Han Taiwanese

Han Taiwanese[3][4][5][6] or Taiwanese Hans[7][8] (Chinese: 臺灣漢人[9][10]) are a Taiwanese ethnic group, most of whom are of full or partial Han Chinese descent.[11][12][13][14] According to the Executive Yuan of the Republic of China, they comprise 95[2] to 97[15] percent of the Taiwanese population, which also includes Austronesians and other non-Han people.[16] Major waves of Han Chinese immigration occurred since the 17th century to the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, with the exception of the Japanese colonial period (1895-1945).[16] Han Taiwanese mainly speak three languages of Chinese: Mandarin, Hokkien and Hakka.[17][18]

Han Taiwanese
Taiwanese Hans
臺灣漢人

Total population
c. 23.5 million[1][2]
Languages
Taiwanese Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien and Taiwanese Hakka
Religion
Han folk religions, Taoism, Shintoism, Mahayana Buddhism, Christianity, Non-religious
Related ethnic groups
Han Chinese Bai • Hui Austronesian Taiwanese

Definition

There is no simple uniform definition of Han Taiwanese,[19][20] which are estimated to comprise 95 to 98 percent of the Taiwanese population.[2][15][11] To determine if a Taiwanese is Han, common criteria include immigration background (from continental East Asia), using a Han language as the mother tongue, and observance of traditional Han festivals.[19][21][22] Sometimes a negative definition is employed, where Hans are those who are not certain non-Han people.[20]

Taiwanese Hans can be classified according to the times of migration or places of origin. They include the Taiwanese Minnan and Hakka people that arrived in Taiwan before World War II and the post-World War II Han immigrants. From the view that Taiwan is one of the "provinces" of Republic of China, the former, along with the Austronesians,[23] are sometimes called benshengren (Chinese: 本省人; lit.: 'people of this province'), while the latter,[nb 1] along with the contemporaneous non-Han immigrants, are called waishengren (Chinese: 外省人; lit.: 'people from other provinces').[25] These two terms and distinctions are now less important due to intermarriages between different sub-populations of Taiwan and the rise of the Taiwanese identity.[23][26] In addition, there are Han Taiwanese that do not fall into the above categories, including the Puxian-speaking Hans in Wuqiu Township, Kinmen County, the Mindong-speaking in Matzu, and various recent Han immigrants from mainland China (forming part of the so-called "New Immigrants" (Chinese: 新住民).

Immigration history and demographics

Architecture

Traditional Minnan (Hokkien) architecture styled Lukang Longshan Temple.

Lin Family Mansion and Garden, a traditional Han residence built in 1847. The ancestor of the Lin family came from Chang-chow, Hok-kien, Ching Empire in 1778.

Taipei North Gate, a Minnan citadel gate built in 1884 during the Ching rule, now a national heritage of Taiwan

There were two major waves of Han immigration: from the Ching (Qing) Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries and from what was then the Republic of China's continental territory, which is now ruled by the People's Republic of China, after World War II in the final years of the Chinese Civil War (1945-1949).

Before the Japanese Empire rule

Taiwan's southwest was home to a Chinese population numbering close to 1,500 before 1623 when the Dutch first came.[27]

During Dutch Formosa rule 1624 to 1662 The Dutch began to encourage large-scale Han immigration to the island for labour, mainly from the south of Hokkien.

From 1683 to around 1760, the Qing government limited immigration to Taiwan. Such restriction was relaxed following the 1760s and by 1811 there were more than two million Chinese immigrants on Taiwan.

Demographics of Taiwan in 17th-20th centuries[28][29][30][31][32]

Year	Population
1684	120,000[28]
1764	666,210[28]
1782	912,920[28]
1811	1,944,737[28]
1840	2,500,000[28]
1902	2,686,356[29]
1926	4,168,000[30][nb 2]
1944	6,269,949[31]
1956	9,367,661[32]

The 1926 census counted 3,116,400 and 586,300 Hans originating from the Hok-kien and Kwang-tung provinces of Ching Empire or Ming Empire (roughly now Fujian and Guangdong of China, respectively).

