Bletchley

Bletchley is a constituent town of Milton Keynes,[2] Buckinghamshire, England. It is situated in the south-west of Milton Keynes, and is split between the civil parishes of Bletchley and Fenny Stratford and West Bletchley.

For other uses, see Bletchley (disambiguation).

Bletchley
Queensway, the main shopping street in Bletchley.
Bletchley Mapping © OpenStreetMap Show map of Milton Keynes Bletchley Location within Buckinghamshire Show map of Buckinghamshire
Population	37,114 (2011 census)[1]
OS grid reference	SP872336
• London	43 miles (69 km)
Unitary authority	Milton Keynes
Ceremonial county	Buckinghamshire
Region	South East
Country	England
Sovereign state	United Kingdom
Post town	MILTON KEYNES
Postcode district	MK1-3
Dialling code	01908
Police	Thames Valley
Fire	Buckinghamshire
Ambulance	South Central
UK Parliament	Milton Keynes South

Bletchley is best known for Bletchley Park, the headquarters of Britain's World War II codebreaking organisation, and now a major tourist attraction. The National Museum of Computing is also located on the Park.

History

Origin

The town name is Anglo-Saxon and means Blæcca's clearing.[3][4] It was first recorded in manorial rolls in the 12th century as Bicchelai, then later as Blechelegh (13th century) and Blecheley (14th–16th centuries).[5] Just to the south of Fenny Stratford, there was Romano-British town, MAGIOVINIUM on either side of Watling Street, a Roman road.

Bletchley Park

The main house at Bletchley Park

Within the West Bletchley parish, in the Church Green district, is Bletchley Park, which, during the Second World War, was home to the Government Code and Cypher School. The German Enigma code was cracked here by, amongst others, Alan Turing. Another cipher machine was solved with the aid of early computing devices, known as Colossus. The park is now a museum, although many areas of the park grounds have been sold off for housing development.

Development

Main articles: History of Milton Keynes and Bletchley railway station

Bletchley grew from an obscure hamlet on the road from Fenny Stratford to Buckingham with the arrival of the London and North Western Railway in 1845 and its subsequent junction with the Oxford-Cambridge Varsity Line shortly afterwards.[5] Bletchley grew rapidly to service the junction. Bletchley railway station was for many years an important node on the railway. It is now one of the five stations which serve Milton Keynes.[lower-alpha 1]

"Bigger, Better, Brighter" – Bletchley in the 20th century

Almost forty years after the construction of Bletchley railway station, the 1884/5 Ordnance Survey shows Bletchley as still just a small village around the C of E church at Bletchley Park, and a (separate) hamlet near the Methodist chapel and Shoulder of Mutton public house at the junction of Shenley Road/Newton Road with Buckingham Road.[6] (These districts are known today as Old Bletchley and Far Bletchley). The major settlement of the time is nearby Fenny Stratford.

In the urban growth of the Victorian period brought by the railway, the town merged with Fenny Stratford. The latter had been constituted an urban district (with Simpson) in 1895, and Bletchley was added in 1898. By 1911, the population of the combined parishes was 5,166 but the balance between them had changed: in that year, the name of the local council (Urban District) changed from Fenny Stratford UD to Bletchley UD.[7] The 1926 Ordnance Survey shows the settlements beginning to merge, with large private houses along the Bletchley Road between them. In 1933, the newly founded Bletchley Gazette began a campaign for a "Bigger, Better, Brighter, Bletchley".[8] As the nation emerged from World War II, Bletchley Council renewed its desire to expand from its 1951 population of 10,919. By mid-1952, the Council was able to agree terms with five London Boroughs to accept people and businesses from bombed-out sites in London.[9] This trend continued through the 1950s and 1960s, culminating[lower-alpha 2] in the GLC-funded Lakes Estate in Water Eaton parish, even as Milton Keynes was being founded. Industrial development kept pace, with former London businesses relocating to new industrial estates in Mount Farm and Denbigh – Marshall Amplification being the most notable. With compulsory purchase, Bletchley Road (now renamed to Queensway after a royal visit in 1966) became the new high street with wide pavements where front gardens once lay. Houses near the railway end were replaced by shops but those nearer Fenny Stratford became banks and professional premises. At the 1971 Census, the population of the Bletchley Urban District was 30,642.[11]

Bletchley in Milton Keynes

Main article: Milton Keynes

Proposals for a new city in North Buckinghamshire had been floated from the early 1960s. Bletchley had fought to be the centre of the proposed new city, but it was not to be. The 1971 Plan for Milton Keynes placed Central Milton Keynes on a completely new hill-top site four miles further north, half way to Wolverton. Bletchley was relegated to the status of suburb.[12] Bletchley thrived in the early years of the growth of Milton Keynes, since it was the main shopping area. Bletchley centre was altered considerably when the Brunel Shopping Centre was built in the early 1970s, creating a new end to Queensway. (Previously, Queensway – formerly known as Bletchley Road – was a continuous run from Fenny Stratford to Old Bletchley). Bletchley's boom came to an end when the new Central Milton Keynes Shopping Centre was built and commercial Bletchley has declined as a retail destination since then.

