured
• Colwich rail crash – 19 September 1986; 1 killed 60 injured
• Wembley Central rail crash – 11 October 1984; 3 killed, 18 injured
• Nuneaton rail crash – 6 June 1975; 6 killed 67 injured
• Watford Junction rail crash – 1975; 1 killed, 11 injured
• Hixon – 6 January 1968; 11 killed, 27 injured
• Stechford rail crash – 28 February 1967; 9 killed, 16 injured
• Cheadle Hulme – 28 May 1964; 3 killed
• Coppenhall Junction – 26 December 1962; 18 killed, 34 injured
• Harrow and Wealdstone – 8 October 1952; 112 killed, 340 injured – worst accident in England and London.
• Weedon (1951); – 21 September 1951; 15 killed, 36 injured
• Lambrigg Crossing signal box between Grayrigg and Oxenholme – 18 May 1947 (express hit light engine through driver missing a signal while looking in his food box); 4 in hospital, 34 minor injuries[61]
• Lichfield – 1 January 1946; 20 killed, 21 injured.
• Bourne End rail crash – 30 September 1945; 43 killed, 64 injured
• Winwick Junction – 28 September 1934; 12 killed
• Weedon (1915); 14 August 1915; 10 killed, 21 injured
• Quintinshill rail crash – 22 May 1915; 227 killed, 246 injured. – worst ever rail accident in the United Kingdom.
• Ditton Junction rail crash; 17 September 1912; 15 killed
• Chelford rail accident; 22 December 1894; 14 killed, 48 injured
• Wigan rail crash – 1 August 1873; 13 killed, 30 major injuries.
• Tamworth rail crash – 14 September 1870; 3 killed, 13 injured.
• Warrington rail crash – 29 June 1867; 8 killed, 33 injured
• Atherstone rail accident – 16 November 1860; 10 killed.

Route

Map of WCML

See also: Trent Valley line

In June 2019 Network Rail formed five 'regions' for helping to support Britain's railways[62]. In August and September 2019, 14 'routes' responsible for the operation, maintenance and renewal of infrastructure were assigned across these regions. The West Coast Main Line runs through two of these regions ("Scotland's Railway" and "North West and Central") and is a part of 3 routes ("Scotland", "North West" and "West Coast Mainline South").

The cities and towns served by the WCML are listed in the tables below. Stations on loops and branches are marked **. Those stations in italics are not served by inter-city services run by Avanti West Coast but only by local trains. Between Euston and Watford Junction the WCML is largely but not exactly paralleled by the operationally independent Watford DC Line, a local stopping service now part of London Overground, with 17 intermediate stations, including three with additional platforms on the WCML.

The final table retraces the route specifically to indicate the many loops, branches, junctions and interchange stations on the core of the WCML.

The North Wales Coast Line between Crewe and Holyhead is not electrified. Services between London, Chester and Holyhead are operated by Super Voyager tilting diesel trains. Formerly in the case of one of the Holyhead services, a Pendolino set was hauled from Crewe by a Class 57/3 diesel locomotive.