Regions of origin of Taiwanese Hans based on the 1926 census by the government of the Japanese Empire[30]

Province	Fujian									Guangdong			Others
County (州/府)	Chin-chew			Chang-chow	Ting-chou	Lung-yan	Fu-chou	Hinghwa	Yung-chun	Teo-chew	Chia-ying	Hui-chou
District	An-hsi	Tung-an	San-yi
Language (dialect)	Minnan (Quanzhou)			Minnan (Zhangzhou, including eastern Zhao'an) / Hakka (western Zhaoan)	Hakka (Yongding, Changting)	Minnan (urban Longyan city) / Hakka (rural Yongding)	Mindong (Foochow)	Hinghwa	Minnan (Chin-chew)	Minnan (Teo-chew)/Hakka (Raoping, Dapu)	Hakka (Sixian, Wuhua)	Hakka (Hailu)	various languages
Inhabitants (thousands)	441.6	553.1	686.7	1,319.5	42.5	16	27.2	9.3	20.5	134.8	296.9	154.6	48.9

After the Second World War

Around 800,000 people, the vast majority being Han, immigrated to Taiwan after the end of the Second World War, when Republic of China took over Taiwan, with the biggest wave taking place around the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Since the mid-1990s, there has been a small amount of Chinese Han immigration into Taiwan. These mainly consist of two categories: brides of businessmen who work in China; and women who have married rural Taiwanese, mostly through a marriage broker.

Around 20% or 34,000 of the Vietnamese people in Taiwan are Hoa people, people of Chinese origin that are mostly Han.[33]

Interactions among Han immigrants

Qing Dynasty

Conflicts

Iong-sek Ten (鄭用錫), a Minnan Taiwanese and author of On Reconciliation (Source of Photo: 台灣文化誌 by Kanori Ino).

There were violent ethnic conflicts (termed "分類械鬥" in government documents of the Qing Dynasty), which played a major role in determining the distribution of different groups of Han peoples in Taiwan. Most conflicts were between people of Chang-chow and Chin-chew origins which includes acts where Quanzhounese fought against Hakka peasants from the southwestern hills of Fujian (Tingzhou and western Zhangzhou) throughout the period. ("漳泉械鬥", Chang-Chin conflicts)[34] and between people of Hokkien and Hakkas origins ("閩粵械鬥" [Min-Yue conflicts]) where Hoklo people united to fight against the Hakkas who largely came from Guangdong and a minority from Fujian, is called ("閩客械鬥" [Min-Hakka conflicts]).

Trying to be a mediator, Ten Iong-sek (鄭用錫, 10 June 1788 – 21 March 1858), the first Taiwanese to achieve the highest degree, jinshi or “Doctor” (Mandarin: 進士), in the imperial examination of the Qing Dynasty, wrote an article On Reconciliation (勸和論).[35] Similar literary works on conflicts between different ethnic subgroups include Hái-Im Poems (海音詩) by Lâu Ka-Bôo (劉家謀, 1814-1853) and To the Min and Yue people (諭閩粵民人) by Nâ Tíng-Guân (藍鼎元, 19 September 1680 - 1 August 1733).[26]

Cultural assimilation

In some regions. where the majority of the population spoked another language, the minority group sometimes adopted the more dominant language and lost their original language. They are called "minnanized" Hakka people (福佬客).[36]

Hans with different surnames

There were also conflicts between people with different surnames, such as those between different clans in Yilan. While Hans in some other places were prohibited from marrying others with the same surname, Hans in Yilan were discouraged from marrying others with a different surname.[26]

Republic of China

Unlike pre-World War II, when Han immigrants were predominantly of Hok-kien and Hakka origins, post-World War II Hans came from all over mainland China. Their different languages, habits, ideologies and relationships with the Republic of China government sometimes led to conflicts between these two groups.[37]

Interactions with non-Han inhabitants

In Taiwan, the Hans came into contact with the Austronesians, Dutch, Spanish and Japanese.

Hans and Austronesians

The Amis term for Hans is payrag.

