Demographics of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the eighth-most populated country in the world with almost 2.2% of the world's population. According to the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects[3][4], the population stood at 161,376,708 in 2016.

Demographics of Bangladesh
Map showing the population density of each district in Bangladesh.
Population161,376,708 (2016 est.)[1]
Growth rate1% (2017 est.)[2]
Birth rate18.80 births/1,000
population (2017 est.)[2]
Death rate5.40 deaths/1,000
population (2017 est.)[2]
Life expectancy72.7 years (2018)[2]
 • male71.1 years
 • female74.4 years
Fertility rate2.17 children born/woman
(2017 est.)[2]
Infant mortality rate31.70 deaths/1,000 live births
(2017 est.)[2]
Age structure
0–14 years27.76 (2017 est.)[2]
15–64 years66.02
65 and over6.23
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female
(2017 est.)[2]
At birth1.04 male(s)/female
Under 151.03 male(s)/female
15–64 years0.91 male(s)/female
65 and over0.97 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityBangladeshi
Major ethnicBengali
Minor ethnicChakma,
Marma,
Mundas,
Garos (Achiks),
Oraons,
Santhals,
Mro,
Manipuri,
Zomi, Bihari (Stranded Pakistani)
Language
OfficialBengali
SpokenBengali, Chittagonian language, Sylheti, Santali, Chakma, Tripuri, Khasi, Mundari
Part of a series on
Bengalis

Bangladesh (Previously East Pakistan between 1947 and 1971 and East Bengal before 1947) is largely ethnically homogeneous, and its name derives from the Bengali ethno-linguistic group which comprises 98% of the population. The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Sylhet, Mymensingh and North Bengal regions are home to diverse indigenous peoples. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. The population is estimated at 161 million (2018[3][4]). About 89% of Bangladeshis are Muslims, followed by Hindus (10.7%), Buddhists (0.6%) and Christians (0.4%) and others.

Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world. The total fertility rate (TFR) has been reduced by more than two thirds since Independence. The current TFR in Bangladesh is 2.1, globally considered to be a benchmark for replacement level fertility.

At this TFR, and without migration, Bangladesh's population is expected to soon reach a stage where it neither grows nor shrinks, once the top of its age pyramid fills in.[5]

Population
Age-sex pyramid for Bangladesh, 2005

The 2020 total population was 168,827,626 which makes Bangladesh the eighth-most populous country in the world.

Census

The latest decennial census was conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in 2011.[6]

Demographic evolution of the territory of Bangladesh (1900-2010).
Population of Bangladesh
Census datecensus population
(thousands)		adjusted population
(thousands)
1901 28 928
1911 31 555
1921 33 255
1931 35 602
1941 41 997
1951 41 932
1961 50 840
1974 71 479 76 398
1981 87 120 89 912
1991 106 313 111 455
2001 124 355 130 523
15 Mar 2011 142 319 152 518

p=provisional figure

UN estimates[7]
Total population (thousands) Population aged 0–14 (%) Population aged 15–64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
1950 37 895 41.2 54.8 3.9
1955 43 444 42.4 54.1 3.5
1960 50 102 43.6 53.1 3.3
1965 57 792 44.7 52.0 3.3
1970 66 881 44.7 51.8 3.4
1975 70 582 45.8 50.7 3.5
1980 80 624 45.0 51.4 3.6
1985 92 284 43.9 52.5 3.6
1990 105 256 42.5 53.8 3.7
1995 117 487 40.3 55.9 3.8
2000 127 658 37.0 59.2 3.9
2005 139 036 34.4 61.3 4.3
2010 147 575 32.0 63.2 4.8
2015 156 256 29.3 65.6 5.1
2020 164 689 26.8 68.0 5.2

Structure of the population

[8][9]

Structure of the population (15 March 2011) (Census) :