London to Glasgow and Edinburgh

Town/City	Station	Ordnance Survey National Grid Reference	Branches and loops
London	London Euston	TQ295827
Wembley	Wembley Central	TQ182850
Harrow	Harrow and Wealdstone	TQ154894
Bushey	Bushey	TQ118953
Watford	Watford Junction	TQ109973
Kings Langley	Kings Langley	TL080019
Apsley	Apsley	TL062048
Hemel Hempstead	Hemel Hempstead	TL042059
Berkhamsted	Berkhamsted	SP993081
Tring	Tring	SP950122
Cheddington	Cheddington	SP922185
Leighton Buzzard	Leighton Buzzard	SP910250
Milton Keynes (Bletchley area)	Bletchley	SP868337
Milton Keynes (centre)	Milton Keynes Central	SP841380
Milton Keynes (Wolverton area)	Wolverton	SP820414
Northampton	Northampton	SP623666	Northampton loop
Long Buckby	Long Buckby	SP511759	Northampton loop
Rugby	Rugby	SP511759
Nuneaton	Nuneaton	SP364921
Atherstone	Atherstone	SP304979
Polesworth	Polesworth	SK264031
Tamworth	Tamworth	SK213044
Lichfield	Lichfield Trent Valley	SK136099
Rugeley	Rugeley Trent Valley	SK048191
Stafford	Stafford	SJ918229
Stoke-on-Trent	Stoke-on-Trent	SJ879456	Stafford–Manchester line
Congleton	Congleton	SJ872623	Stafford–Manchester line
Macclesfield	Macclesfield	SJ919736	Stafford–Manchester line
Stockport	Stockport	SJ892898	Stafford–Manchester line
Manchester	Manchester Piccadilly	SJ849977	Stafford–Manchester line
Crewe	Crewe	SJ711546
Winsford	Winsford	SJ670660
Northwich	Hartford	SJ631717
Acton Bridge	Acton Bridge	SJ598745
Runcorn	Runcorn	SJ508826	Crewe–Liverpool line
Liverpool	Liverpool South Parkway		Crewe–Liverpool line
Liverpool	Liverpool Lime Street	SJ352905	Crewe–Liverpool line
Warrington	Warrington Bank Quay	SJ599878
Wigan	Wigan North Western	SD581053
Euxton	Euxton Balshaw Lane
Leyland	Leyland
Preston	Preston	SD534290
Lancaster	Lancaster	SD471617
Carnforth	Carnforth
Oxenholme (Kendal)	Oxenholme Lake District	SD531901
Penrith	Penrith	NY511299
Carlisle	Carlisle	NY402554
Lockerbie	Lockerbie	NY137817
Carstairs	Carstairs Junction	NS952454
Motherwell	Motherwell	NS750572
Glasgow	Glasgow Central	NS587651
Edinburgh (Haymarket/West End)	Haymarket	NT239731	Glasgow–Edinburgh via Carstairs line
Edinburgh	Edinburgh Waverley	NT257738	Glasgow–Edinburgh via Carstairs line

Branches and loops

The WCML is noted for the diversity of branches served between the London and Glasgow main line. The following map deals with the very complex network of lines in the West Midlands that link the old route via Birmingham with the new WCML route via the Trent Valley (i.e. 1830s versus 1840s):

Map of the Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford line and other local routes

In the following tables, related to the WCML branches, only the Intercity stations are recorded:

Rugby-Birmingham-Wolverhampton-Stafford

Town/City	Station	Ordnance Survey grid reference
Rugby Coventry Canley (Coventry) Tile Hill (Coventry) Balsall Common Hampton in Arden Birmingham International Airport Marston Green (Solihull) Lea Hall (Birmingham) Stechford (Birmingham) Adderley Park (Birmingham) Birmingham (centre) Smethwick Smethwick Oldbury Tipton Tipton Coseley (Dudley) Wolverhampton Penkridge Stafford	Rugby Coventry Canley Tile Hill Berkswell Hampton-in-Arden Birmingham International Marston Green Lea Hall Stechford Adderley Park Birmingham New Street Smethwick Rolfe Street Smethwick Galton Bridge Sandwell and Dudley Dudley Port Tipton Coseley Wolverhampton Penkridge Stafford	SP511759 SP331781 SP187836 SP069866 SO992900 SO919988 SJ918229

Crewe-Manchester-Preston

Town/City	Station	Ordnance Survey grid reference
Crewe Wilmslow Stockport Manchester Bolton Preston	Crewe Wilmslow Stockport Manchester Piccadilly Bolton Preston	SJ711546 SJ850811 SJ892898 SJ849977 SD719086 SD534290

Tunnels, viaducts and major bridges

Major civil engineering structures on the West Coast Main Line include the following.[63][64][65][66][67]