According to the historian Melissa J. Brown, within the Taiwanese Minnan (Hoklo) community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with Austronesians took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Austronesian admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.[38] Plains aborigines who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated between "short-route" and "long-route".[39] The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a Taiwanese girl from an old elite Hoklo family was warned by her mother to stay away from them.[40] The insulting name "fan" was used against plains aborigines by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh people.[41] Hoklo Taiwanese has replaced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction.[42] Aboriginal status has been requested by plains aboriginals.[43]

Biological traits and relationships with other Taiwanese/Asian people

Genetic relationships

Part of the maximum-likelihood tree of 75 Asian populations:[44]

	Japanese/Ryukyuan     Korean       Han Chinese (Beijing)       Han Chinese (Shanghai)       Hoklo Han Taiwanese       Hakka Han Taiwanese       Han Singaporean (Minnan/Hokkien speaker)       Han Chinese (Guangdong)       Hmong/Yao

Alcohol metabolism

In Taiwan, the prevalence of alcohol dependence among Hans is 10 times lower than that of Austronesians, which is related to genetic, physical, psychological, social, environmental, and cultural factors.[45] An association study by researchers at the Academia Sinica found that genes in alcohol metabolism pathway, especially ADH1B and ALDH2, conferred the major genetic risk for alcohol dependence in Taiwanese Han men.[46]

Languages

See also: Taiwanese languages, Taiwanese Mandarin, Taiwanese Minnan, and Taiwanese Hakka

Most commonly used languages in Taiwan, showing the difference in percentage between the most commonly and the second most commonly used language at home for each township/district. cmn: Taiwanese Mandarin; nan: Taiwanese Hokkien; hak: Taiwanese Hakka; map: Taiwanese Austronesian languages.

The languages used by Han Taiwanese include Mandarin (entire country), Hokkien (Taiwan proper and Kinmen), Hakka (Taiwan proper), Mindong (Matzu), Puxian (Wuqiu Island, Kinmen), and other Han languages spoken by some post-World War II immigrants or immigrants from mainland China since the 1990s. The writing systems used include Han characters, Han phonetic notations such as Mandarin Phonetic Symbols for Mandarin and Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols for Minnan and Hakka, and the Latin alphabet for various romanization systems, including Tongyong Pinyin, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II for Mandarin, POJ and Taiwanese Minnan Romanization System for Minnan, and Hakka Romanization System for Hakka.

Significant numbers of Puxian Min, Fuzhounese, and Teochew speakers came to Taiwan proper, but they were eventually assimilated into the Hokkien (Minnan) speaking population.

Linguistic Diversity

The Taiwanese linguist Uijin Ang divided Taiwan (excluding Kinmen and Matsu) into 7 linguistic regions, including one Austronesian, five Han and one mixed.[18]

Han linguistic regions of Taiwan according to Ang (2013)[18]

Region	Languages included	Administrative regions included
Hakka	major: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu, Dapu); minor: Minnan (Chang-chow)	Taoyuan, Hsinchu County, Miaoli County, Taichung, Nantou County, Kaohsiung, Pingtung County
North Min	Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow)	New Taipei, Taipei, Ilan County, Keelung, Taoyuan
Middle Min	major: Minnan (Chin-chew (coastal), Chang-chow(inland); minor: Hakka (Zhaoan, Hailu), Tsou	Hsinchu County (coastal), Miaoli County (coastal), Taichung, Changhua County, Yunlin County, Nantou
South Min	major: Minnan (mixed, Chin-chew, Chang-chow); minor: Hakka (Sixian, Hailu)	Chiayi County, Chiayi City, Tainan, Kaohsiung, Pingtung County
Penghu	Minnan (Chin-chew, Chang-chow, mixed)	Penghu

Influence of Non-Han Languages

Ever since the arrival of Han immigrants in Taiwan, their languages have undergone changes through interactions with other Han or non-Han languages. For example, one unit of land area used in Taiwanese Minnan is Kah (甲; 0.9699 acre), which comes from the Dutch word for "field", akker (akker > 阿甲 > 甲).[47]

Loanwords in Taiwanese Hakka[48]

Source languages	Han characters	Romanization	Meaning
Austronesian languages	馬不老	ma pu lao	drunk
Dutch	石文	sak vun	soap
Minnan (Hokkien)	米粉炒	bi hun tsha	fried rice vermicelli
Japanese	幫浦	phong phu	pump
Mandarin	再見	tsai kian	goodbye

Yehliu (野柳, Iá-Liú in Minnan), a scenic area in northern Taiwan. Its name came from the Castilian name given by the Spaniards, Punto Diablos, which means 'Cape Devils'.

Takau/Takao is the old name of Kaohsiung.

