GNAS complex locus

GNAS complex locus is a gene locus in humans. Its main product is the heterotrimeric G-protein alpha subunit G_s-α, a key component of G protein-coupled receptor-regulated adenylyl cyclase signal transduction pathways. GNAS stands for Guanine Nucleotide binding protein, Alpha Stimulating activity polypeptide.[5]

GNAS
Identifiers
Aliases	GNAS, AHO, C20orf45, GNAS1, GPSA, GSA, GSP, NESP, POH, SCG6, SgVI, GNAS complex locus, PITA3
External IDs	OMIM: 139320 MGI: 95777 HomoloGene: 55534 GeneCards: GNAS
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 20 (human)[1] Band 20q13.32 Start 58,839,718 bp[1] End 58,911,192 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 2 (mouse)[2] Band 2 H4|2 97.89 cM Start 174,284,320 bp[2] End 174,346,744 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • molecular function • nucleotide binding • G-protein beta/gamma-subunit complex binding • GTP binding • signal transducer activity • metal ion binding • GO:0001948 protein binding • GTPase activity • guanyl nucleotide binding • adenylate cyclase activator activity • insulin-like growth factor receptor binding • mu-type opioid receptor binding • corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 binding • beta-2 adrenergic receptor binding • ionotropic glutamate receptor binding • D1 dopamine receptor binding • G-protein coupled receptor binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • perinuclear region of cytoplasm • extracellular region • transport vesicle • cytoplasmic vesicle • cell nucleus • cytosol • trans-Golgi network membrane • membrane • cell membrane • heterotrimeric G-protein complex • intrinsic component of membrane • extracellular exosome • ruffle • cell projection • dendrite • apical plasma membrane Biological process • female pregnancy • negative regulation of multicellular organism growth • response to parathyroid hormone • protein secretion • positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis • hair follicle placode formation • cellular response to catecholamine stimulus • adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway • adenylate cyclase-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • cognition • regulation of insulin secretion • cellular response to glucagon stimulus • intracellular transport • positive regulation of cAMP-mediated signaling • activation of adenylate cyclase activity • cellular response to prostaglandin E stimulus • adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway • sensory perception of smell • GO:0032320, GO:0032321, GO:0032855, GO:0043089, GO:0032854 positive regulation of GTPase activity • developmental growth • renal water homeostasis • bone development • platelet aggregation • signal transduction • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • regulation of signal transduction • skeletal system development • genetic imprinting • multicellular organism growth • positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation • endochondral ossification • regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion • post-embryonic development • post-embryonic body morphogenesis • DNA methylation • cartilage development • positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation • tissue homeostasis • sensory perception of chemical stimulus • embryonic cranial skeleton morphogenesis • energy reserve metabolic process • response to drug • skin development • embryonic hindlimb morphogenesis • adenylate cyclase-modulating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway • GO:0048554 positive regulation of catalytic activity Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	2778	14683
Ensembl	ENSG00000087460	ENSMUSG00000027523
UniProt	O95467 P63092 P84996 Q5JWF2	P63094 Q6R0H7 Q9Z0F1 Q6R0H6
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_000516 NM_001077488 NM_001077489 NM_001077490 NM_001309840 NM_001309842 NM_001309861 NM_001309883 NM_016592 NM_080425 NM_080426	NM_001077507 NM_001077510 NM_010309 NM_010310 NM_019690 NM_022000 NM_201616 NM_201617 NM_201618 NM_001310083 NM_001310085 NM_001364030
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000507 NP_001070956 NP_001070957 NP_001070958 NP_001296769 NP_001296771 NP_001296790 NP_001296812 NP_057676 NP_536350 NP_536351 NP_000507.1 NP_001070956.1 NP_001070957.1 NP_001070958.1 NP_001296769.1 NP_536350.2 NP_536351.1 NP_001070958.1 NP_001296812.1 NP_001296812.1 NP_536350.2	NP_001070975 NP_001070978 NP_001297012 NP_001297014 NP_034439 NP_062664 NP_068840 NP_963910 NP_963911 NP_963912 NP_001350959 NP_001070975.1 NP_001297014.1 NP_034439.2 NP_963911.1 NP_062664.2 NP_068840.2 NP_001070975.1 NP_001297014.1 NP_963911.1 NP_963912.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 20: 58.84 – 58.91 Mb	Chr 2: 174.28 – 174.35 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Gene

This gene locus has a highly complex imprinted expression pattern. It gives rise to maternally-, paternally- and biallelically-expressed transcripts that are derived from four alternative promoters with distinct 5' exons. Some transcripts contain a differentially methylated region (DMR) within their 5' exons; such DMRs are commonly found in imprinted genes and correlate with transcript expression. An antisense transcript also exists, and this antisense transcript and one of the sense transcripts are paternally expressed, produce non-coding RNAs and may regulate imprinting in this region. In addition, one of the transcripts contains a second frame-shifted open reading frame, which encodes a structurally unrelated protein named ALEX.[6][7]