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 72 109 796 71 933 901 144 043 697 100
0-4 7 638 523 7 423 447 15 061 970 10.46
5-9 9 322 514 8 850 715 18 173 229 12.62
10-14 8 614 889 8 031 726 16 646 615 11.56
15-19 6 509 492 6 352 398 12 861 890 8.93
20-24 5 777 370 7 522 419 13 299 789 9.23
25-29 6 225 252 7 254 256 13 479 508 9.36
30-34 5 079 106 5 420 659 10 499 765 7.29
35-39 4 697 349 4 859 079 9 556 428 6.63
40-44 4 280 923 3 980 739 8 261 662 5.74
45-49 3 363 273 3 016 800 6 380 073 4.43
50-54 2 952 596 2 599 675 5 552 271 3.85
55-59 1 923 534 1 577 463 3 500 997 2.43
60-64 2 081 306 1 852 708 3 934 014 2.73
65-69 1 149 569 963 921 2 113 490 1.47
70-74 1 206 398 1 025 314 2 231 712 1.55
75-79 488 338 386 389 874 727 0.61
80-84 443 239 436 840 880 079 0.61
85-89 138 268 124 343 262 611 0.18
90-94 116 916 133 273 250 189 0.17
95+ 100 941 121 737 222 678 0.15
Age group Male Female Total %
0-14 25 575 926 24 305 888 49 881 814 34,63
15-64 42 890 201 44 436 196 87 326 397 60,62
65+ 3 643 669 3 191 817 6 835 486 4,75

Structure of the population (DHS 2014) Male: 37 672, Female: 39 641, Total: 77 313 :

Age Group Male Female Total
0-4 11.0 9.6 10.3
5-9 11.8 10.7 11.2
10-14 12.3 11.5 11.9
15-19 9.4 11.5 10.5
20-24 6.7 9.8 8.3
25-29 7.6 9.1 8.3
30-34 6.7 7.9 7.3
35-39 6.3 6.0 6.2
40-44 5.7 5.4 5.6
45-49 4.6 4.6 4.6
50-54 4.5 3.1 3.8
55-59 3.4 3.6 3.5
60-64 3.4 2.6 3.0
65-69 2.4 1.6 2.0
70-74 1.9 1.2 1.5
75-79 1.0 0.5 0.8
80+ 1.3 1.2 1.3
Age group Male Female Total
0-14 35.1 31.8 33.4
15-64 58.3 63.7 61.0
65+ 6.6 4.5 5.6

Other sources

The following table lists various recent estimates of the population.

Source Year Population (millions)
US State Dept[10] 2005 144
Population Reference Bureau[11] 2005 144
World Bank[12] 2008 160
CIA World FactBook[13] 2010 156
World Population Reference[14] 2010 164

According to the OECD/World Bank population in Bangladesh increased from 1990 to 2008 with 44 million and 38% growth in population compared to 34% growth in India and 54% growth in Pakistan. The annual population growth 2007-2008 was 1.4% compared to India 1.35%, Pakistan 2.2%, Dem. Rep. of Congo 2.9%, Tanzania 2.9%, Syria 3.5% or Yemen 4.0%. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics between 1990-2008 the world population growth was 27% and 1,423 million persons.[15]

Population growth rate
A view of Paltan area in Dhaka in 2017

Bangladesh had high rates of population growth in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then however it has seen significant reduction in its total fertility rate. Over a period of three decades it dropped from almost 7 to 2.4 in 2005-2010.[7]

Gender ratio
Age range (years) Sex ratio (males/females) (2015 est.)[16]
at birth 1.04
0–14 1.03
15–24 0.89
25–54 0.90
55–64 1.01
65 and over 0.97
total population 0.95

Urban and rural

The sprawling mega-city of Dhaka has a huge population, but the majority of the people nonetheless still live in villages in rural areas.