Tunnels, viaducts and major bridges on the West Coast Main Line

Railway Structure	Length	Distance from Carlisle	ELR	Location
Clyde Bridge	8 chains	102 miles 04 chains – 101 miles 76 chains	WCM2	South of Glasgow Central station
Eglinton Street Tunnels	200 yards (183 m)	101 miles 22 chains – 101 miles 13 chains
Clyde Viaduct No. 37		94 miles 16 chains		North of Uddingston station
Orbiston Viaduct No. 24 (River Calder)	5 chains	90 miles 62 chains – 90 miles 57 chains		Between Uddingston and Motherwell stations
Mouse Water Viaduct	5 chains	76 miles 13 chains – 76 miles 08 chains	WCM1	Between Carluke and Carstairs
Float Viaduct (River Clyde)	5 chains	72 miles 52 chains – 72 miles 47 chains		Between Carstairs South Junction and Lockerbie
Lamington Viaduct (River Clyde)	6 chains	62 miles 70 chains – 62 miles 64 chains
Crawford Viaduct (River Clyde)	5 chains	55 miles 62 chains – 55 miles 57 chains
Harthorpe Viaduct (Elvan Water)	6 chains	47 miles 06 chains – 47 miles 00 chains
Elvan Water Viaduct		42 miles 78 chains
Cogrie Viaduct (River Annan)	4 chains	35 miles 70 chains – 35 miles 66 chains
Dryfe Water Viaduct	4 chains	27 miles 32 chains – 27 miles 28 chains
Milk Water Viaduct	7 chains	23 miles 75 chains – 23 miles 68 chains		Between Lockerbie and Carlisle stations
Mein Water Viaduct		17 miles 65 chains
Kirtle Water Viaduct		15 miles 60 chains
Sark Viaduct (Scotland/England Border)		8 miles 55 chains
Esk Viaduct	7 chains	6 miles 50 chains – 6 miles 43 chains
Eden Viaduct	3 chains	1 mile 23 chains – 1 mile 20 chains
Caldew Viaduct	7 chains	0 miles 66 chains – 0 miles 59 chains
		Distance from Lancaster
Eamont Viaduct	5 chains	50 miles 12 chains – 50 miles 07 chains	CGJ7	Between Penrith and Oxenholme stations
Lowther Viaduct	7 chains	48 miles 57 chains – 48 miles 50 chains
Birkbeck Viaduct		33 miles 28 chains
North Lune Viaduct		32 miles 20 chains
River Lune		31 miles 55 chains
Docker Garth's Viaduct	6 chains	24 miles 03 chains – 23 miles 77 chains
Beela Viaduct		13 miles 02 chains		Between Oxenholme and Lancaster stations
Lune Viaduct	12 chains	0 miles 38 chains – 0 miles 26 chains
		Distance from Preston
Lancaster Canal		20 miles 36 chains	CGJ6
Conder Viaduct		16 miles 76 chains		Between Lancaster and Preston stations
Wyre Viaduct		13 miles 01 chains
Barton Viaduct		4 miles 30 chains
Fylde Road Viaduct		0 miles 64 chains
		Distance from Newton-le-Willows Junction
Ribble Viaduct	12 chains	21 miles 33 chains – 21 miles 21 chains	CGJ5	Between Preston and Wigan NW stations
River Yarrow Viaduct	5 chains	14 miles 55 chains – 14 miles 50 chains
Leeds Liverpool Canal	4 chains	6 miles 04 chains – 6 miles 00 chains		Between Wigan NW and Warrington Bank Quay
	7 chains	4 miles 24 chains −4 miles 17 chains
		Distance from London Euston
River Mersey		181 miles 25 chains	CGJ2	South of Warrington Bank Quay station
Acton Grange Viaducts (Manchester Ship Canal)	5 chains	180 miles 40 chains – 180 miles 35 chains
Preston Brook Tunnel	78 yards (71 m)	176 miles 07 chains – 176 miles 04 chains		North of Weaver junction
Birdswood Tunnel (Up Liverpool flyover)	1 chain	175 miles 44 chains – 175 miles 43 chains	CGJ1	Weaver junction
Dutton Viaduct (River Weaver)	22 chains	174 miles 18 chains – 173 miles 76 chains		North of Acton Bridge station
Vale Royal Viaduct (River Weaver)	6 chains	168 miles 72 chains – 168 miles 66 chains		South of Hartford station
River Sow		137 miles 52 chains	LEC4	Between former Norton Bridge and Stafford stations
Baswich Viaducts (Staffs. & Worc. Canal and River Penk)	7 chains	131 miles 57 chains – 131 miles 50 chains	LEC2	Between Stafford and Rugeley TV stations
Shugborough Tunnel	777 yards (710 m)	129 miles 01 chains – 128 miles 46 chains
Shugborough Viaduct (River Trent)	3 chains	127 miles 71 chains – 127 miles 68 chains
Trent & Mersey Canal		127 mile 22 chains
