Demographics of Mexico

Most populated municipalities
	Municipality of Guadalajara
Ecatepec de Morelos	1,688,258
Guadalajara	1,600,940
Puebla	1,485,941
Tijuana	1,410,700
León	1.325.210
Juárez	1,313,338

Demographics of Mexico
	Population of Mexico, 1961–2003
Population	ca. 123 million
Growth rate	1.9% (2015)[1]
Birth rate	18.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Death rate	5.8 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
Life expectancy	76.66 years
• male	73.84 years
• female	79.63 years (2012 est.)
Fertility rate	2.4 children born/woman (2018) [1]
Infant mortality rate	16.77 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate	-1.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)[2]
Age structure
0–14 years	27.8% (male 16,329,415/ female 15,648,127)
15–64 years	65.5% (male 36,385,426/ female 38,880,768)
65 and over	6.7% (male 3,459,939/ female 4,271,731) (2012 est.)
Sex ratio
Total	0.96 male(s)/female (2011 est.)
At birth	1.04 male(s)/female
Under 15	1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years	0.94 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.81 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	Mexican
Language
Spoken	Spanish, Zapotec, Nahuatl, Arabic, Mixtec, Purépecha, English, Tzeltal, German, French, Chinese, Italian and many others are also spoken varying by region

With a population of about 126 million in 2019,[3] Mexico is the 10th most populated country in the world. It is the most populous Spanish-speaking country and the third-most populous in the Americas after the United States and Brazil.[4] Throughout most of the twentieth century Mexico's population was characterized by rapid growth. Although this tendency has been reversed and average annual population growth over the last five years was less than 1%, the demographic transition is still in progress, and Mexico still has a large cohort of youths. The most populous city in the country is the capital, Mexico City, with a population of 8.9 million (2016), and its metropolitan area is also the most populated with 20.1 million (2010). Approximately 50% of the population lives in one of the 55 large metropolitan areas in the country. In total, about 78.84% of the population of the country lives in urban areas, meaning that only 21.16% live in rural areas.

The Census Inegi in Mexico is the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). The National Population Council (CONAPO), is an institution under the Secretary of the Interior in charge of the analysis and research of population dynamics. The National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (CDI), also undertakes research and analysis of the sociodemographic and linguistic indicators of the indigenous peoples

Demographic dynamics

Population growth

Mexican states by population density

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1865	8,259,080[5]	—
1910	15,160,369	+83.6%
1921	14,334,780	−5.4%
1930	16,552,722	+15.5%
1940	19,653,552	+18.7%
1950	25,791,017	+31.2%
1960	34,923,129	+35.4%
1970	48,225,238	+38.1%
1980	66,846,833	+38.6%
1990	81,249,645	+21.5%
2000	97,483,412	+20.0%
2010	113,580,528	+16.5%
2018	123,982,528	+9.2%
Source: INEGI

In 1900, the Mexican population was 13.6 million.[6] During the period of economic prosperity that was dubbed by economists as the "Mexican Miracle", the government invested in efficient social programs that reduced the infant mortality rate and increased life expectancy. These measures jointly led to an intense demographic increase between 1930 and 1980. The population's annual growth rate has been reduced from a 3.5% peak in 1965 to 0.99% in 2005. While Mexico is now transitioning to the third phase of demographic transition, close to 50% of the population in 2009 was 25 years old or younger.[7] Fertility rates have also decreased from 5.7 children per woman in 1976 to 2.2 in 2006.[8]

Woman from Mexico.

The average annual population growth rate of Mexico City was the first in the country at 0.2%. The state with the lowest population growth rate over the same period was Michoacán (-0.1%), whereas the states with the highest population growth rates were Quintana Roo (4.7%) and Baja California Sur (3.4%),[9] both of which are two of the least populous states and the last to be admitted to the Union in the 1970s. The average annual net migration rate of Mexico City over the same period was negative and the lowest of all political divisions of Mexico, whereas the states with the highest net migration rate were Quintana Roo (2.7), Baja California (1.8) and Baja California Sur (1.6).[10] While the national annual growth rate was still positive (1.0%) in the early years of the 2000s, the national net migration rate was negative (-4.75/1000 inhabitants), given the former strong flow of immigrants to the United States; an estimated 5.3 million undocumented Mexican immigrants lived in the United States in 2004[11] and 18.2 million American citizens in the 2000 Census declared having Mexican ancestry.[12] However, as of recent years in the 2010s, the net migration rate reached 0, given the strong economy of Mexico, changes in US Immigration Policy & Enforcement, US Legislative and CFR-8 decisions, plus the (then) slowly recovering US economy, causing many of its former residents to return. The Mexican government projects[13] that the Mexican population will grow to about 123 million by 2042 and then start declining slowly. Assumptions underlying this projection include fertility stabilizing at 1.85 children per woman and continued high net emigration (slowly decreasing from 583,000 in 2005 to 393,000 in 2050).