Urban population: 27% of total population (2009 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 3.5% annual rate of change (2005-2010 est.)
Bangladesh is considered an urban country based on their population density (hrsa.gov)

Population Density

Based on the CIA World Fact Book 2012 figures for population (161,083,804) and land area (130,168 km2), Bangladesh has the highest population density among large countries, 1,237.51 persons per square kilometre, and 12th overall, when small countries and city-states are included.[17]

Vital statistics

Births and deaths[7]
Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR1 CDR1 NC1 TFR1 IMR1
1950-1955 1 963 000 852 000 1 111 000 48.3 20.9 27.4 6.36 165.0
1955-1960 2 252 000 921 000 1 332 000 48.2 19.7 28.5 6.62 156.5
1960-1965 2 560 000 994 000 1 566 000 47.5 18.4 29.1 6.80 151.2
1965-1970 2 950 000 1 090 000 1 860 000 47.3 17.5 29.8 6.92 144.4
1970-1975 3 193 000 1 847 000 1 346 000 46.5 26.9 19.6 6.91 175.6
1975-1980 3 381 000 1 165 000 2 229 000 44.7 15.2 29.5 6.63 138.3
1980-1985 3 670 000 1 181 000 2 519 000 42.4 13.3 29.1 5.98 122.5
1985-1990 3 773 000 1 131 000 2 652 000 38.1 11.3 26.8 4.98 104.4
1990-1995 3 711 000 1 047 000 2 653 000 33.3 9.5 23.8 4.06 90.6
1995-2000 3 669 000 942 000 2 612 000 29.3 7.5 21.8 3.43 73.8
2000-2005 3 575 000 896 000 2 498 000 26.0 6.5 19.5 2.94 59.3
2005-2010 3 327 000 869 000 2 202 000 22.5 5.9 16.6 2.48 49.0
2010-2015 20.2 5.4 14.8 2.22
2015-2020 18.5 5.3 13.2 2.07
2020-2025 16.8 5.3 11.5 1.94
2025-2030 15.1 5.4 9.7 1.84
2030-2035 13.7 5.8 7.9 1.76
2035-2040 12.6 6.2 6.4 1.70
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births

Sample Vital Registration System

[18][19]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000): National (Urban/Rural) Crude death rate (per 1000): National (Urban/Rural) Natural change (per 1000): National (Urban/Rural) Fertility rates: National (Urban/Rural)
2005 138,600,000 2,879,000 20.7 (17.8/21.7) 5.8 (4.9/6.1) 14.9 (12.9/15.6) 2.46 (1.87/2.65)
2006 140,600,000 2,901,000 20.6 (17.5/21.7) 5.6 (4.4/6.0) 15.0 (13.1/15.7) 2.41 (1.81/2.63)
2007 142,600,000 2,986,000 20.9 (17.4/22.1) 6.2 (5.1/6.6) 14.7 (12.3/15.5) 2.39 (1.79/2.61)
2008 144,700,000 3,022,000 20.5 (17.2/22.4) 6.0 (5.1/6.5) 14.5 (12.1/15.9) 2.30 (1.79/2.60)
2009 146,700,000 2,832,000 19.4 (16.8/20.4) 5.8 (4.7/6.1) 13.6 (12.1/14.3) 2.15 (1.65/2.28)
2010 148,600,000 2,868,494 842,095 2,026,399 19.2 (17.1/20.1) 5.6 (4.9/5.9) 13.6 (12.2/14.2) 2.12 (1.72/2.26)
2011 150,600,000 2,891,000 828,000 2,063,000 19.2 (17.4/20.2) 5.5 (4.8/5.8) 13.7 (12.6/14.4) 2.11 (1.71/2.25)
2012 152,700,000 2,933,000 826,000 2,107,000 18.9 (17.1/20.0) 5.3 (4.6/5.7) 13.6 (12.5/14.3) 2.12 (1.84/2.30)
2013 154,700,000 19.0 (18.2/19.3) 5.3 (4.6/5.6) 13.7 (13.6/13.7) 2.11 (1.84/2.19)
2014 156,800,000 18.9 (17.2/19.4) 5.2 (4.1/5.6) 13.7 (13.1/13.8) 2.11 (1.77/2.22)
2017 3,009,950 829,770 2,180,180

Fertility

Total Fertility Rate (TFR):[20]