River Trent Viaduct	4 chains	122 miles 18 chains – 122 miles 14 chains		Between Rugeley TV and Lichfield TV stations
Trent & Mersey Canal		121 miles 29 chains
Coventry Canal		115 miles 18 chains		Between Lichfield TV and Tamworth stations
River Tame	4 chains	112 miles 36 chains – 112 miles 32 chains
Tamworth Viaduct (River Anker)		109 miles 70 chains		South of Tamworth station
Polesworth North Viaduct	4 chains	106 miles 53 chains – 106 miles 49 chains		North of Polesworth station
Polesworth South Viaduct (River Anker)	4 chains	105 miles 75 chains – 105 miles 71 chains		Between Polesworth and Atherstone stations
Coventry Canal		105 miles 59 chains
		102 miles 05 chains
River Anker Viaduct	2 chains	96 miles 38 chains – 96 miles 36 chains		Between Nuneaton and Rugby stations
Ashby Canal		94 miles 61 chains
Oxford Canal		89 miles 61 chains
		88 miles 10 chains
		85 miles 54 chains
Avon Viaduct	5 chains	84 miles 09 chains – 84 miles 04 chains
Oxford Canal		82 miles 16 chains	HNR	Northampton line, between Rugby and Long Buckby stations
Crick Tunnel	595 yards (544 m)	79 miles 47 chains – 79 miles 20 chains
Grand Union Canal		78 miles 60 chains
Watford Lodge Tunnel	115 yards	78 miles 52 chains – 78 miles 47
River Nene Viaduct	5 chains	67 miles 77 chains – 67 miles 72 chains		Northampton line, between Long Buckby and Northampton stations
River Nene Viaduct	5 chains	66 miles 09 chains – 66 miles 04 chains
Earl Cowpers (River Nene)	6 chains	65 miles 19 chains – 65 miles 13 chains		Northampton line, between Northampton and Wolverton stations
Grand Junction Canal	4 chains	65 miles 11 chains – 65 miles 07 chains
Hunsbury Hill Tunnel	1152 yards (1053 m)	64 miles 54 chains – 63 miles 70 chains
Roade Cutting ‘Birdcage’ support structure	49 chains	60 miles 76 chains – 60 miles 27
Oxford Canal		79 miles 71 chains	LEC1	Between Rugby and Wolverton stations
Kilsby Tunnel	1 mile 656 yards (2209 m)	78 miles 13 chains – 76 miles 64 chains
Leicester Branch Canal		75 miles 11 chains
Grand Union Canal		73 miles 09 chains
Weedon Viaduct	4 chains	69 miles 15 chains – 69 miles 11 chains
Stowe Hill Tunnel	491 yards (449 m)	68 miles 32 chains – 68 miles 09 chains
Grand Union Canal		62 miles 59 chains
Wolverton / Haversham Viaduct	9 chains	53 miles 01 chains – 52 miles 72 chains
Grand Union Canal	2 chains	52 miles 42 chains – 52 miles 40 chains		North of Wolverton station
		52 miles 18 chains		South of Wolverton station
Linslade Tunnels	287 yards (262 m), down fast 283 yards (259 m)	40 miles 73 chains – 40 miles 60 chains		North of Leighton Buzzard station
Grand Union Canal		34 miles 53 chains		Between Cheddington and Tring stations
Northchurch Tunnels	349 yards (319 m)	29 miles 12 chains – 28 miles 76 chains		North of Berkhamsted station
Grand Union Canal		25 miles 21 chains		Between Berkhamsted and Hemel Hempstead stations
		22 miles 26 chains		Between Apsley and Kings Langley stations
Watford Slow Tunnel	1 mile 230 yards (1820 m)	19 miles 44 chains – 18 miles 33 chains		North of Watford Junction station
Watford Fast Tunnel	1 mile 55 yards (1660 m)	19 miles 40 chains – 18 miles 38 chains
Colne Viaduct	3 chains	16 miles 66 chains – 16 miles 63 chains		North of Bushey station
Bushey Arches	6 chains	16 miles 11 chains – 16 miles 05 chains
Brent Viaducts		6 miles 77 chains		West of Stonebridge Park station
Kensal Green Tunnels	320 yards (293 m)	4 miles 59 chains – 4 miles 45 chains		West of Kensal Green station
Primrose Hill Tunnel (Fast)	1182 yards (1081 m)	2 miles 27 chains – 1 mile 54 chains		North-West of London Euston station
Primrose Hill Tunnel (Slow)	1170 yards (1070 m)	2 miles 27 chains – 1 mile ? chains
Lower Park Street Tunnel	127 yards (116 m)	0 miles 68 chains – 0 miles 62 chains
Upper Park Street Tunnel	162 yards (148 m)	0 miles 67 chains – 0 miles 60 chains

