Demographics of Taiwan

The population of Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China, is approximately 23.57 million,[1] spread across a total land area of about 36,000 km²; it is the seventeenth most densely populated country in the world, with a population density of about 651 inhabitants per square kilometer.

Residents per square kilometre by village

The original population of the island of Taiwan and its associated islands, i.e. not including Kinmen and the Matsu Islands, consists of a variety of Taiwanese indigenous peoples, who speak several Formosan languages. They have been found to share languages with the Austronesian family and mitochondrial DNA contribution with island peoples of Southeast Asia and the Pacific.[2]

Immigration of Han Chinese to the Penghu islands started as early as the 13th century, while settlement of the main island occurred from the 16th century. It was stimulated by Dutch traders importing workers from Fujian in the 17th century. According to governmental statistics, in the early 21st century, more than 95% of the Republic of China's population are Han Chinese of East Asian ethnicity, while 2.3% are Taiwanese aborigines of Austronesian ethnicity.[3][4] 85% of Taiwanese have some level of aboriginal ancestry.[5] Half the population are followers of one or a mixture of 25 recognized religions. Around 93% of the religious population are followers of a mixture of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, while a minority 4.5% are followers of Christianity (including both Catholics and Protestants).

During the 20th century, the population of Taiwan rose more than sevenfold, from about 3 million in 1905 to more than 22 million by 2001. This high growth was caused by a combination of factors, such as very high fertility rates up to the 1960s, and low mortality rates. In addition, there was a surge in population as the Chinese Civil War ended and the Kuomintang (KMT) forces retreated, bringing an influx of 1.2 to 2 million soldiers and civilians to Taiwan in 1948–1949.[6][4] Consequently, the natural growth rate after that was very rapid, especially in the late 1940s and 1950s, with an effective annual growth rate as high as 3.68% during 1951–1956. Including the Kuomintang forces, which accounted in 1950 for about 25% of all persons in Taiwan, immigration of mainland Chinese (who now constitute approximately 10% of the present population[7]) at the end of the 1940s was a major factor in the high population growth of Taiwan.[8]

Fertility rates decreased gradually thereafter; in 1984 the rate reached the replacement level (2.1 children per woman, which is needed to replace the existing population). Fertility rates have continued to decline. In 2010 Taiwan had a population growth of less than 0.2% and a fertility rate of only 0.9, the lowest rate ever recorded in that country. The population of Taiwan is projected to peak at about 23.7 million in 2024 and decrease thereafter.[9]

The official national language is Standard Chinese. Around 70% of the people also speak Taiwanese Hokkien and 10% speak Hakka. Japanese speakers are becoming rare as the elderly generation who lived under Japanese rule are dying out, but many young Taiwanese use English or Japanese as a second language. The Formosan languages are gradually becoming extinct as the indigenous peoples have become acculturated. The government has a program to preserve the languages and has recognized sixteen distinct groups as indigenous peoples.

Population

See also: List of administrative divisions of Taiwan

Population growth since 1978

According to May 2006 statistics from the Ministry of the Interior, the population of Taiwan was 22,805,547, 99.6% of whom live on the island of Taiwan. The remaining 0.4% (82,618) live on offshore islands (Penghu, Lanyu, Green, Kinmen, and Matsu).

Taiwan is ranked the 50th most populous nation in the world.

Historical

See also: North–South divide in Taiwan § Population

The number of Chinese people living on the island in 1624, prior to Dutch colonial rule, was about 25,000.[10] During Dutch Formosa rule, between 1624 and 1662, the Dutch began to encourage large-scale Han immigration to the island for labour, mainly from the south of Fujian.

It is estimated that prior to the Kingdom of Tungning (1661), the population of Taiwan was no greater than 100,000 people, and the initial Zheng army with families and retainers that settled in Taiwan is estimated to be 30,000 at minimum.[11] By 1682, there were only 7,000 Chinese left in Taiwan as they had intermarried with aboriginal women and had property in Taiwan. During Qing rule (1683–1895), the population of Han Chinese in Taiwan grew rapidly from 100,000 to ≈2.5 million, while the aboriginal population was estimated to be at least 200,000 by 1895.[12] (The plains aboriginal population is estimated to have decreased by 90% over the hundred years from 1800 to 1900.[13]

The Japanese Colonial Government performed detailed censuses every five years starting in 1905. Statistics showed a population growth rate of about 1% to 3% per year throughout Japanese rule. In 1905, the population of Taiwan was roughly 3 million; by 1940, the population had grown to 5.87 million, and by the end of World War II in 1946 it numbered 6.09 million.

Population census

Year	Males (thousands)	Females (thousands)	Total population (thousands)	Average annual growth rate (%)
1905	1,611	1,429	3,040
1915	1,813	1,669	3,480	1.4
1920	1,894	1,762	3,655	1.0
1925	2,053	1,941	3,993	1.8
1930	2,459	2,239	4,593	2.8
1935	2,660	2,553	5,212	2.6
1940	2,971	2,901	5,872	2.4
1956	4,772	4,596	9,368	3.0
1966	7,153	6,352	13,505	3.7
1970 (sampling)	7,723	7,047	14,770	2.3
1975 (sampling)	8,439	7,840	16,279	2.0
1980	9,405	8,624	18,030	2.1
1990	10,618	9,775	20,394	1.2
2000	11,386	10,915	22,301	0.9
2010			23,052	0.4

Population of Taiwan(1981-2018)[14]