Year TFR (Total) TFR (Rural) TFR (Urban)
2018 2.05 2.38 1.68

Total fertility rate by divisions
Division TFR (total fertility rate) Crude birth rate Death rate
Mymensingh 2.44 19.5 4.9
Barishal 2.34 18.2 5.4
Chittagong 2.09 18.9 4.8
Dhaka 2.17 19.9 5.4
Rajshahi 2.04 17.9 5.3
Rangpur 2.22 19.3 5.1
Sylhet 2.09 19.0 4.9

Fertility Rate (The Demographic Health Survey)

[21] Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and CBR (Crude Birth Rate):

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1993-1994 29.1 3.44 (2.1) 25.3 2.69 (1.7) 29.5 3.54 (2.2)
1996-1997 29.4 3.27 (2.1) 22.6 2.10 (1.5) 30.2 3.43 (2.2)
1999-2000 30.2 3.31 (2.2) 25.3 2.45 (1.7) 31.3 3.54 (2.4)
2001 28.4 3.22 26.0 2.69 28.9 3.36
2004 28.7 3.0 (2.0) 25.8 2.5 (1.6) 29.5 3.2 (2.1)
2007 26.1 2.7 (1.9) 24.7 2.4 (1.7) 26.5 2.8 (1.9)
2011 22.6 2.3 (1.6) 20.6 2.0 (1.5) 23.3 2.5 (1.6)
2014 22.2 2.3 (1.6) 20.8 2.0 (1.5) 22.8 2.4 (1.7)
2017-18 21.9 2.3 21.1 2.0 22.3 2.3

Health

Life expectancy at birth
Total population: 72.7 years (2018)[22]
Male: 71.1 years
Female: 74.4 years
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 40.7 1985–1990 57.0
1955–1960 44.2 1990–1995 60.0
1960–1965 47.2 1995–2000 63.7
1965–1970 49.3 2000–2005 66.7
1970–1975 46.3 2005–2010 69.1
1975–1980 52.2 2010–2015 71.2
1980–1985 54.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects[23]

HIV/AIDS
Prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (adults, 102nd in world, 2001 est.); 0.01% (2014 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 12,000 (85th in world, 2007 est.)
Deaths: fewer than 500 (87th in world, 2007 est.); about 700 (2014 est.).

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
Water contact disease: leptospirosis
Animal contact disease: rabies (2005)

Ethnic groups
Ethnic groups in Bangladesh[24]
Bengali
 
 98.0%
Ethnic minorities
 
 1.1%
Uncertain
 
 0.9%

The vast majority (about 98.5%) of Bangladeshis are of the Bengali ethno-linguistic group. This group also spans the neighboring Indian province of West Bengal. Minority ethnic groups include Meitei, Tripura, Marma, Tanchangya, Barua, Khasi, Santhals, Chakma, Rakhin people, Garo, Biharis, Oraons, Mundas and Rohingyas.

Communities of Persian and Iranic peoples mainly reside in the city of Chittagong and are the descendants of migrants that immigrated during the Pakistani dominion over Bangladesh, and also from the British Partition of 1947. Some are descendants of the Persian settlers during the medieval era of the Bengal Sultanate, most Iranic peoples living in Chittagong are either mainly or fully integrated into Bengali society, and have even influenced the Chittagonian language as a whole.[25][26][27]

Biharis are Urdu-speaking, non-Bengalis who emigrated from the state of Bihar and other parts of northern India during the 1947 partition. They are concentrated in the Dhaka and Rangpur areas and number some 300,000.[28][29] In the 1971 independence war many of them sided with Pakistan, as they stood to lose their positions in the upper levels of society.[30] Hundreds of thousands went to Pakistan and those that remained were interned in refugee camps. Their population declined from about 1 million in 1971 to 600,000 in the late 1980s.[30] Refugees International has called them a "neglected and stateless" people as they are denied citizenship by the governments of Bangladesh and Pakistan.[31] As nearly 40 years has passed, two generations of Biharis have been born in these camps. Biharis were granted Bangladeshi citizenship and voting rights in 2008.[32]