Loanwords for place names in Taiwanese Han languages[47]

Source languages	Place	Han characters	Notes
Dutch	Fort Zeelandia	熱蘭遮城
Dutch	Cape Hoek	富貴角	Dutch: hoek ('cape')
Castilian	Cape San Diego	三貂角	Castilian: Santiago; Dutch: St. Jago
Castilian	Yehliu	野柳	[Punto] Diablos (Castilian) > 野柳 (Hokkien)
Atayal	Wulai	烏來
Basay	Jinshan	金山	Kimpauri/Kimauri > 金包里 (Minnan) > 金山 (Japanese)
Japanese	Kaohsiung	高雄	Takau (Makatto) > 打狗 (Hokkien) > 高雄/たかお/Taka-O (Japanese)
Japanese	Songshan	松山	松山/まつやま/Matsu-Yama (Japanese)
Japanese	Guansi	關西	鹹菜 (Ham-Coi) 甕 (Hakka) > 鹹菜/かんさい/Kan-Sai (Japanese) > 關西/かんさい/Kan-Sai (Japanese)

Culture

Cuisine

Some typical foods of Han Taiwanese[49][50]

Subgroup	Food
Hoklo	滷肉飯 (minced pork rice), 割包 (Gua-bao), 蚵仔煎 (oyster omelet), 豬血糕 (rice blood cake)
Hakka[51]	客家小炒 (fried pork, dried tofu and squid), 薑絲大腸 (Large intestine with ginger slices), 粄條 (flat rice noodles)
post-World War II immigrants	牛肉麵 (Beef noodle soup), 燒餅 (clay oven rolls), 油條 (deep fried stick), 臭豆腐 (stinky tofu)

• 
  Minced pork rice, a rice dish of Han Taiwanese.
• 
  Minced pork rice in Taichung.
• 
  Rice blood cakes to be fried.
• 
  Oyster omelet in Lugang, Changhua.

Religions

See also: Religion in Taiwan

The most popular religions of Han Taiwanese are Taoism and Buddhism.[52] With 11,796 temples (78.4% Taoist; 19.6% Buddhist), Taiwan is the country with the highest density of temples in the world.[53]

• 
  Lungshan Temple, a Taoist-Buddhist temple in Taipei.
• 
  Iun-Fug Giung (永福宮), Longtan District, Taoyuan, is a traditional Han temple built in 1791 in the Hakka village Sam-Hang-Zii

Surnames

Han surnames in Taiwan

The ten most common Han surnames in Taiwan in 2014[54][nb 3]

Han Surname	Wade–Giles	Pinyin	Population	Percentage
陳	Ch῾en	Chen	2,605,191	11.14%
林	Lin	Lin	1,942,787	8.31%
黃	Huang	Huang	1,413,270	6.04%
張	Chang	Zhang	1,234,180	5.28%
李	Li	Li	1,200,862	5.13%
王	Wang	Wang	961,744	4.11%
吳	Wu	Wu	944,949	4.04%
劉	Liu	Liu	738,976	3.16%
蔡	Ts῾ai	Cai	681,012	2.91%
楊	Yang	Yang	621,832	2.66%

In traditional Han society, children inherit the surname of the father. Population analyses of Han Taiwanese based on the short tandem repeat sequences on the Y chromosome, which is specific to males, shows high haplotype diversity in most surname groups. Except for rare ones, the origins of Han surnames in Taiwan are pretty heterogeneous.[10]

Han surnames used by Austronesian Taiwanese

See also: Naming customs of Taiwanese aborigines

The naming customs of the Austronesian people in Taiwan have been greatly endangered by the dominant Han culture under the rule of Ching and Republic of China or Japanese culture during the Japanization period. Austronesians were often forced to have surnames in Han characters that, depending on the policies then, may or may not be related to their original surnames.

Villages

Taipei Confucius Temple

Confucian temples formed an important part of the life of early Han immigrants. Famous temples include Taiwan Confucian Temple and Taipei Confucius Temple.[55]

Written Records/Literature

See also: Taiwanese literature

One of the earliest written records of Taiwanese Hakka is A Tragic Ballad about Hakka Sailing to Taiwan (渡台悲歌), a work written in the Raoping dialect about the life and struggle of Hakka immigrants to Taiwan under the Ching rule.[56]

Folk literature: Tales and Legends

One of the best known Han folktales in Taiwan is the Grandaunt Tiger.[57]

Architecture

House of Ten Long-sek (鄭用錫), a Minnan Taiwanese building and a national monument of Taiwan.[58]