Year	1981	1982	1983	1984	1985	1986	1987	1988	1989	1990
Population	18,193,955	18,515,754	18,790,538	19,069,194	19,313,825	19,509,082	19,725,010	19,954,397	20,156,587	20,401,305
±%	—	+ 1.768%	+ 1.484%	+ 1.483%	+ 1.283%	+ 1.011%	+ 1.107%	+ 1.163%	+ 1.013%	+ 1.214%
Year	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000
Population	20,605,831	20,802,622	20,995,416	21,177,874	21,357,431	21,525,433	21,742,815	21,928,591	22,092,387	22,276,672
±%	+ 1.003%	+ 0.955%	+ 0.927%	+ 0.869%	+ 0.848%	+ 0.787%	+ 1.010%	+ 0.854%	+ 0.747%	+ 0.834%
Year	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Population	22,405,568	22,520,776	22,604,550	22,689,122	22,770,383	22,876,527	22,958,360	23,037,031	23,119,772	23,162,123
±%	+ 0.579%	+ 0.514%	+ 0.372%	+ 0.374%	+ 0.358%	+ 0.466%	+ 0.358%	+ 0.343%	+ 0.359%	+ 0.183%
Year	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
Population	23,224,912	23,315,822	23,373,517	23,433,753	23,492,074	23,539,816	23,571,227	23,588,932	23,603,121
±%	+ 0.271%	+ 0.391%	+ 0.247%	+ 0.258%	+ 0.249%	+ 0.203%	+ 0.133%	+ 0.075%	+ 0.060%

Statistics since 1997

Vital Statistics of Taiwan 1997-2019[15][lower-alpha 1]

	Population	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Social change	Crude birth rate(‰)	Crude death rate(‰)	Natural change(‰)	Social change(‰)	Total growth rate(‰)	Total fertility rate
1997	21,742,815	326,002	121,000	205,002	12,380	15.07	5.59	9.48	0.57	10.05	1.77
1998	21,928,591	271,450	123,180	148,270	37,506	12.43	5.64	6.79	1.72	8.51	1.47
1999	22,092,387	283,661	126,113	157,548	6,248	12.89	5.73	7.16	0.28	7.44	1.56
2000	22,276,672	305,312	125,958	179,354	4,931	13.76	5.68	8.08	0.22	8.31	1.68
2001	22,405,568	260,354	127,647	132,707	-3,811	11.65	5.71	5.94	-0.17	5.77	1.40
2002	22,520,776	247,530	128,636	118,894	-3,686	11.02	5.73	5.29	-0.16	5.13	1.34
2003	22,604,550	227,070	130,801	96,269	-12,495	10.06	5.8	4.27	-0.55	3.71	1.24
2004	22,689,122	216,419	135,092	81,327	3,245	9.56	5.97	3.59	0.14	3.73	1.18
2005	22,770,383	205,854	139,398	66,456	14,805	9.06	6.13	2.92	0.65	3.58	1.12
2006	22,876,527	204,459	135,839	68,620	37,524	8.96	5.95	3.01	1.64	4.65	1.12
2007	22,958,360	204,414	141,111	63,303	18,530	8.92	6.16	2.76	0.81	3.57	1.10
2008	23,037,031	198,733	143,624	55,109	23,562	8.64	6.25	2.4	1.02	3.42	1.05
2009	23,119,772	191,310	143,582	47,728	35,013	8.29	6.22	2.07	1.52	3.59	1.03
2010	23,162,123	166,886	145,772	21,114	21,237	7.21	6.3	0.91	0.92	1.83	0.895
2011	23,224,912	196,627	152,915	43,712	19,077	8.48	6.59	1.88	0.82	2.71	1.07
2012	23,315,822	229,481	154,251	75,230	15,680	9.86	6.63	3.23	0.67	3.91	1.27
2013	23,373,517	199,113	155,908	43,205	14,490	8.53	6.68	1.85	0.62	2.47	1.07
2014	23,433,753	210,383	163,929	46,454	13,782	8.99	7	1.98	0.59	2.57	1.17
2015	23,492,074	213,598	163,858	49,740	8,581	9.1	6.98	2.12	0.37	2.49	1.18
2016	23,539,816	208,440	172,405	36,035	11,707	8.86	7.33	1.53	0.5	2.03	1.17
2017	23,571,227	193,844	171,242	22,602	8,809	8.23	7.27	0.96	0.37	1.33	1.13
2018	23,588,932	181,601	172,784	8,817	8,888	7.7	7.33	0.37	0.38	0.75	1.06
2019	23,603,121	177,767	176,296	1,471	12,718	7.53	7.47	0.06	0.54	0.6	1.05

Details

• Date:2019/07-08

County City	Area (km²)	Population	Margin	Density (people/km²)	Sort
New Taipei	2052.5667	4,010,657	+2843	1,954	1(8)
Taichung	2214.8968	2,811,729	+581	1,270	2(8)
Kaohsiung	2951.8524	2,773,786	+195	939	3(8)
Taipei	271.7997	2,650,154	-3854	9,765	4(8)
Taoyuan	1220.9540	2,240,328	+2385	1,833	5(8)
Tainan	2191.6531	1,881,730	-66	859	6(8)
Changhua County	1074.3960	1,273,613	-661	1,186	7(8)
Pingtung	2775.6003	820,798	-398	296	8(8)
Yunlin	1290.8326	682,577	-335	529	9(8)
Hsinchu County	1427.5369	561,766	+1047	393	10(8)
Miaoli	1820.3149	546,461	-37	300	11
Chiayi	1903.6367	504,750	-347	265	12(8)
Nantou	4106.4360	495,084	-22	121	13
Yilan	2143.6251	454,636	-57	212	14
Hsinchu City	104.1526	447,781	+297	4296	15(8)
Keelung	132.7589	369,305	-55	2782	16
Hualien	4628.5714	326,780	-33	69	17(8)
Chiayi City	60.0256	268,068	-163	4469	18
Taitung County	3515.2526	217,540	-296	62	19
Kinmen County	151.6560	139,319	-46	918	20
Penghu County	126.8641	104,711	+3	825	21
Lianjiang County	28.8000	13,073	+11	455	22(8)
Taiwan with its outlying islands	36,197.0669	23,593,794	+1196	651	-(8)

• Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs, Taiwan

Net migration rate

During 2004 - 2010, Taiwan's migration rate was positive. On average, the annual net migration amounted to 22,000 people during that period, which is equivalent to a rate of 1.0 per 1,000 inhabitants per year.