The states and Mexico City that make up the Mexican federation are collectively called "federal entities". The five most populous federal entities in 2005 were the State of Mexico (14.4 million), Mexico City (8.7 million), Veracruz (7.1 million), Jalisco (6.7 million) and Puebla (5.4 million), which collectively contain 40.7% of the national population. Mexico City, being coextensive with the Mexico City, is the most populous city in the country, while Greater Mexico City, that includes the adjacent municipalities that comprise a metropolitan area, is estimated to be the second most populous in the world (after Tokyo), according to the UN Urbanization Report.

Intense population growth in the northern states, especially along the US-Mexican border, changed the country's demographic profile in the second half of the 20th century, as the 1967 US-Mexico maquiladora agreement through which all products manufactured in the border cities could be imported duty-free to the US. Since the adoption of NAFTA in 1994, however, which allows all products to be imported duty-free regardless of their place of origin within Mexico, the non-border maquiladora share of exports has increased while that of border cities has decreased,.[14] This has led to decentralization and rapid economic growth in Mexican states (and cities), such as Quintana Roo (Cancun), Baja California Sur (La Paz), Nuevo Leon (Monterrey), Querétaro, and Aguascalientes. The population of each of these five states grew by more than one-third from 2000-2015, while the whole of Mexico grew by 22.6% in this period.

UN estimates

Mexico's population pyramid (2017)

According to the 2012 revision of the World Population Prospects, the total population was 117,886,000 in 2010, compared to only 28,296,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 30%, 64% of the population was between 15 and 65 years of age, and 6% was 65 years or older.[15]

	Total population (x 1000)	Proportion aged 0–14 (%)	Proportion aged 15–64 (%)	Proportion aged 65+ (%)
1950	28 296	42.5	54.1	3.5
1955	33 401	44.5	52.2	3.3
1960	38 677	45.9	50.8	3.4
1965	45 339	46.8	49.6	3.5
1970	52 988	46.6	49.7	3.7
1975	61 708	46.2	50.1	3.7
1980	70 353	44.7	51.5	3.8
1985	77 859	42.1	53.9	3.9
1990	86 077	38.5	57.2	4.3
1995	95 393	35.9	59.6	4.5
2000	103 874	34.1	61.0	4.9
2005	110 732	32.3	62.4	5.3
2010	117 886	30.0	64.0	6.0
2015	127 017	27.6	65.9	6.5
2020	134 837	25.6	66.9	7.6

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (12.06.2010) (Census):[16]

Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0-14	16 498 731	16 017 065	32 515 796	28,94
15-64	34 453 410	37 031 013	71 484 423	63,63
65+	3 202 871	3 736 049	6 938 913	6,18

	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	54 855 231	57 481 307	112 336 538	100
0-4	5 346 943	5 181 379	10 528 322	9.37
5-9	5 604 175	5 443 362	11 047 537	9.83
10-14	5 547 613	5 392 324	10 939 937	9.78
15-19	5 520 121	5 505 991	11 026 112	9.82
20-24	4 813 204	5 079 067	9 892 271	8.81
25-29	4 205 975	4 582 202	8 788 177	7.82
30-34	4 026 031	4 444 767	8 470 798	7.54
35-39	3 964 738	4 328 249	8 292 987	7.38
40-44	3 350 322	3 658 904	7 009 226	6.24
45-49	2 824 364	3 104 366	5 928 730	5.28
50-54	2 402 451	2 661 840	5 064 291	4.51
55-59	1 869 537	2 025 828	3 895 365	3.47
60-64	1 476 667	1 639 799	3 116 466	2.77
65-69	1 095 273	1 221 992	2 317 265	2.06
70-74	873 893	1 000 041	1 873 934	1.67
75-79	579 689	665 794	1 245 483	1.11
80-84	355 277	443 659	798 936	0.71
85-89	197 461	256 703	454 164	0.40
90-94	68 130	96 794	164 924	0.15
95-99	25 920	39 812	65 732	0.06
100+	7 228	11 247	18 475	0.02
unknown	700 219	697 187	1 397 406	1.24

Vital statistics

Registered births and deaths

Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI)[17][18]