Lin An Tai Historical House and Museum, a Minnan-style courtyard.[59]

Taiwanese architecture refers to a style of buildings constructed by the Han people, and is a branch of Chinese architecture.[60] The style is generally afforded to buildings constructed before the modernization under Japanese occupation, in the 1930s. Different groups of Han immigrants differ in their styles of architecture.[61] Being far away from the center of political power of Beijing, buildings were constructed free of construction standards. This, coupled with inferior level of expertise of artisans and craftsmen, and the Japanese colonization, the architectural style diverged from the ones on the mainland.[61] Many traditional houses have been designated national monuments by the Taiwanese government, such as the Lin Family Mansion and Garden[62] and the House of Ten Long-Sek

Handicrafts

Hakka Taiwanese have long traditions of indigo dyeing.[63][64]

The Yilan International Children's Folklore and Folkgame Festival exhibits collections of traditional Han Taiwanese toys.[65]

Arts and Music

See also: Music of Taiwan

Performing arts of Han Taiwanese

Subgroup	Category	Notable examples	Notable artists/groups
Minnan(Hoklo)	布袋戲 (glove puppetry)	Pili (TV series), Legend of the Sacred Stone	黃俊雄 (Toshio Huang)
	歌仔戲 (koa-á-hì)		楊麗花 (Yang Li-hua), 明華園 (Ming Hwa Yuan)
	陣頭 (Tīn-thâu)	Electric-Techno Neon Gods	Chio-Tian Folk Drums & Arts Troupe
	Music	南管 Lâm-im, 北管 (Pak-kóan)
Hakka	客家戲 (Hakka opera)	三腳採茶戲 (three-character tea-picking drama)
post-World War II immigrants	相聲 (xiangsheng)	那一夜我們說相聲 (The Night We Became Hsiang-Sheng Comedians)	吳兆南 (Zhao-Nan Wu)

Folk songs of Han Taiwanese[66]

Subgroup	Notable examples	Notable places	Notable singers/composers
Minnan(Hoklo)	丟丟銅仔 (Due Due Dong)[67]	Yilan
	思想起 (Su Siang Ki)[68]	Hengchun	Chen Da[68]
	望春風 (Bāng Chhun-hong)		Teng Yu-hsien
Hakka	十八摸 (Eighteen Touches)[69]

Films

Films about Han Taiwanese

Names	Subgroups	Languages	Setting	Director
Blue Brave: The Legend of Formosa in 1895	Hakka, Minnan	Hakka, Minnan, Japanese, Austronesian	Conflicts between Han Taiwanese and Japanese during the Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)[70]	Hung Chih-yu
A City of Sadness	Hakka, Minnan, post-World War II Han immigrants	Minnan, Mandarin, Japanese, Cantonese, Wu	Early KMT rule of Taiwan, February 28 Incident, conflicts between different subgroups of Han Taiwanese[71]	Hou Hsiao-hsien
A Brighter Summer Day	post-World War II Han immigrants, Minnan	Mandarin, Minnan, Cantonese, Wu	Life and struggles of postwar immigrants and their descendants	Edward Yang

See also

Other Taiwanese ethnic groups

• Austronesian Taiwanese
• Hakka Affairs Council
• Hakka people
• Hakka TV
• Hoklo people
• Hoklo Taiwanese
• Taiwanese people
• Vietnamese people in Taiwan

Languages of Han Taiwanese

• Taiwanese languages
• Taiwanese Mandarin
• Taiwanese Hokkien
• Taiwanese Hakka

History of Han Taiwanese

• History of Taiwan
• Cultural history of Taiwan
• Dutch Formosa
• Spanish Formosa
• Kingdom of Tungning
• Taiwan under Ching rule
• Taiwan under Japanese rule

Culture of Han Taiwanese

• Taiwanese cuisine
• Religion in Taiwan
• Taiwanese literature

Notes

1. They also include some Minnan and Hakka people.[24]
2. This number was inferred from the Han population size of 3,751,600 and their proportion of ~90% in the total population.[30]
3. Numbers including all nationals who have a Han name, including many Austronesians, who were until 1990s forbidden to possess their traditional names. See Taiwanese aborigines.

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External links

• Taiwan Folklore & Folk Culture (National Taiwan University OpenCourseWare)