Architecture of Taiwan

The architecture of Taiwan can be traced back to stilt housing of the aborigines in prehistoric times; to the building of fortresses and churches in the north and south used to colonize and convert the inhabitants during the Dutch and Spanish period; the Tungning period when Taiwan was a base of anti-Qing sentiment and Minnan-style architecture was introduced; in Qing dynasty period, a mix of Chinese and Western architecture appeared and artillery battery flourished during Qing's Self-Strengthening Movement; During the Japanese rule of Taiwan, the Minnan, Japanese and Western culture were main influencers in architectural designs and saw the introduction and use of reinforced concrete. Due to excessive Westernization as a colony, after the retrocession of Taiwan to the Republic of China in 1945 from Japan at the end of World War II, Chinese classical style became popular and entered into international mainstream as a postmodern design style. Today, Taiwanese architecture has undergone much diversification, every style of architecture can be seen.[1]

Prehistory (-1621)
Main article: Prehistory of Taiwan

The architecture of prehistoric Taiwan saw structures ranging from cave dwellings, stilt housing, to stone masonry. Primarily of Austronesian architecture.[2]

  • An observational painting of a stilt house of one of the plains tribes as depicted in Liu Shi Qi’s Taiwan Panorama Prints (六十七兩采風圖合卷).
  • A stilt house of the Truku tribe.
  • Modern and traditional houses coexisting in present-day Tao tribe settlement on Orchid Island.

Cave Dwelling

Prehistoric man made use of caves for their dwellings and Taiwan's oldest known civilization is the Changbin culture (長濱文化) dating back to over 50,000 years. An example of an archaeological site of a cave dwelling is the Bashian Caves in Changbin Township, Taitung County which is dated from between 5,500 and 30,000 years. The actual cave itself has a height of around ten meters and can accommodate some ten persons.

Stilt Housing
Main article: Stilt house

Spread over the vast prehistoric Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean areas, stilt houses vary greatly. In more recent times, Taiwanese aborigines make use of them for holding church meetings, as places to cool down and to hold ancestral activities. Apart from their cooling effect, stilt houses also have various functions such as avoiding miasma, dampness, flood, and insects and snakes from entering, it is also easier to construct.

Stone Slab Housing
Stone slab house of the Paiwan tribe taken by Japanese anthropologist Ushinosuke Mori prior to 1945.

The Paiwan and Bunun tribes made houses using thatched roofing and made walls from stones, homes of nobles were decorated with elaborate wood carvings. The special characteristics of such houses is that dark colored building materials help conceal the buildings in its environment and the layered use of rocks mimic the scales of the hundred pacer snake that they worship.[3]

Aboriginal Architecture

Chinese and aborigines made use of natural materials for basic construction materials such as straw, wood, bamboo, grass, stone, soil, etc. The types and styles vary depending on the environment, climate, and cultural influences of each tribe. For example, the Amis tribe tend to live in larger communities and planned the layout of their community such as placement of communal homes and a plaza for matters of governance inside, planting a bamboo forest around the outside with camps and guard stations to defend against foreign aggressors.[4] The Atayal and Saisiyat tribes made their homes out of wood and bamboo while the Tao tribe who live further away on Orchid Island and faced strong changes in seasonal weather such as typhoons, developed houses that made use of digging vertically into the ground to strengthen their foundations.[5]

Dutch and Spanish settlement (1624–1662)
Main articles: Castle and Fortress
  • Fort Zeelandia was built by the Dutch in 1624 and is now known as Anping Fort.
  • Fort Provintia was a bastion structure, the remains of which are now known as Chihkan Tower.
  • Taioan Street (大員市街) was built by the Dutch and is now the present day Yanping Street (延平街) in Anping District, Tainan.
  • Fort San Domingo was built by the Spanish in 1628 and after their defeat was rebuilt by the Dutch. It is known as Âng-mn̂g-siâⁿ (Red-haired Fort) after the Dutch people.

The 16th century was a time of Western naval navigation, exploration and trade and also the shifting of power from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. Most of the architecture in Taiwan from this period were dominated by fortresses, primarily the Dutch Fengguiwei Fort, Fort Zeelandia, Fort Provintia in the south and the Spanish Fort San Domingo to the north. The Dutch used red bricks in construction while the Spanish used stone. Both sides made use of ports and constructed fortresses to consolidate their power on the island. The fortresses were square shaped with an additional side for the installment of artillery. This period saw Taiwan architecture enter the peak of Western colonization. Such structures from this period represent the first generation of architectural works and is now listed as a world heritage by the Republic of China government.[6]

Kingdom of Tungning (1662–1682)
  • Kaichi Matsu Temple (開基天后宮) in Tainan is one of the earliest temples dedicated to Mazu.
  • Grand Matsu Temple used to be the palace of Prince Ningjing of Southern Ming dynasty.
  • Temple of the Five Concubines (1683), extended in 1746.
  • Taiwan Confucian Temple, Tainan (1665)
  • Kaiyuan Temple (開元寺), Tainan (1680)
  • Fahua Temple (法華寺) was the former residence known as the Dream Butterfly Garden (夢蝶園 Mengdieyuan) of Li Maochun (李茂春)
  • Arctic Palace (北極殿), Tainan (1661)

Qing Dynasty (1683–1895)
Minnan architecture
兩廣、潮汕建築
  • Liangguanghui Hall (兩廣會館), Tainan
  • Three Mountain Kings Temple (三山國王廟), Tainan
Hakka architecture
  • New Fanjiang Ancestral Hall (新屋范姜祖堂), Taoyuan
  • Liudui Martyr's Shrine (六堆忠義祠), Pingtung
  • Beipu Citian Temple, Hsinchu
  • Hukou Sanyuan Temple (湖口三元宮), Hsinchu
  • Shoushanyan Guanyin Temple (壽山巖觀音寺), Taoyuan
  • Beipu Tianshui Temple (北埔天水堂), Hsinchu
  • Meinong East Gate Tower, Kaohsiung
Western-style architecture

Period of Japanese rule (1896–1945)
Western-style Architecture
Chinese architecture
  • New State (Tamsui Theater), Twatutia, Taipei.
Japanese architecture

Republic of China (1946–present)
Chinese Cultural Renaissance
Newly built traditional Chinese architecture
  • Taiwan Lai Family Ancestral Hall, Taichung
  • Wuqi Zhenwu Temple, Taichung (1849)
  • Taichung Le Cheng Matsu Temple, Taichung (1790)
  • Wan He Temple, Taichung (1684)
  • Taichung Folklore Park, Taichung
  • Wu Chang Temple, Nantou County (1903, rebuilt 2010)
  • Nan Kun Shen Dai Tian Temple, Tainan (1662)
Modern Architecture
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See also

References
  1. "{{in lang|zh}} History of Taiwanese architecture". Archived from the original on 2016-10-04. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  2. "Pre-historic Taiwanese architecture, National Chiayi University - Dead link" (PDF) (in Chinese). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-09. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  3. (in Chinese) Kungdavane - Dead link
  4. "Building structures of the Amis tribe, Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  5. "Housing layout of the Yami (Tao) tribe, Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
  6. "Origins of Tamsui's Fort Zeelandia" (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2017-04-25.
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