Bangladesh's tribal population was enumerated at 897,828 in the 1981 census.[30] These tribes are concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and around Mymensingh, Sylhet, and Rajshahi. They are of Sino-Tibetan descent and differ markedly in their social customs, religion, language and level of development. They speak Tibeto-Burman languages and most are Buddhist or Hindu.[30] The four largest tribes are Chakmas, Marmas, Tipperas, Tanchangya, and Mros. Smaller groups include the Santals in Rajshahi and Dinajpur, and Khasis, Garos, and Khajons in Mymensingh and Sylhet regions.[30]

There are small communities of Meitei people in the Sylhet district, which is close to the Meitei homeland across the border in Manipur, India.

There is a small population of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar near the border in the southeast. There are 28,000 living in two UN refugee camps in Cox's Bazar as well as some 200,000 "unregistered people of concern" living outside of the camps.[33] The refugee crisis originated in the early 1990s when the first wave numbering some 250,000 of the predominantly Muslim ethnic group fled persecution from their home in Rakhaine—Myanmar's western-most state. Bangladesh seeks to repatriate the refugees back to Myanmar.[34]

Language
Languages of Bangladesh (2011)[24]
Bangla
 
 98.8%
Other
 
 1.2%
Main article: Languages of Bangladesh

Religion
See also: Islam in Bangladesh, Hinduism in Bangladesh, Buddhism in Bangladesh, and Christianity in Bangladesh
Population trends for major religious groups in Bangladesh (1951–2011)
Religious
group		 Population
% 1951.[36]		 Population
% 1961[36]		 Population
% 1974[36]		 Population
% 1981[36]		 Population
% 1991[36]		 Population
% 2001[37]		 Population
% 2011[38]
Islam 78.9 %80.4 %85.4 %86.6 %88.3 %89.7%90.39
Hinduism 22 %18.5%13.5%12.1 %10.5 %9.2%8.3%
Buddhism 0.7 %0.7 %0.6 %0.6 %0.6 %0.7 %0.6%
Christianity 0.3 %0.3 %0.2 %0.3 %0.3 %0.3%0.4%
Other religions/No religion 0.1 %0.1 %0.2 %0.3 %0.3 %0.1%0.1%

Genetics

Bangladesh has the world's highest frequency of the M form of mitochondrial DNA. This genetic variant spans many continents, and is the single most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia.[39] In Bangladesh it represents about 83% of maternal lineages.[40]

Education
Literacy rates in Bangladesh districts

Bangladesh has a literacy rate of 72.9 percent as of 2018. 75.7 percent for males and 70.09 percent for females.

Migrants

According to the United Nations, there were 1,500,921 international migrants in Bangladesh in 2017.

Their most common countries of origin were as follows:

International migrants in Bangladesh in 2017
 Myanmar239,742
 Malaysia208,406
 China166,646
 Indonesia156,500
 Laos90,253
 United States47,103
   Nepal39,988
 India35,250
 Great Britain34,266
 Bahrain30,877
 Vietnam28,176
 Cambodia20,109
Source: United Nations "Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.

At the same time, the United Nations also enumerated the Bangladesh diaspora as 4,499,919 persons.

The most common countries where Bangladeshi migrants are located were as follows:

International migrants from Bangladesh in 2017
 Saudi Arabia1,377,072
 United Arab Emirates1,044,505
 Kuwait381,669
 Malaysia365,600
 Oman276,518
 Great Britain228,353
 United States279,021
 Qatar183,386
 Italy100,743
 Singapore83,279
 Bahrain80,457
 Canada65,698
 Australia48,888
 Maldives38,620
Source: United Nations "Migrant Stock by Origin and Destination" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2019.
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See also

References
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  34. "Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh refuse repatriation". AFP. 30 December 2009.
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  40. Mait Metspalu et al., Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. BMC Genetics, 2004
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