Age structure

Population pyramid for Taiwan in 2014, showing number of male and female inhabitants per year of age

Age range	1980	census 1990	census 2000	2010	2015
0–14 years	32.1%	26.9%	21.2%	15.65%	13.6%
15–64 years	63.6%	67.0%	70.2%	73.61%	73.9%
65 years and over	4.3%	6.1%	8.6%	10.74%	12.5%

Sex ratio

under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years: 1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years: 1.00 male(s)/female

55-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2018 est)

Population growth and age structure

Demographic transition models (DTM) show how population pyramids change and go through specific stages. By looking at Taiwan’s population pyramid, the country is in stage 4 of the DTM and its shape contracts but it will soon enter stage 5.[16] In stage 5 of the DTM, death rate gradually exceeds fertility rate and a country starts to experience overall population loss.[17] Access to good medical care increases the lifespan of a population. Knowledge of and access to contraception, along with an increase in women's participation in the workforce, cause a sharp decline in the fertility rate.[17]

National statistics of Taiwan in 2018 indicate that there are approximately 140,000 more females than males. The birth rate (8.3 births/1,000 population) is slightly higher than the death rate (7.4 deaths/1,000 population).[18] The total dependency ratio in Taiwan is 35.2%, which is relatively low.[19] The low dependency ratio indicates that the dependent part of the population is less than half of the working part. Expert estimate the dependency ratio will rise to 92.9% by 2060.[20] A rising dependency ratio and longer life expectancy will most likely require the government to support part of the elderly population as the working-age population is shrinking and thus less able to support the elderly directly.

Demographic transition and population aging

The process of population aging is primarily determined by fertility and mortality rate.[21] The proportions of elderly people are different across countries. For example, developing countries with limited access to healthcare and contraceptives, where populations have a high fertility rate, tend to have a lower proportion of older people.[22] Medical advancements, industrial developments, and better knowledge of sanitation, which started in the 18th century in many developed countries, have caused a decline in mortality rates and an increase in fertility rates, factors which raise the number of older people worldwide.[23] According to the United Nations, many developed countries are in more advanced stages (4 or 5) of the demographic transition model and their number of elderly will remain high compared to less developed countries.[24] This phenomenon is known as population aging.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), since 1993, Taiwan has reached the threshold of an aging society. It was estimated the percentage of people over 65 was 8%.[25] The Council for Economic Planning and Development (CEPD) has estimated that Taiwan will become an aged society as early as 2017.[26] The CEPD estimated that the percentage of people 65 years or older will be over 20% in 2025, which means Taiwan will soon become a "super aged society".[26] The critical factors that accelerate the speed of aging in Taiwan are high life expectancy and low fertility rate. The average life expectancy in 2014 was 80 years. The total fertility rate in 2014 was 1.1 (per 1,000 women) and dropped to 0.9 in 2017.[27]

Ethnicity

See also: Taiwanese people, Taiwanese indigenous peoples, and Han Taiwanese

The ROC government reports that 95 to 97 percent of Taiwan's population is of the Han Chinese ethnicity, which includes Hoklo, Hakka, and other ethnic groups originating from mainland China.[28][29] Over 2% of the population consists of indigenous Taiwanese.[4] 21,000 Westerners live in Taiwan, accounting for 0,1% of its total population.[30] Most Taiwanese have a mix of Han and indigenous ancestry with 85% of Taiwanese having some indigenous ancestry.[5]

Indigenous Taiwanese

Original geographic distributions of Taiwanese aboriginal peoples

Main articles: Taiwanese indigenous peoples, List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan, Plains indigenous peoples, and Indigenous Area (Taiwan)

The total population of recognized indigenous people in Taiwan is approximately 533,600, or approximately 2.28% of Taiwan's population.[31] These groups primarily inhabit the eastern half of Taiwan, which consists mostly of mountainous terrain. Their population growth rate (1.2%) and population pyramid are considerably more youthful than the overall population.[32] Including migrant workers, the Austronesian population of Taiwan is approaching 1 million.[33]

Place	Male	Female	Total	Percentage
Living in the Eastern plains	111,372	109,141	220,513	47.1%
Living in the mountains	122,016	126,073	248,089	52.9%
Total	233,388	235,214	468,602	100%

Note: Source data obtained from the Ministry of the Interior website (Spreadsheet data: m1-04.xls)

The Taiwanese government officially recognizes sixteen (16) ethnic groups of Taiwanese indigenous peoples (Chinese: 原住民; pinyin: yuánzhùmín; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gôan-chū-bîn).[34] In the early 1910s, research in the Japanese era recognized nine (9) ethnic groups: Amis, Atayal, Bunun, Paiwan, Puyuma, Rukai, Saisiyat, Tsou, and Yami. After the 2000s, indigenous cultural revitalization movements forced the government to change its attitude towards the indigenous people of Taiwan. The Yami people were renamed to Tao. New ethnic groups were also recognized by the government, including Thao in 2001, Kavalan in 2002, Truku (Taroko) in 2004, Sakizaya in 2007, Seediq in 2008, Kanakanavu in 2014, and Saaroa in 2014. There are at least another dozen groups that are not officially recognized by the government.

Officially Recognized Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples

Name	Formosan native name	Chinese	Population at census 2000[35]	Population (02/2016)[36]	Notes
Amis	Pangcah, 'Amis	阿美族	148,992	203,740	Recognized since Japanese era. Amis name means "north"
Atayal	Tayal, Tayan	泰雅族	91,883	87,156	Recognized since Japanese era. Atayal name means "brave person"
Bunun	Bunun	布農族	41,038	56,844	Recognized since Japanese era.
Kanakanavu	Kanakanavu	卡那卡那富族	—	267	Classified as Tsou, recognized since 2014
Kavalan	Kebalan, Kbaran	噶瑪蘭族	—	1,416	Some Kavalan were classified as Amis, recognized since 2002
Paiwan	Payuan	排灣族	70,331	97,788	Recognized since Japanese era.
Puyuma	Pinuyumayan	卑南族	9,606	13,651	Recognized since Japanese era.
Rukai	Drekay	魯凱族	12,084	12,996	Recognized since Japanese era.
Saaroa	Hla'alua	拉阿魯哇族	—	294	Classified as Tsou, recognized since 2014
Saisiyat	Say-Siyat	賽夏族	5,311	6,495	Recognized since Japanese era.
Sakizaya	Sakizaya	撒奇萊雅族	—	863	Classified as Amis, recognized since 2007
Seediq	Seediq	賽德克族	—	9,451	Classified as Atayal, recognized since 2008
Taroko	Truku	太魯閣族	—	30,382	Classified as Atayal, recognized since 2004
Thao	Thao, Ngan	邵族	—	768	Classified as Tsou, recognized since 2001
Tsou	Cou	鄒族	6,169	6,647	Recognized since Japanese era.
Yami	Tao	達悟族、雅美族	3,872	4,494	Recognized since Japanese era. Yami name means "person"
Unspecified	尚未申報		8,249	14,206
Total			397,535	547,465

Unrecognized indigenous groups may include extinct tribes (mostly Plains indigenous peoples) or communities currently classified with other groups. There are also 25,943 indigenous people who are currently not classified in any group.