Civil parishes: Bletchley and Fenny Stratford, and West Bletchley

For more details about the districts of Bletchley, see these civil parish articles.

The Bletchley built-up area is divided for administrative purposes into two civil parishes, Bletchley and Fenny Stratford and West Bletchley

The districts that make up Bletchley and Fenny Stratford CP are: Brickfields (includes the Blue Lagoon), Central Bletchley, Denbigh (including Denbigh North), Eaton Manor, Fenny Stratford, Granby, Manor Farm, Mount Farm, Newton Leys and Water Eaton (includes "Lakes Estate"). At the 2011 Census, the population of the parish was 15,313.[13]

West Bletchley CP covers that part of Milton Keynes that is south of Standing Way (A421), west of the West Coast Main Line and north of the Varsity Line. At the 2011 Census, the population of the parish was 15,313.[14] The districts and neighbourhoods in the parish are: Church Green (including Bletchley Park); Far Bletchley; Old Bletchley; West Bletchley (district); Whaddon (ward around Whaddon Way, not to be confused with nearby Whaddon in Aylesbury Vale).

Transport

The town is served by Bletchley railway station, on Sherwood Drive and Bletchley Bus Station, on South Terrace off Saxon Street.

Sport and leisure

Bletchley has a rugby union club, Bletchley RUFC, both of which play at Manor Fields just south of Fenny Stratford.

Stadium MK, home of Milton Keynes Dons is at the northern edge of the town.

Political representation

Bletchley is divided between three electoral wards of Milton Keynes Borough Council, consisting of Bletchley East (3 Labour), Bletchley West (2 Labour, 1 Conservative) and Bletchley Park (1 Labour, 2 Conservative),[15] and is in the parliamentary constituency of Milton Keynes South.

ONS built up area

Main article: Milton Keynes urban area

For the 2011 census, the Office for National Statistics designated a "built up area sub-division", being that part of Milton Keynes that is west of the A5 and south of the A421, some 1,073.5 hectares (2,652.7 acres).[1] At the 2011 census, the population of the area was 37,114.[1]

For the 2001 census, it designated a (larger) "urban sub-area" that approximates to the boundaries of the former Bletchley Urban District Council at the time of the designation of Milton Keynes. It also included that part of Winslow Rural District that fell within the designation. In outline, the ONS Sub-area consisted of Bletchley and Fenny Stratford Civil Parish, West Bletchley Civil Parish and part of Shenley Brook End Civil Parish (specifically Furzton, Emerson Valley, Tattenhoe and Snelshall).[16] At the 2001 Census, the population of the Sub-area was 47,176.[17]

Notes and references

1. The others are Bow Brickhill, Milton Keynes Central, Woburn Sands, and Wolverton.
2. meaning both "the last" and "the best". The Greater London Council (GLC) was very proud of the Lakes Estate, declaring it to be the finest in modern architecture for a working class estate, based on the design concept pioneered in Radburn, New Jersey[10]

1. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Bletchley (E35000902)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
2. Official map of Milton Keynes showing original designated area boundary
3. Bennitt, F.W (1933). Bletchley. H. Jackson.
4. "Key to English place names: Bletchley". Institute for Name-Studies, the University of Nottingham. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
5. "Parishes : Bletchley with Fenny Stratford and Water Eaton". A History of the County of Buckingham: Volume 4. Victoria History of the Counties of England. 1927. p. 274–283. Retrieved 7 May 2019.
6. Ordnance Survey County Series, 1st edition, 1:10560, Tile 03sp83se, Buckinghamshire
7. "Vision of Britain: Bletchley and Fenny Stratford". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
8. Bigger Brighter Better – Ed. Marion Hill (http://www.livingarchive.org.uk) ISBN 0-904847-29-2
9. "Bletchley: Early Days of Overspill". Clutch Club. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
10. Bendixson & Platt 1992. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBendixsonPlatt1992 (help)
11. "Vision of Britain: Bletchley Urban District". Vision of Britain. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
12. Llewellyn-Davies; Weeks; Forestier-Walker; Bor (1970). The Plan for Milton Keynes, Volume 1. Wavendon: Milton Keynes Development Corporation. ISBN 0-903379-00-7.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
13. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Bletchley and Fenny Stratford (E04012176)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
14. UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – West Bletchley (E04012194)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
15. "CMIS > Councillors". milton-keynes.cmis.uk.com. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
16. Map of Bletchley USa
17. KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas, line 1809

• Edward Legg, Early History of Bletchley Park 1235–1937, Bletchley Park Trust Historic Guides series, No. 1, 1999

See also

• Bletchley TMD