WCML Branches and junctions

Location	Type	Route	Details
Camden Jnct	Branch	18	Watford DC Line (WDCL)
+	Junction	6	North London Line from Primrose Hill joins WDCL and WCML
Willesden Jnct	Junction	6	North London Line from West Hampstead joins WDCL and WCML
+	Junction	2	West London Line from Clapham Junction joins WCML
+	Junction	6	North London Line from Richmond joins WCML
Willesden Junction	Interchange	6	North London Line with Watford DC Line
Watford Junction	Branch	18	Watford DC Line terminates at separate bay platforms
+	Branch	18	St Albans Branch Line (AC single line single section) to St Albans
Bletchley	Branch	18	Marston Vale Line to Bedford
Bletchley High Level (Denbigh Hall South Jnct)	Branch	16	Freight only line to Newton Longville (remnant of mothballed Varsity Line to Oxford)
Hanslope Junction	Loop	18	Northampton Loop leaves a few miles north of Wolverton and rejoins just south of Rugby
Rugby	Junction	17	West Midlands Main Line to Coventry, Birmingham, Wolverhampton and Stafford
Nuneaton	Junction	19	The Birmingham to Peterborough Line from Peterborough
+	Junction	17	The Coventry to Nuneaton Line
+	Junction	17	The Birmingham to Peterborough Line to Birmingham
Tamworth	Interchange	17	The Cross Country Route (MR) Bristol and Birmingham to Derby and the North East
Lichfield Trent Valley	Interchange	17	The Cross-City Line Redditch to Lichfield
+	Junction	17	north of the station
Rugeley Trent Valley	Junction	17	The Chase Line from Birmingham to Rugeley
Colwich Junction	Branch	18	to Stoke-on-Trent and Manchester (Route 20 from Cheadle Hulme)
Stafford	Junction	17	West Midlands Main Line from Coventry, Birmingham and Wolverhampton
Norton Bridge	Branch	18	to Stone to join line from Colwich Jnct to Manchester (Route 20 from Cheadle Hulme)
Stoke-on-Trent	Junction	19	from Derby
Kidsgrove	Branch	18	to Alsager and Crewe
Cheadle Hulme	–	20	Route 18 London – Manchester Line becomes Route 20 through to Manchester
Crewe	Branch	18	from Kidsgrove (diesel service from Skegness, Grantham, Nottingham Derby and Stoke-on-Trent)
+	Junction	14	The Welsh Marches Line from South Wales, Hereford and Shrewsbury
+	Junction	22	to Chester and the North Wales Coast Line
+	Junction	20	to Wilmslow, Manchester Airport, Stockport and Manchester
Hartford North	Junction	20	(freight only) from Northwich
Weaver Jnct	Branch	18	to Runcorn and Liverpool (Route 20 from Liverpool South Parkway railway station)
Liverpool South Parkway	–	20	Route 18 London to Liverpool Line becomes Route 20 to Liverpool Lime Street
Warrington	Junction	22	from Llandudno and Chester to Manchester
Winwick Jnct	Junction	20	to Liverpool, Earlestown and Manchester
Golborne Jnct	Junction	20	to Liverpool, Newton-le-Willows and Manchester
Ince Moss/Springs Branch Junct	Junction	20	The Liverpool to Wigan Line
Wigan	Junction	20	from Manchester
Euxton Jnct	Junction	20	The Manchester to Preston Line from Manchester
Farington Jnct	Junction	23	East Lancashire Line and Caldervale Line
Farington Curve Jnct	Junction	23	Ormskirk Branch Line, East Lancashire Line and Caldervale Line
Preston Dock	Junction	23	west
Preston	Junction	20	to Blackpool
Morecambe South Jnct	Junction	23	to Morecambe
Hest Bank Jnct	Junction	23	from Morecambe
Carnforth Jnct	Junction	23	Furness Line to Barrow-in-Furness and also the Leeds to Morecambe Line to Leeds
Oxenholme	Junction	23	to Windermere
Penrith	Junction	23	Route 23 uses two junctions to the north of the station
Carlisle	Junction	23	Route 23 Settle-Carlisle Railway and Route 9 from Newcastle
+	Junction	23	The Cumbrian Coast Line from Barrow-in-Furness
Gretna Jnct	Junction	26	to the Glasgow South Western Line
Carstairs South Jnct	Junction	24	Route 18 West Coast Main Line becomes Route 24 to Edinburgh
Carstairs South	–	26	Route 18 West Coast Main Line becomes Route 26 to Glasgow