Unrecognized Taiwanese indigenous Peoples

Name	Formosan native name	Chinese	Notes
Arikun	Arikun	阿立昆族	Sometimes classified as Hoanya
Babuza	Babuza, Poavasa	貓霧拺族
Basay	Basay, Basai	巴賽族、馬塞族	Sometimes classified as Ketagalan
Hoanya	Hoanya	洪雅族、和安雅族	Sometimes split into Lloa and Arikun
Kaxabu	Kaxabu, Kahapu	噶哈巫族	Sometimes classified as Pazeh. In revitalization.
Ketagalan	Ketagalan	凱達格蘭族
Kulon	Kulon	龜崙族
Lloa	Lloa	羅亞族	Sometimes classified Hoanya
Luilang	Luilang	雷朗族	Sometimes classified as Ketagalan
Makatao	Makatao, Tao	馬卡道族	Sometimes classified as Siraya. Recognized in Pingtung. In revitalization.
Papora	Papora, Vupuran	拍瀑拉族、巴布拉族
Pazeh	Pazéh, Pazih	巴宰族、巴則海族	In revitalization.
Qauqaut	Qauqaut	猴猴族
Siraya	Siraya	西拉雅族、希萊耶族	Recognized in Tainan and Fuli. In revitalization.
Taivoan	Taivoan, Taivuan	大武壠族	Sometimes classified as Siraya. Recognized in Fuli. In revitalization.
Taokas	Taokas	道卡斯族	In revitalization.

Han Taiwanese

Main articles: Han Chinese, Han Taiwanese, Hoklo Taiwanese, and Hakka people

The majority of Han Chinese descend from immigrants who arrived to the island prior to Japanese rule (1895–1945) and can be classified as the Hoklo and Hakka, on the basis of language and customs.[37] As the majority of early immigrants were Hokkien speakers from Fujian[38] who arrived starting in the 17th century, the Hoklos account for about 70% of the total population today. During Qing rule, a large number of Hoklo men took indigenous brides.[6] Some of the plains aboriginals also adopted Chinese customs and language so as to be indistinguishable from the Han.[39] Thus, many who categorize themselves as Han have some degree of indigenous ancestry.

A significant minority of Han Chinese are Hakka, and they constitute about 15% of the total population. The Hakkas emigrated chiefly from eastern Guangdong, speak Hakka Chinese, and originally took up residence in the hills of the indigenous border districts.[40][6]

About 14% of the total population are mainland Chinese,[4] which refers to immigrants who followed the ROC relocation from mainland China to Taiwan in 1949;[6] some were of other ethnicities.

Foreign residents

Foreign residents in Taiwan

	Nationality / Origin	Total
1	Indonesia	255,770	33.1%
2	Vietnam	224,108	29.0%
3	Philippines	152,179	19.7%
4	Thailand	64,381	8.34%
5	Malaysia	20,549	2.66%
6	Japan	13,768	1.78%
7	United States	9,979	1.29%
8	South Korea	4,481	0.58%
9	India	3,748	0.49%
10	Canada	2,167	0.28%
11	United Kingdom	2,097	0.27%
12	Myanmar	1,671	0.22%
13	France	1,553	0.20%
14	Singapore	1,456	0.19%
15	South Africa	1,207	0.16%
16	Mongolia	1,126	0.15%
17	Germany	965	0.12%
18	Australia	838	0.11%
19	Russia	578	0.07%
20	Italy	489	0.06%
21	Spain	390	0.05%
22	Eswatini	363	0.05%
23	Netherlands	346	0.04%
24	New Zealand	313	0.04%
25	Brazil	307	0.04%
26	Honduras	288	0.04%
27	Turkey	279	0.04%
28	Ukraine	245	0.03%
29	Poland	217	0.03%
29	Portugal	217	0.03%
30	Belgium	198	0.03%
31	Mexico	196	0.03%
32	Pakistan	186	0.02%
33	Nicaragua	183	0.02%
34	Belize	181	0.02%
34	Ethiopia	181	0.02%
35	Paraguay	176	0.02%
36	Switzerland	168	0.02%
37	Ireland	165	0.02%
38	Cambodia	164	0.02%
39	Nepal	159	0.02%
40	Haiti	148	0.02%
41	Denmark	147	0.02%
42	Guatemala	138	0.02%
43	El Salvador	125	0.02%
43	Sweden	125	0.02%
44	Gambia	122	0.02%
45	Iran	118	0.02%
46	Austria	117	0.02%
47	Colombia	106
48	Israel	105
49	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	104
50	Saint Lucia	102
51	Czech Republic	101
52	Sri Lanka	95
53	Solomon Islands	88
53	Venezuela	88
54	Egypt	87
55	Kiribati	85
55	Peru	85
56	Panama	83
57	Nigeria	81
58	Jordan	80
59	Hungary	79
60	Saint Kitts and Nevis	73
61	Belarus	65
61	Burkina Faso	65
62	Bangladesh	62
63	Malawi	60
64	Argentina	57
65	Chile	48
65	Palau	48
66	Kyrgyzstan	45
67	Dominican Republic	43
67	Marshall Islands	43
68	Ecuador	42
69	Laos	41
69	Slovakia	41
70	Romania	39
71	Uzbekistan	38
72	Finland	37
73	Kenya	32
74	Croatia	31
75	Morocco	30
75	Tuvalu	30
76	Ghana	28
76	Norway	28
77	Papua New Guinea	27
78	Tanzania	26
79	Greece	25
80	Nauru	24
81	Lithuania	23
81	Mauritius	23
81	Slovenia	23
82	Kazakhstan	22
83	Armenia	21
83	Brunei	21
83	Serbia	21
83	Uganda	19
84	Bulgaria	18
85	Costa Rica	17
85	Iraq	17
85	Latvia	17
85	Zimbabwe	17
86	Bolivia	15
86	Burundi	15
87	North Macedonia	14
88	Turkmenistan	13
88	Uruguay	13
89	Estonia	11
89	Tunisia	11
89	Yemen	11
90	Republic of the Congo	10
91	Algeria	9
91	Georgia	9
91	Lebanon	9
91	Moldova	9
91	Syria	9
92	Cameroon	8
92	Fiji	8
93	Bhutan	7
93	Namibia	7
93	Sudan	7
94	Chad	6
94	Democratic Republic of the Congo	6
94	Mozambique	6
94	Palestine	6
94	Tajikistan	6
94	Tonga	6
94	Sierra Leone	6
94	Zambia	6
95	Botswana	5
95	Cuba	5
95	Jamaica	5
96	Ivory Coast	4
96	Lesotho	4
96	Libya	4
96	Niger	4
96	Oman	4
96	Senegal	4
96	Timor-Leste	4
96	Trinidad and Tobago	4
97	Azerbaijan	3
97	Guinea	3
97	Iceland	3
97	Mali	3
97	Rwanda	3
97	São Tomé and Príncipe	3
97	Saudi Arabia	3
98	Albania	2
98	Bahrain	2
98	Benin	2
98	Cyprus	2
98	Madagascar	2
98	Maldives	2
98	Malta	2
98	Somalia	2
98	Togo	2
99	Afghanistan	1
99	Angola	1
99	Bermuda	1
99	Barbados	1
99	Cape Verde	1
99	Dominica	1
99	Gabon	1
99	Guinea-Bissau	1
99	Federated States of Micronesia	1
99	Seychelles	1
99	Suriname	1
99	Vanuatu	1
-	Other (stateless)	103	<0.02%
	Total	772,281	100.0%
As of 30 April 2019 Source: National Immigration Agency, Ministry of the Interior[41]