	Average population[19]	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	TFR
1936		786,388
1937		820,469
1938		822,586			43.5
1939		857,951			44.6
1940	19,763,000	875,471			44.3
1941	20,208,000	878,935			43.5
1942	20,657,000	940,067			45.5
1943	21,165,000	963,317			45.5
1944	21,674,000	958,119			44.2
1945	22,233,000	999,093			44.9
1946	22,779,000	994,838	442,935	551,903	43.7	19.4	24.3
1947	23,440,000	1,079,816	390,087	689,729	46.1	16.6	29.5
1948	24,129,000	1,090,867	407,708	683,159	44.7	16.9	27.8
1949	24,833,000	1,109,446	438,970	670,476	46.0	17.7	28.3
1950	28,296,000	1,174,947	418,430	756,517	41.5	14.8	26.7
1951	29,110,000	1,183,788	458,238	725,550	40.7	15.7	24.9
1952	29,980,000	1,195,209	408,823	786,386	39.9	13.6	26.2
1953	30,904,000	1,261,775	446,127	815,648	40.8	14.4	26.4
1954	31,880,000	1,339,837	378,752	961,085	42.0	11.9	30.1
1955	32,906,000	1,377,917	407,522	970,395	41.9	12.4	29.5
1956	33,978,000	1,427,722	368,740	1,058,982	42.0	10.9	31.2
1957	35,095,000	1,485,202	414,545	1,070,657	42.3	11.8	30.5
1958	36,253,000	1,447,578	404,529	1,043,049	39.9	11.2	28.8
1959	37,448,000	1,589,606	396,924	1,192,682	42.4	10.6	31.8
1960	38,677,000	1,608,174	402,545	1,205,629	41.6	10.4	31.2
1961	39,939,000	1,647,006	388,857	1,258,149	41.2	9.7	31.5
1962	41,234,000	1,705,481	403,046	1,302,435	41.4	9.8	31.6
1963	42,564,000	1,756,624	412,834	1,343,790	41.3	9.7	31.6
1964	43,931,000	1,849,408	408,275	1,441,133	42.1	9.3	32.8
1965	45,339,000	1,888,171	404,163	1,484,008	41.6	8.9	32.7
1966	46,784,000	1,954,340	424,141	1,530,199	41.8	9.1	32.7
1967	48 264 000	1,981,363	420,298	1,561,065	41.1	8.7	32.3
1968	49,788,000	2,058,251	452,910	1,605,341	41.3	9.1	32.2
1969	51,361,000	2,037,561	458,886	1,578,675	39.7	8.9	30.7
1970	52,988,000	2,132,630	485,656	1,646,974	40.2	9.2	31.1
1971	54,669,000	2,231,399	458,323	1,773,076	40.8	8.4	32.4
1972	56,396,000	2,346,002	476,206	1,869,796	41.6	8.4	33.2
1973	58,156,000	2,572,287	458,915	2,113,372	44.2	7.9	36.3
1974	59,931,000	2,522,580	433,104	2,089,476	42.1	7.2	34.9
1975	61,708,000	2,254,497	435,888	1,818,609	36.5	7.1	29.5
1976	63,486,000	2,366,305	455,660	1,910,645	37.3	7.2	30.1	5.7
1977	65,261,000	2,379,327	450,454	1,928,873	36.5	6.9	29.6
1978	67,013,000	2,346,862	418,381	1,928,481	35.0	6.2	28.8
1979	68,715,000	2,274,267	428,217	1,846,050	33.1	6.2	26.9
1980	70,353,000	2,446,238	434,465	2,011,773	34.8	6.2	28.6
1981	71,916,000	2,530,662	424,274	2,106,388	35.2	5.9	29.3	4.4
1982	73,416,000	2,392,849	412,345	1,980,504	32.6	5.6	27.0
1983	74,880,000	2,609,088	413,403	2,195,685	34.8	5.5	29.3
1984	76,351,000	2,511,894	410,550	2,101,344	32.9	5.4	27.5
1985	77,859,000	2,655,671	414,003	2,241,668	34.1	5.3	28.8
1986	79,410,000	2,577,045	400,079	2,176,966	32.5	5.0	27.4
1987	80,999,000	2,794,390	400,280	2,394,110	34.5	4.9	29.6	3.8
1988	82,635,000	2,622,031	412,987	2,209,044	31.7	5.0	26.7
1989	84,327,000	2,620,262	423,304	2,196,958	31.1	5.0	26.1
1990	86,077,000	2,735,312	422,803	2,312,509	31.8	4.9	26.9	3.38
1991	87,890,000	2,756,447	411,131	2,345,316	31.4	4.7	26.7	3.28
1992	89,758,000	2,797,397	409,814	2,387,583	31.2	4.6	26.6	3.20
1993	91,654,000	2,839,686	416,335	2,423,351	31.0	4.5	26.4	3.12
1994	93,542,000	2,904,389	419,074	2,485,315	31.0	4.5	26.6	3.04
1995	95,393,000	2,750,444	430,278	2,320,166	28.8	4.5	24.3	2.97
1996	97,202,000	2,707,718	436,321	2,271,397	27.9	4.5	23.4	2.90
1997	98,969,000	2,698,425	440,437	2,257,988	27.3	4.5	22.8	2.83
1998	100,679,000	2,668,429	444,665	2,223,764	26.5	4.4	22.1	2.77
1999	102,317,000	2,769,089	443,950	2,325,139	27.1	4.3	22.7	2.71
2000	103,874,000	2,798,339	437,667	2,360,672	26.9	4.2	22.7	2.66
2001	105,340,000	2,767,610	443,127	2,324,483	26.3	4.2	22.1	2.61
2002	106,724,000	2,699,084	459,687	2,239,397	25.3	4.3	21.0	2.56
2003	108,056,000	2,655,894	472,140	2,183,754	24.6	4.4	20.2	2.52
2004	109,382,000	2,625,056	473,417	2,151,639	24.0	4.3	19.7	2.48
2005	110,732,000	2,567,906	495,240	2,072,666	23.2	4.5	18.7	2.45
2006	112,117,000	2,505,939	494,471	2,011,468	22.4	4.4	17.9	2.41
2007	113 530 000	2,655,083	514,420	2,140,663	23.4	4.5	18.9	2.38
2008	114,968,000	2,636,110	539,530	2,096,580	22.9	4.7	18.2	2.35
2009	116,423,000	2,577,214	564,673	2,012,541	22.1	4.9	17.3	2.31
2010	114,255,000	2,643,908	592,018	2,051,890	23.1	5.2	17.9	2.28
2011	115,683,000	2,586,287	590,693	1,995,594	22.3	5.1	17.2	2.25
2012	117,054,000	2,498,880	602,354	1,896,526	21.3	5.1	16.2	2.27
2013	118,395,000	2,478,889	623,599	1,855,290	20.9	5.3	15.6	2.24
2014	119,713,000	2,463,420	633,641	1,829,779	20.5	5.3	15.2	2.22
2015	121,005,000	2,353,596	655,694	1,697,902	19.4	5.4	14.0	2.13
2016	122,298,000	2,293,708	685,763	1,607,945	18.8	5.6	13.2	2.08
2017	123,415,000	2,234,039	703,047	1,530,992	18.1	5.8	12.3	1.97
2018	124,738,000	2,162,535	722,611	1,439,924	17.3	5.8	11.5