See also

• East Coast Main Line
• Portpatrick Railway
• Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway
• Irish Sea tunnel
• Rail transport in Great Britain

References

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3. Butcher, Louise (16 March 2010). "Railways: West Coast Main Line". House of Commons Library. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
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9. Grand Junction Railway: History of the West Coast Main line, Virgin Trains 2004.
10. London and Birmingham Railway: History of the West Coast Main line, Virgin Trains 2004.
11. Awdry, Christopher (1990). Encyclopaedia of British Railway Companies. Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-049-7. OCLC 19514063.
12. The Manchester Lines: History of the West Coast Main line. Virgin Trains (2004).
13. "Carriages of LNWR Photographs". lnwrs.org.uk.
14. Thomas, John (1971). A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Volume VI Scotland: The Lowlands and the Borders (1st ed.). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. OCLC 650446341.
15. Lines in Lancashire: History of the West Coast Main line. Virgin Trains (2004).
16. "Rail Album – LMS Steam Locos – Streamlined Princess Coronation Class Pacifics – Part 1". railalbum.co.uk.
17. "The winter timetables of British Railways: The West Coast speed-up". Trains Illustrated. Hampton Court: Ian Allan. December 1959. p. 584.
18. "Auction Announcements of Messrs. Knight, Frank, and Rutley". The Times. London. 27 April 1912. p. 22. "The Abington and Crawford Estates ... extending as they do for some 12 miles either side of the main road and the West Coast Main Line to the North, with Abington and Crawford Stations on the Estate.
19. Marshall, John (1979). The Guinness Book Of Rail Facts & Feats. Enfield: Guinness Superlatives. ISBN 0-900424-56-7.
20. Beloff, Nora; Eglin, Roger; Haworth, David (1 March 1970). "£25 million railway scheme shocks economists". The Observer. p. 1. Retrieved 27 February 2019. – via newspapers.com (subscription required)
21. Wolmar, Christian (2007). Fire and Steam, A New History of the Railways in Britain. London: Atlantic. ISBN 978-1-84354-629-0.
22. Passenger Timetable 1 May 1972 to 6 May 1973. British Railways Board, London Midland Region. pp. 83, 06.
23. British Railways Board (April 1966).Your New Railway: London Midland Electrification. Information booklet.
24. Potter, Stephen; Roy, Robin (1986). Research and development: British Rail's fast trains. Design and Innovation, Block 3. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-335-17273-3.
25. Stamp, Gavin (1 October 2007). "Steam ahead: the proposed rebuilding of London's Euston station is an opportunity to atone for a great architectural crime". Apollo: the international magazine of art and antiques. Archived from the original on 1 November 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2007.
26. Semmens, Peter (1991). Electrifying the East Coast Route. ISBN 0-85059-929-6.
27. Hay, Matthew (1 April 2016). "New Franchise Launches". www.tpexpress.co.uk (Press release). First TransPennine Express.
28. "Rail North Committee Meeting – Item 4.0" (PDF). Transport for the North. 23 August 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2019. the industry has decided that the timetable plan in the North of England for December 2018 will be largely consistent with the existing May 2018 plan. At the time of writing discussions were ongoing around the industry approach to timetable changes in 2019 (May and December being the change dates).
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30. Meek, James (1 April 2004). "The £10bn Rail Crash". The Guardian. London.
31. "West Coast rail works completed". BBC News Online. 14 December 2008.
32. "First trains use Norton Bridge rail flyover". A Little Bit of Stone. 29 March 2016.
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34. Network Rail media centre, December 2008.
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66. Brailsford, Martyn (2017). Railway Track Diagrams Book 1: Scotland & Isle of Man. Frome: Trackmaps. pp. 1, 7, 8, 10. ISBN 978-0-9549866-9-8.
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Sources