Languages

Main articles: Languages of Taiwan, Formosan languages, Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka, Taiwanese Mandarin, and Matsu dialect

During Japanese rule (between 1895-1945), Japanese was the medium of instruction and could be fluently spoken by many of those educated during that period. Almost everyone in Taiwan born after the early 1950s can speak Standard Chinese, which has been the official language and the medium of instruction in schools for more than four decades. Note that the Chinese spoken in Taiwan (called Taiwanese Mandarin) has minor differences from that spoken in mainland China (called Putonghua). For Chinese spoken in other regions, see Language and overseas Chinese communities.

Hanyu Pinyin, the official romanization system in mainland China, has also been the standard of Taiwan since 2009. A number of romanization systems are still seen in Taiwan, including Tongyong, the official romanization in Taiwan between 2002 and 2008, Wade–Giles, often found on passports, and Postal.

Other varieties of Chinese can also be seen in Taiwan. The majority speak Taiwanese Hokkien, a branch of Southern Min, which had formerly been the most commonly spoken language. On Matsu Islands, the Fuzhou dialect belonging to the Eastern Min is prevalent. Although people on Kinmen (Quemoy) also speak Southern Min, it is not the case in the Wuqiu Islands, for they speak a dialect of the Pu-Xian Min. The ethnic Hakka speak various Taiwanese Hakka dialects including Sixian, Hailu, Dabu, Raoping, and Zhao'an.

The most widely spoken Formosan languages today are Amis, Atayal, Bunun, and Paiwan. The other aboriginal languages that have gained official recognition are Kanakanabu, Kavalan, Puyuma, Rukai, Hla’alua, Saisiyat, Sakizaya, Seediq (closely related to Truku), Thao, Tsou, and Yami (also known as Tao).

Yue Chinese is spoken by recent immigrants from southeastern China, Hong Kong, and Macau, although their numbers remain very small.[42] Furthermore, Taiwan was one of the largest consumers of Hong Kong cinema, cantopop, and pop culture in the late 1900s. As a result, some Taiwanese may choose to learn it as a second or third language.

Languages used at home for the resident nationals aged 6 years and over（2010, per 100 resident nationals）[lower-alpha 2][43]

Division	Population	Mandarin	Taiwanese	Hakka	Indigenous	Others
Total	21,407,235	83.5	81.9	6.6	1.4	2
New Taipei City	3,779,575	92	82.9	2.4	0.9	2.4
Taipei	2,475,422,	93.2	73.5	3.5	0.5	3.2
Keelung	358,927	87.2	91.1	0.9	1.8	1.8
Hsinchu	427,792	92	70.7	11.1	0.8	1.6
Yilan	393,109	78.2	94.9	0.6	1.8	1
Taoyuan	1,982,734	93.4	58.2	17.1	1.3	1.3
Hsinchu County	464,165	90.6	27.7	56	2	1.1
Taichung	2,521,926	87.1	89.9	3.5	0.6	1.4
Miaoli	482,329	79.4	45.8	52.4	1	0.5
Changhua	1,123,439	69.5	98.1	0.3	0.2	0.9
Nantou	426,631	75.3	92	3.2	4.3	1.2
Yunlin	573,064	60	98.2	1.6	0.1	1.4
Tainan	1,719,853	71.7	95.8	0.5	0.3	2.7
Kaohsiung	2,596,510	78.6	90.9	3	0.7	2.4
Chiayi	250,900	76.5	94.7	0.4	0.3	1
Chiayi County	458,244	61	97.5	0.8	0.8	3.6
Pingtung	750,122	66.2	82.3	12	4.7	0.5
Penghu	80,203	75	93.6	0.5	0.3	2.4
Taitung	187,763	89.9	65.9	5.4	21.3	5.5
Hualien	287,858	90.8	60.9	10.8	16.9	1.6
Kinmen	52,603	85.4	92.8	1.1	0.5	0.8
Lianjiang	14,066	96.6	44.7	3.9	1.6	24.1