Estimates

New Spain in 1819, with the boundaries established by the Adams-Onís Treaty.

The following estimates were prepared by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía:

	Crude birth rate (per 1000)[20]	Crude death rate (per 1000)[21]	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate[22]
1976				5.7
1981				4.4
1987				3.8
1990	27.9	5.6	22.3	3.4
1991	27.5	5.5	22.0	3.3
1992	27.1	5.4	21.7	3.2
1993	26.8	5.3	21.5	3.1
1994	26.3	5.2	21.1	3.0
1995	25.9	5.2	20.7	3.0
1996	25.4	5.1	20.3	2.9
1997	24.8	5.1	19.7	2.8
1998	24.3	5.1	19.2	2.8
1999	23.9	5.1	18.8	2.7
2000	23.4	5.1	18.3	2.6
2001	23.0	5.1	17.9	2.6
2002	22.6	5.1	17.5	2.6
2003	22.2	5.2	17.0	2.5
2004	21.8	5.2	16.6	2.5
2005	21.5	5.2	16.3	2.5
2006	21.1	5.3	15.8	2.4
2007	20.8	5.3	15.5	2.4
2008	20.4	5.4	15.0	2.3
2009	20.1	5.5	14.6	2.3
2010	19.7	5.6	14.1	2.3
2011	19.4	5.6	13.8	2.3
2012	19.2	5.7	13.5	2.2
2013	19.0	5.7	13.3	2.2
2014	18.7	5.7	13.0	2.2
2015	18.5	5.7	12.8	2.2
2016	18.3	5.8	12.5	2.2

Life expectancy from 1893 to 1950

Life expectancy in Mexico from 1893 to 1950. Source: Our World In Data

Years	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910[23]
Life expectancy in Mexico	23.3	26.6	29.5	28.8	26.2	27.0	25.0	25.0	26.7	28.4	28.7	29.1	26.8	27.8	28.0	28.7	29.2	28.0