Products and functions

The GNAS locus is imprinted and encodes 5 main transcripts:

• G_s-α (G_s-α long, P63092-1), biallelic
• A/B transcript (G_s-α short, P63092-2), biallelic: contains an alternate 5' terminal exon (A/B or Exon 1A) and uses a downstream start codon to have a shortened amino terminal region.
  • STX16 deletion causes loss of methylation at the A/B exon, leading to PHP1B.
• XLαs (Extra long alpha-s, Q5JWF2), paternal
  • ALEX (Alternative gene product encoded by XL-exon, P84996), may inhibit XLαs
• NESP55 (Neuroendocrine secretory protein 55, O95467), maternal
• antisense GNAS transcript (Nespas: neuroendocrine secretory protein antisense)
  • Binds to the PRC2 complex.[8] Abolition of expression causes abnormal methylation and imprinting loss.[9]

Alternative splicing of downstream exons is also observed, which results in different forms of the G_s-α, a key element of the classical signal transduction pathway linking receptor-ligand interactions with the activation of adenylyl cyclase and a variety of cellular responses. Multiple transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature and/or biological validity of some variants have not been determined.

Three of the GNAS gene products, G_sα-long, G_sα-short, and XLαs, are different forms of G_sα, and differ mainly in the N-terminal region. Traditional G protein-coupled receptor signaling proceeds primarily through G_sα-long and G_sα-short, the most abundant, ubiquitously-expressed protein products of this gene. XLαs is the "extra large" isoform, and has a very long N-terminal region with some internal repeats not well-conserved across species. The XL exon also encodes in another reading frame the protein product ALEX, an inhibitory cofactor binding to the unique domain.[10][7] The structure for GNAS is solved for the canonical P63092-1 isoform only, and little is known about what the special region of XLas or ALEX looks like.

NESP55 is a protein product completely unrelated to the GNAS protein. It undergoes extensive posttranslation processing, and is sometimes grouped as a granin.[11] Nearly nothing is known about its structure; protein structure prediction predicts a mostly disordered protein with an N-terminal globolar domain made up of alpha-helices.[12][13]

Clinical significance

Mutations in GNAS products are associated with:

• Albright hereditary osteodystrophy
• pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia and Ib
• pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism
• McCune–Albright syndrome
• Myxoma[14]

Mutations in this gene also result in progressive osseous heteroplasia, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of bone, and some pituitary tumors.[15] Mutations in the repeat region of the XL exon leads to a hyperactive form of XLas due to lowered interaction with ALEX. As XLas is expressed in platelets, the risk of bleeding is elevated.[16][10]

Many alleles in mice have been constructed for analyzing disease associations. Mice with this gene half knocked-out and half-mutated (tm1Jop/Oedsml) display increased heart weight, increased startle reflex, and abnormalities in bone structure and mineralization;[17] some other alternations can be lethal.[18] Metabolic problems resembling pseudohypoparathyroidism are seen in heterozygous mutated (wt/Oedsml) mice.[19] Knocking out the antisense transcript is known to, at minimum, cause methylation defects.[20]

Interactions

G protein-coupled receptor-activated G_sα binds to the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, increasing its rate of conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP.[21]

