Gi alpha subunit

Family members

There are four distinct subtypes of alpha subunits in the Gi/o/z/t alpha subunit family that define four families of heterotrimeric G proteins:

  • Gi proteins: Gi1α, Gi2α, and Gi3α
  • Go protein: Goα (in mouse there is alternative splicing to generate Go1α and Go2α)
  • Gz protein: Gzα
  • Transducins (Gt proteins): Gt1α, Gt2α, Gt3α

Giα proteins

Gi1α

Gi1α is encoded by the gene GNAI1.

Gi2α

Gi2α is encoded by the gene GNAI2.

Gi3α

Gi3α is encoded by the gene GNAI3.

Goα protein

Go1α is encoded by the gene GNAO1.

Gzα protein

Gzα is encoded by the gene GNAZ.

Transducin proteins
Main article: Transducin

Gt1α

Transducin/Gt1α is encoded by the gene GNAT1.

Gt2α

Transducin 2/Gt2α is encoded by the gene GNAT2.

Gt3α
Main article: Gustducin

Gustducin/Gt3α is encoded by the gene GNAT3.

Function
Main article: Heterotrimeric G protein

The general function of Gi/o/z/t is to activate intracellular signaling pathways in response to activation of cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs function as part of a three-component system of receptor-transducer-effector.[1][2] The transducer in this system is a heterotrimeric G protein, composed of three subunits: a Gα protein such as Giα, and a complex of two tightly linked proteins called Gβ and Gγ in a Gβγ complex.[1][2] When not stimulated by a receptor, Gα is bound to GDP and to Gβγ to form the inactive G protein trimer.[1][2] When the receptor binds an activating ligand outside the cell (such as a hormone or neurotransmitter), the activated receptor acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor to promote GDP release from and GTP binding to Gα, which drives dissociation of GTP-bound Gα from Gβγ.[1][2] GTP-bound Gα and Gβγ are then freed to activate their respective downstream signaling enzymes.

Gi proteins primarily inhibit the cAMP dependent pathway by inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity, decreasing the production of cAMP from ATP, which, in turn, results in decreased activity of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Therefore, the ultimate effect of Gi is the opposite of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. The Gβγ liberated by activation of Gi and Go proteins is particularly able to activate downstream signaling to effectors such as G protein-coupled inwardly-rectifying potassium channels (GIRKs).[3] Gi and Go proteins are substrates for pertussis toxin, produced by Bordetella pertussis, the infectious agent in Whooping cough. Pertussis toxin is an ADP-ribosylase enzyme that adds an ADP-ribose moiety one particular cysteine residue in Giα and Goα proteins, preventing their coupling to and activation by GPCRs, thus turning off Gi and Go cell signaling pathways.[4]

Gz proteins also can link GPCRs to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, but Gz is distinct from Gi/Go by being insensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin.[5]

Gt proteins function in sensory transduction. The Transducins Gt1 and Gt2 serve to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors that receive light during vision. Rhodopsin in dim light night vision in retinal rod cells couples to Gt1, and color photopsins in color vision in retinal cone cells couple to Gt2, respectively. Gt3/Gustducin subunits transduce signals in the sense of taste (gustation) in taste buds by coupling to G protein-coupled receptors activated by sweet or bitter substances.

Receptors

The following G protein-coupled receptors couple to Gi/o subunits:

gollark: (this is actually just the expenditure piechart for test nation #2)
gollark: ↓ political compas
gollark: s
gollark: Paypal is an awful abstraction layer over this which arbitrarily blocks things for its own reasons.
gollark: The only thing stopping them is... convention? Very fallible fraud prevention?

See also

References
  1. Gilman AG (1987). "G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 56: 615–49. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.003151. PMID 3113327.
  2. Rodbell M (June 1995). "Nobel Lecture. Signal transduction: evolution of an idea". Bioscience Reports. 15 (3): 117–33. doi:10.1007/bf01207453. PMID 7579038.
  3. Kano H, Toyama Y, Imai S, Iwahashi Y, Mase Y, Yokogawa M, et al. (May 2019). "Structural mechanism underlying G protein family-specific regulation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 2008. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10.2008K. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10038-x. PMC 6494913. PMID 31043612.
  4. Pfeuffer T, Helmreich EJ (1988). "Structural and functional relationships of guanosine triphosphate binding proteins". Current Topics in Cellular Regulation. 29: 129–216. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-152829-4.50006-9. ISBN 9780121528294. PMID 3135154.
  5. Ho MK, Wong YH (March 2001). "G(z) signaling: emerging divergence from G(i) signaling". Oncogene. 20 (13): 1615–25. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204190. PMID 11313909.
  6. Saroz Y, Kho DT, Glass M, Graham ES, Grimsey NL (2019-10-19). "Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB 2 ) Signals via G-alpha-s and Induces IL-6 and IL-10 Cytokine Secretion in Human Primary Leukocytes". ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science: acsptsci.9b00049. doi:10.1021/acsptsci.9b00049.
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