• Buck, Martin; Rawlinson, Mark (2000). Line By Line: The West Coast Main Line, London Euston to Glasgow Central. Swindon: Freightmaster Publishing. ISBN 0-9537540-0-6.
• "EUSTON MAIN LINE ELECTRIFICATION, A Technical Conference sponsored jointly by the British Railways Board and the Institutions of Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Locomotive, and Railway Signal Engineers, 25–26th October 1966". Conference Proceedings. Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMECH). 181 (6 (Part 3F)). 1966–67.
  • Brentnall, E. G. (1966). "Signalling and telecommunications works on the Euston main line electrification". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 65–86. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_108_02.
  • Butland, A. N. (1966). "Civil engineering works of the Euston main line electrification scheme". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 51–64. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_107_02.
  • Emerson, A. H. (1966). "Electrification of the London Midland main line from Euston". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Conference Proceedings. 181 (36): 17–50. doi:10.1243/PIME_CONF_1966_181_105_02.

Further reading

• Ballantyne, Hugh (1989). The Colour of British Rail: West Coast Main Line. 2. Atlantic Transport Publishers. ISBN 9780906899328. OCLC 21600017.
• Beecroft, Don; Pirt, Keith (2008). Steam memories: 1950's - 1960's. No. 21, West coast main line & branches in Lancashire : including Wigan, Preston, Lancaster, Morecambe, Carnforth and Blackpool. Challenger Publications. ISBN 9781899624997. OCLC 528374617.
• Joy, David (1967). Main Line Over Shap. Dalesman Publishing Co. Ltd. ISBN 9780852060636. OCLC 12273695.
• Longhurst, Roly (1979). Electric Locomotives of the West Coast Main Line. Bardford Barton. ISBN 9780851533551. OCLC 16491712.
• McCutcheon, Campbell; Christopher, John (2014). Bradshaw's Guide: West Coast Main Line, Manchester to Glasgow. 10. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445640419. OCLC 902726172.
• Allen, David (29 January – 11 February 1997). "West Coast Signalling". RAIL. No. 297. EMAP Apex Publications. pp. 34–38. ISSN 0953-4563. OCLC 49953699.

External links

Template:Attached KML/West Coast Main Line

KML is from Wikidata

• Electric All The Way – 1974 British Rail information booklet about the completion of electrification to Glasgow.
• Rail Industry www page which monitors the progress of the project
• Department of Transport – 2006 – West Coast Main Line – Update Report
• Network Rail Business Plans and Reports
• British Railways in 1960, Euston to Crewe
• British Railways in 1960, Crewe to Carlisle
• British Railways in 1960, Carlisle to Carstairs
• British Railways in 1960, Carstairs to Glasgow
• London to Glasgow in five minutes – BBC video, December 2008
• Origins of 1849 stretch of line from Glasgow to Carlisle