G_sα has been shown to interact with RIC8A.[22]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000087460 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000027523 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. "Symbol report for GNAS". HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee.
6. Klemke M, Kehlenbach RH, Huttner WB (July 2001). "Two overlapping reading frames in a single exon encode interacting proteins--a novel way of gene usage". The EMBO Journal. 20 (14): 3849–60. doi:10.1093/emboj/20.14.3849. PMC 125537. PMID 11447126.
7. Abramowitz J, Grenet D, Birnbaumer M, Torres HN, Birnbaumer L (June 2004). "XLalphas, the extra-long form of the alpha-subunit of the Gs G protein, is significantly longer than suspected, and so is its companion Alex". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (22): 8366–71. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308758101. PMC 420400. PMID 15148396.
8. Zhao J, Ohsumi TK, Kung JT, Ogawa Y, Grau DJ, Sarma K, Song JJ, Kingston RE, Borowsky M, Lee JT (December 2010). "Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq". Molecular Cell. 40 (6): 939–53. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2010.12.011. PMC 3021903. PMID 21172659.
9. "Nespas". Long non-coding RNA db. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
10. Freson K, Jaeken J, Van Helvoirt M, de Zegher F, Wittevrongel C, Thys C, Hoylaerts MF, Vermylen J, Van Geet C (May 2003). "Functional polymorphisms in the paternally expressed XLalphas and its cofactor ALEX decrease their mutual interaction and enhance receptor-mediated cAMP formation". Human Molecular Genetics. 12 (10): 1121–30. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddg130. PMID 12719376.
11. Bartolomucci A, Possenti R, Mahata SK, Fischer-Colbrie R, Loh YP, Salton SR (December 2011). "The extended granin family: structure, function, and biomedical implications". Endocrine Reviews. 32 (6): 755–97. doi:10.1210/er.2010-0027. PMC 3591675. PMID 21862681.
12. Jianwei Zhu, Sheng Wang, Dongbo Bu and Jinbo Xu. "Result for NESP55". RaptorX. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 4 May 2019.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) Compare outputs
13. "O95467". MobiDB. Retrieved 4 May 2019.
14. Delaney D, Diss TC, Presneau N, Hing S, Berisha F, Idowu BD, O'Donnell P, Skinner JA, Tirabosco R, Flanagan AM (May 2009). "GNAS1 mutations occur more commonly than previously thought in intramuscular myxoma". Modern Pathology. 22 (5): 718–24. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2009.32. PMID 19287459.
15. "Entrez Gene: GNAS GNAS complex locus".
16. Freson K, Hoylaerts MF, Jaeken J, Eyssen M, Arnout J, Vermylen J, Van Geet C (September 2001). "Genetic variation of the extra-large stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit leads to Gs hyperfunction in platelets and is a risk factor for bleeding". Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 86 (3): 733–8. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1616126. PMID 11583302.
17. "Gnas - GNAS (guanine nucleotide binding protein, alpha stimulating) complex locus". International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
18. "Gnas Phenotype Annotations". Mouse Genome Informatics.
19. "Gnas Chemically induced Allele Detail MGI Mouse (MGI:2183318)". Mouse Genome Informatics. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
20. "Nespas Phenotype Annotations". Mouse Genome Informatics.
21. Hanoune J, Defer N (April 2001). "Regulation and role of adenylyl cyclase isoforms". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 41 (1): 145–74. doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.41.1.145. PMID 11264454.
22. Klattenhoff C, Montecino M, Soto X, Guzmán L, Romo X, García MA, Mellstrom B, Naranjo JR, Hinrichs MV, Olate J (May 2003). "Human brain synembryn interacts with Gsalpha and Gqalpha and is translocated to the plasma membrane in response to isoproterenol and carbachol". Journal of Cellular Physiology. 195 (2): 151–7. doi:10.1002/jcp.10300. PMID 12652642.

Further reading

• Tinschert S, Gerl H, Gewies A, Jung HP, Nürnberg P (March 1999). "McCune-Albright syndrome: clinical and molecular evidence of mosaicism in an unusual giant patient". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 83 (2): 100–8. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990312)83:2<100::AID-AJMG5>3.0.CO;2-K. PMID 10190480.
• Faivre L, Nivelon-Chevallier A, Kottler ML, Robinet C, Khau Van Kien P, Lorcerie B, Munnich A, Maroteaux P, Cormier-Daire V, LeMerrer M (March 2001). "Mazabraud syndrome in two patients: clinical overlap with McCune-Albright syndrome". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 99 (2): 132–6. doi:10.1002/1096-8628(2000)9999:999<00::AID-AJMG1135>3.0.CO;2-A. PMID 11241472.
• Raymond JR, Mukhin YV, Gelasco A, Turner J, Collinsworth G, Gettys TW, Grewal JS, Garnovskaya MN (2002). "Multiplicity of mechanisms of serotonin receptor signal transduction". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 92 (2–3): 179–212. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(01)00169-3. PMID 11916537.
• Weinstein LS, Chen M, Liu J (June 2002). "Gs(alpha) mutations and imprinting defects in human disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 968 (1): 173–97. Bibcode:2002NYASA.968..173W. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04335.x. PMID 12119276.
• Bastepe M, Jüppner H (2005). "GNAS locus and pseudohypoparathyroidism". Hormone Research. 63 (2): 65–74. doi:10.1159/000083895. PMID 15711092.
• de Sanctis L, Delmastro L, Russo MC, Matarazzo P, Lala R, de Sanctis C (May 2006). "Genetics of McCune-Albright syndrome". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 19 Suppl 2: 577–82. doi:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.s2.577. PMID 16789620.
• Aldred MA (May 2006). "Genetics of pseudohypoparathyroidism types Ia and Ic". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 19 Suppl 2: 635–40. doi:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.s2.635. PMID 16789628.
• Jüppner H, Bastepe M (May 2006). "Different mutations within or upstream of the GNAS locus cause distinct forms of pseudohypoparathyroidism". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism. 19 Suppl 2: 641–6. doi:10.1515/jpem.2006.19.s2.641. PMID 16789629.
• Mantovani G, Spada A (December 2006). "Mutations in the Gs alpha gene causing hormone resistance". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 20 (4): 501–13. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2006.09.001. PMID 17161328.

External links

• GNAS+protein,+human at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
• WikiGene index for literature mentioning this gene:
  • GNAS: human, mouse, rat
  • Nespas: human, mouse