Religion

Main article: Religion in Taiwan

Lungshan Temple of Manka, Taipei

Still Thoughts Hall, Hualien City

Holy Rosary Cathedral, Kaohsiung

Taipei Grand Mosque, Taipei

Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of China guarantees freedom of religion as a right of all its citizens. As of 2013, the Republic of China government recognizes 27 religions which are registered with the Civil Affairs Department of the Ministry of the Interior (MOI).[44]

Statistics on registered religions (2005)

About 81.3% of the population can be considered religious believers, most of whom identify as Buddhists (35%) or Taoists (33%). Chinese folk religion is generally practised under the aegis of Taoism, while more than 10% of the population adheres to popular movements of salvation. Confucianism also is an honored school of thought and ethical codes. Christian churches have been active in Taiwan for centuries; a majority of them are Protestant, with Presbyterians playing a particularly significant role. The Republic of China's government has diplomatic relations with the Holy See, which is the only European nation to formally recognize the Republic of China and is its longest-lasting diplomatic ally, having established relations in 1942. Islam has seen a surge in recent years as a result of foreign Muslims seeking work in Taiwan, most notably from Indonesia. There is also a small group of Shinto followers under the Tenriist sect, which was introduced in the 1970s.

The table below shows official statistics on religion issued by the Department of Civil Affairs, Ministry of the Interior ("MOI"), in 2005. The Taiwanese government recognises 26 religions in Taiwan.[45] The statistics are reported by the various religious organisations to the MOI:[45][46]

Religion	Members	% of total population	Temples & churches
Buddhism (佛教) (including Tantric Buddhism)	8,086,000	35.1%	4,006
Taoism (道教)	7,600,000	33.0%	18,274
Yiguandao (一貫道)	810,000	3.5%	3,260
Protestantism (基督新教)	605,000	2.6%	3,609
Roman Catholic Church (羅馬天主教)	298,000	1.3%	1,151
Lord of Universe Church—Tiandiism (天帝教)	298,000	1.3%	50
Miledadao (彌勒大道)	250,000	1.1%	2,200
Holy Church of the Heavenly Virtue—Tiandiism (天德教)	200,000	0.9%	14
Zailiism/Liism (理教)	186,000	0.8%	138
Xuanyuanism (軒轅教)	152,700	0.7%	22
Islam (伊斯蘭教)	58,000	0.3%	7
Mormonism (耶穌基督後期聖徒教會)	51,090	0.2%	54
Tenriism (天理教)	35,000	0.2%	153
Church of Maitreya the King of the Universe (宇宙彌勒皇教)	35,000	0.2%	12
Haizidao (亥子道)	30,000	0.1%	55
Church of Scientology (山達基教會)	20,000	< 0.1%	7
Bahá'í Faith (巴哈伊教)	16,000	< 0.1%	13
Jehovah's Witnesses (耶和華見證人)	9,256	< 0.1%	85
True School of the Mysterious Gate (玄門真宗)	5,000	< 0.1%	5
Holy Church of the Middle Flower (中華聖教)	3,200	< 0.1%	7
Mahikari (真光教團)	1,000	< 0.1%	9
Precosmic Salvationism (先天救教)	1,000	< 0.1%	6
Yellow Middle (黃中)	1,000	< 0.1%	1
Dayiism (大易教)	1,000	< 0.1%	1
Total religious population	18,724,823	81.3%	33,223
Total population	23,036,087	100%	-

The figures for The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are not from the MOI, rather they are based on self-reported data from LDS Newsroom.[47] The figures for Jehovah's Witnesses are not from the MOI either, they are based on the Witnesses' own 2007 Service Year Report.[48] In the original report, both of them were counted as part of Protestantism.[45]

Vital statistics

Births and deaths

[49][50]

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	CBR*	CDR*	NC*	TFR*
1906	3,060	119,107	102,000	16,000	38.6	33.4	5.2	6.13
1907	3,090	121,756	100,000	21,000	39.1	32.4	6.7	6.16
1908	3,120	119,800	100,000	19,000	38.2	31.9	6.3	6.14
1909	3,160	127,286	98,000	29,000	40.2	31.1	9.1	6.29
1910	3,210	132,141	88,000	45,000	41.3	27.5	13.8	6.37
1911	3,270	135,658	86,000	51,000	41.8	26.2	15.6	6.42
1912	3,330	136,622	83,000	55,000	41.3	25.0	16.3	6.46
1913	3,390	136,967	85,000	53,000	40.8	25.0	15.8	6.45
1914	3,440	141,450	95,000	47,000	41.4	27.6	13.8	6.62
1915	3,480	137,669	110,000	29,000	40.0	31.5	8.5	6.45
1916	3,510	128,605	100,000	31,000	37.3	28.6	8.7
1917	3 560	142,414	96,000	50,000	40.9	27.0	13.9
1918	3 590	139,465	122,000	21,000	39.7	34.1	5.6
1919	3,630	136,707	97,000	43,000	38.5	26.8	11.7
1920	3,655	141,313	117,000	27,000	39.5	32.1	7.4	6.48
1921	3,720	155,159	90,000	69,000	42.8	24.2	18.6
1922	3,790	154,531	93,000	65,000	41.8	24.6	17.2
1923	3,860	146,984	82,000	69,000	39.1	21.3	17.8
1924	3,930	158,688	96,000	67,000	41.4	24.5	16.9
1925	3,993	159,423	95,000	68,000	40.8	23.9	16.9
1926	4,100	175,802	92,000	87,000	43.7	22.4	21.3
1927	4,210	177,422	93,000	89,000	43.2	22.1	21.1
1928	4,330	183,699	95,000	94,000	43.7	22.0	21.7
1929	4,460	190,031	96,000	100,000	44.0	21.6	22.4
1930	4,593	198,186	89,000	117,000	44.8	19.4	25.4	7.02
1931	4,710	208,137	100,000	116,000	45.8	21.3	24.5
1932	4,867	204,913	99,000	115,000	44.0	20.4	23.6
1933	4,995	211,737	98,000	123,000	44.3	19.7	24.6
1934	5,128	219,189	105,166	123,510	44.6	20.5	24.1
1935	5,255	225,980	106,905	129,040	44.9	20.3	24.6
1936	5,384	223,961	106,332	127,725	43.5	19.8	23.7
1937	5,530	237,090	109,096	138,570	44.8	19.7	25.1
1938	5,678	235,821	111,723	133,117	43.1	19.7	23.4
1939	5,821	244,707	115,044	139,119	43.7	19.8	23.9
1940	5,987	246,691	116,239	141,232	43.0	19.4	23.6	6.11
1941	6,163	241,894	99,858	153,447	41.1	16.2	24.9	5.98
1942	6,339	242,796	112,161	143,243	40.3	17.7	22.6	5.93
1943	6,507	247,427	122,001	138,662	40.0	18.8	21.2
1944
1945
1946
1947	6,294	241,071	114,000	127,000	38.3	18.1	20.2
1948	6,648	264,000	95,000	169,000	39.7	14.3	25.4	5.98
1949	7,099	300,843	93,000	208,000	42.4	13.1	29.3	6.49
1950	7,468	323,643	86,000	238,000	43.4	11.5	31.9	7.14
1951	7,695	385,383	89,000	296,000	50.0	11.6	38.5	7.59
1952	8,000	372,905	79,000	294,000	46.6	9.9	36.8	7.56
1953	8,297	374,536	78,000	297,000	45.2	9.4	35.8	7.54
1954	8,617	383,574	71,000	313,000	44.6	8.2	36.3	7.25
1955	8,924	403,683	77,000	327,000	45.3	8.6	36.6	7.32
1956	9,242	414,036	74,000	340,000	44.8	8.0	36.8	7.27
1957	9,539	394,870	81,000	314,000	41.4	8.5	32.9	6.83
1958	9,858	410,885	75,000	336,000	41.7	7.6	34.1	6.48
1959	10,227	421,458	74,000	347,000	41.2	7.2	33.9	5.98
1960	10,602	419,442	74,000	345,000	39.5	7.0	32.5	5.75
1961	10,983	420,254	74,000	346,254	38.3	6.7	31.5	5.58
1962	11,312	423,469	72,000	351,469	37.4	6.4	31.1	5.46
1963	11,680	424,250	71,000	353,250	36.3	6.1	30.2	5.35
1964	12,088	416,926	69,000	347,926	34.5	5.7	28.8	5.10
1965	12,442	406,604	67,887	338,717	32.7	5.5	27.2	4.82
1966	12,812	415,108	69,778	345,330	32.4	5.4	27.0	4.95
1967	13,147	374,282	71,861	302,421	28.5	5.5	23.0	4.22
1968	13,474	394,260	73,650	320,610	29.3	5.5	23.8	4.36
1969	13,995	390,728	70,549	320,179	27.9	5.0	22.9	4.14
1970	14,507	394,015	71,135	322,883	27.2	4.9	22.3	4.00
1971	14,837	380,424	70,954	309,470	25.6	4.8	20.9	3.70
1972	15,145	365,749	71,486	294,263	24.1	4.7	19.4	3.36
1973	15,424	366,942	73,477	293,465	23.8	4.8	19.0	3.21
1974	15,699	355,933	74,760	293,063	23.4	4.8	18.7	2.94
1975	15,999	357,653	75,061	292,586	23.0	4.7	18.3	2.76
1976	16,298	424,075	77,000	347,075	26.0	4.7	21.3	3.08
1977	16,601	393,633	79,000	316,796	23.7	4.8	19.1	2.64
1978	16,951	411,637	79,000	330,203	24.3	4.7	19.5	2.71
1979	17,337	421,720	82,000	340,518	24.3	4.7	19.6	2.67
1980	17,608	413,881	84,333	329,548	23.5	4.8	18.7	2.51
1981	17,972	414,069	87,192	326,877	23.0	4.9	18.2	2.45
1982	18,261	405,263	87,578	317,685	22.2	4.8	17.4	2.32
1983	18,538	383,439	90,951	292,488	20.7	4.9	15.8	2.17
1984	18,873	371,008	89,915	281,093	19.7	4.8	14.9	2.05
1985	19,135	346,208	92,348	253,860	18.1	4.8	13.3	1.88
1986	19,356	309,230	95,057	214,173	16.0	4.9	11.1	1.68
1987	19,564	314,024	96,319	217,705	16.1	4.9	11.1	1.70
1988	19,788	342,031	102,113	239,918	17.3	5.2	12.1	1.86
1989	20,004	315,299	103,288	212,011	15.8	5.2	10.6	1.68
1990	20,230	335,618	105,669	229,949	16.6	5.2	11.4	1.81
1991	20,455	321,932	106,284	215,648	15.7	5.2	10.5	1.72
1992	20,655	321,632	110,516	211,116	15.6	5.4	10.2	1.73
1993	20,848	325,613	110,901	214,712	15.6	5.3	10.3	1.76
1994	21,087	322,938	113,866	209,072	15.3	5.4	9.9	1.76
1995	21,268	329,581	119,112	210,469	15.5	5.6	9.9	1.78
1996	21,441	325,545	122,489	203,056	15.2	5.7	9.5	1.76
1997	21,634	326,002	121,000	205,002	15.1	5.6	9.5	1.77
1998	21,836	271,450	123,180	148,270	12.4	5.6	6.8	1.47
1999	22,011	283,661	126,113	157,548	12.9	5.7	7.2	1.56
2000	22,185	305,312	125,957	179,355	13.8	5.7	8.1	1.68
2001	22,342	260,354	127,647	132,707	11.7	5.7	5.9	1.40
2002	22,464	247,530	128,636	118,894	11.0	5.7	5.3	1.34
2003	22,554	227,070	130,801	96,269	10.1	5.8	4.3	1.24
2004	22,647	216,419	135,092	81,327	9.6	6.0	3.6	1.18
2005	22,730	205,854	139,398	66,456	9.1	6.1	2.9	1.12
2006	22,824	204,459	135,839	68,620	9.0	6.0	3.0	1.12
2007	22,918	204,414	141,111	63 303	8.9	6.2	2.8	1.10
2008	22,998	198,733	143,624	55,109	8.6	6.2	2.4	1.05
2009	23,079	191,310	143,582	47,728	8.3	6.2	2.1	1.03
2010	23,141	166,886	145,772	21,114	7.2	6.3	0.9	0.90
2011	23,194	196,627	152,915	43,712	8.5	6.6	1.9	1.07
2012	23,271	229,481	154,251	75,230	9.9	6.6	3.2	1.27
2013	23,345	199,113	155,908	43,205	8.5	6.7	1.8	1.07
2014	23,434	210,383	163,929	46,454	9.0	7.0	2.0	1.17
2015	23,472	213,598	163,858	49,740	9.1	7.0	2.1	1.18
2016	23,540	208,440	172,405	36,035	8.8	7.3	1.5	1.17
2017	23,571	193,844	171,242	22,602	8.2	7.3	0.9	1.11
2018	23,589	181,601	172,784	8,817	7.7	7.3	0.4	1.06
2019	23,603	177,767	176,296	1,471	7.5	7.5	0.0	1.05
1/2020–6/2020[51]		79,760	88,555	-8,795
* CBR=crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR=crude deathrate (per 1000); NC=natural change (per 1000); TFR=total fertility rate

Fertility rate

The fertility rate[52][53] in Taiwan is one of the lowest ever recorded in the world in historical times. It reached its lowest level in 2010: 0.90 children per female. In 1980, the rate was still well above replacement level (2.515), but it dropped to 1.88 in 1985, 1.81 in 1990, 1.78 in 1995, 1.68 in 2000, 1.12 in 2005.

Infant mortality rate

total: 6.29 deaths/1,000 live births

male: 6.97 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.55 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Taiwan is ranked 39th in the world for highest life expectancy at birth.

Gender	Life expectancy in 2009[54]
Male	75.88 years
Female	82.46 years

Fertility trend

In developed countries, trends like late marriage, no marriage, and having fewer children are growing. Developed countries tend to have lower fertility rates because access to birth control and contraceptives are easier and having children could become an economic burden caused by housing, education cost, and other costs for childcare.[55] Most women in developed countries are in the workforce and tend to have higher educations and professional careers. As a result, many women tend to have children late in life or no children at all.[56]

According to the BBC, the total fertility rate in Taiwan had decreased to 0.9 children per woman in 2010.[57] This figure is much lower than the replacement level and one of the lowest in the world. This indicates the population is experiencing negative growth and population aging is happening fast.[26] According to a Central News Agency Report, total births in 2017 were below 200,000. Compared to previous decades, the total number of births since 2000 has been between 197,000 and 230,000.[58] If this trend continues, the senior population in Taiwan will be almost 5 times higher than the youth population by 2060.[59]

HIV/AIDS

Main article: HIV/AIDS in Taiwan

The first reported case of HIV/AIDS occurred in December 1984 and the first local infection was recorded in February 1986. As of May 2006, there were 11,486 recorded cases of HIV, of which 2,631 were confirmed with AIDS. There were 1,425 deaths, leaving 10,029 people living with HIV/AIDS. This is less than 0.05% of the total population of Taiwan. Statistics by the Center for Disease Control show that the gender distribution of infected persons was 90% male and 10% female.

Data	Population
Adult prevalence	11,486
People living with HIV/AIDS	10,029
Deaths	1,425

Source: Center for Disease Control (CDC), Republic of China - May 2006 est.(PDF file) (in Chinese)

Military manpower

Main articles: Conscription in Taiwan and Republic of China Armed Forces

The Republic of China has a compulsory military draft for males aged 19–35 years of age with a service obligation of 12 months (2008).

Available manpower

Defined as 19–49 years of age.

Gender	Population
Male	5,883,828
Female	5,680,773
Total	11,564,601

Fit for military service

Of the available manpower, the following are fit for military service. Defined as 19–49 years of age.

Gender	Population
Male	4,749,537
Female	4,644,607
Total	9,394,144

Education

Main article: Education in Taiwan

Taiwan has a nine-year compulsory education program initiated by the Ministry of Education in 1968. This consists of six years in elementary education and three years in junior high education. About 94.7% of junior high graduates continue their studies in either a senior high or vocational school . Reflecting a strong commitment to education, in FY 2001 16% of the ROC budget was allocated for education . The enrollment rate was 96.77% for the 2004-2005 school year.[60] For the 2005-2006 school year, there were 5,283,855 students in both public and private schools, about a quarter of the entire population. The literacy rate is above 95%.

Since the mid-1990s, the government has introduced several education reforms in a bid to further improve education standards such as the replacement in 2002 of the 48-year-long Joint University Entrance Examination (JUEE; 大學聯考; Dàxué liánkǎo), which had been set up in 1954.

See also: List of universities in Taiwan

Distribution of students

Sector	Education	Years of study	Typical Age range	Students	Distribution
Pre-school	Kindergarten	(2 years)	4–6 years old	224,220	4.2%
Compulsory	Elementary	6 years	6–12 years old	1,831,913	34.7%
	Junior High	3 years	12–15 years old	951,236	18%
Senior Secondary	Senior High	3 years	15–18 years old	420,608	8%
	Senior Vocation	3 years	15–18 years old	331,604	6.3%
Higher Education	Junior College	2–5 years	15–20 years old	37,068	0.7%
	University & College	4–7 years (up to 13 years)	18–25 years old (up to 31 years old)	1,259,490	23.8%
Other	Special School	up to 14 years	4–18 years old	6,361	0.1%
	Supplementary School	n/a	n/a	200,573	3.8%
	Open University	n/a	n/a	20,782	0.4%
Total				5,283,855	100%

Source: Number of students at each level (SY 2005-2006), Ministry of Education, Republic of China.

Literacy

The definition of literacy is those aged 15 and over who can read and write.

Gender	Population
Male	99.6%
Female	96.8%
Total	98.2%

"International Comparison of Education Statistical Indicators - 2012 Edition", Ministry of Education, 2012. pp. 17. Retrieved on 2012-10-05. (Table 1-2-5. Literacy Rate for Age 15 Plus by Gender).

2.02 Population of 15 Years and Over by Educational Attainment, Statistical Yearbook of Interior, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2012. Retrieved on 10-05-2012.

Notes

1. The data of database which is since 1997
2. One may use more than one language at home. This table refers to the relative frequency of languages used at home to the total of resident nationals.

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