Years	1920	1922	1923	1924	1925	1926	1927	1928	1929	1930[23]
Life expectancy in Mexico	34.0	32.6	33.5	32.8	32.1	34.2	40.3	34.5	35.4	34.0

Years	1931	1932	1933	1934	1935	1936	1937	1938	1939	1940[23]
Life expectancy in Mexico	37.7	38.4	37.3	38.2	40.4	38.3	36.8	39.4	45.5	39.0

Years	1941	1942	1943	1944	1945	1946	1947	1948	1949	1950[23]
Life expectancy in Mexico	42.6	39.8	42.8	43.2	44.2	44.8	46.3	48.3	45.8	50.7

UN estimates

The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [15]

Period	Live births per year	Deaths per year	Natural change per year	CBR*	CDR*	NC*	TFR*	IMR*	Life expectancy total	Life expectancy males	Life expectancy females
1950–1955	1 469 000	509 000	959 000	48.3	16.7	31.6	6.75	121	50.7	48.9	52.5
1955–1960	1 675 000	483 000	1 193 000	46.6	13.5	33.1	6.78	102	55.3	53.3	57.3
1960–1965	1 878 000	481 000	1 397 000	44.6	11.5	33.1	6.75	88	58.5	56.4	60.6
1965–1970	2 147 000	510 000	1 637 000	43.6	10.4	33.2	6.75	80	60.3	58.2	62.5
1970–1975	2 434 000	521 000	1 913 000	43.7	9.2	34.5	6.71	69	62.6	60.1	65.2
1975–1980	2 406 000	490 000	1 916 000	37.2	7.5	29.7	5.40	57	65.3	62.2	68.6
1980–1985	2 352 000	470 000	1 882 000	32.3	6.3	26.0	4.37	47	67.7	64.4	71.2
1985–1990	2 385 000	466 000	1 919 000	29.7	5.7	24.0	3.75	40	69.8	66.8	73.0
1990–1995	2 493 000	470 000	2 022 000	27.4	5.2	22.3	3.23	33	71.8	69.0	74.6
1995–2000	2 535 000	471 000	2 064 000	25.2	4.8	20.5	2.85	28	73.7	71.3	76.1
2000–2005	2 449 000	492 000	1 958 000	23.0	4.6	18.4	2.61	21	75.0	72.4	77.4
2005–2010	2 355 000	513 000	1 841 000	20.7	4.6	16.1	2.40	17	76.3	73.7	78.6
2010–2015	2 353 000	579 000	1 774 000	19.4	4.8	14.6	2.29
2015–2020	2 291 000	635 000	1 656 000	17.6	4.9	12.7	2.14
2020–2025	2 206 000	699 000	1 507 000	16.0	5.1	11.0	2.00
2025–2030	2 105 000	773 000	1 332 000	14.6	5.4	9.2	1.89
2030–2035	2 014 000	860 000	1 154 000	13.4	5.7	7.7	1.81
2035–2040	1 936 000	960 000	976 000	12.5	6.2	6.3	1.76
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

International migration

Immigration to Mexico

Niños de Santa Rosa (Children of Santa Rosa), children from Poland, orphan because World War II.

Aside from the original Spanish colonists, many Europeans immigrated to Mexico in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Non-Spanish immigrant groups included British, Irish, Italian, German, French and Dutch.[24] Large numbers of Middle Eastern immigrants arrived in Mexico during the same period, mostly from Syria and Lebanon.[25] Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese, some via the United States, settled in northern Mexico, whereas Koreans settled in central Mexico.[26]

Thousands of Guatemalan indigenous people and farmers fled to the camps of Chiapas, Tabasco and Campeche during the Guatemalan Civil War.

During the 1970s and 1980s Mexico opened its doors to immigrants from Latin America, mainly political refugees from Chile, Cuba, Peru, Colombia and Central America. The PRI governments, in power for most of the 20th century, had a policy of granting asylum to fellow Latin Americans fleeing political persecution in their home countries. A second wave of immigrants has come to Mexico as a result of the economic crises experienced by some countries in the region. The Argentine community is quite significant estimated to be somewhere between 11,000 and 30,000.[27][28]

Due to the 2008 Financial Crisis and the resulting economic decline and high unemployment in Spain, many Spaniards have been emigrating to Mexico to seek new opportunities.[29] For example, during the last quarter of 2012, a number of 7,630 work permits were granted to Spaniards.[30]

Mexico is also the country where the largest number of American citizens live abroad, with Mexico City playing host to the largest number of American citizens abroad in the world. The American Citizens Abroad Association estimated in 1999 that a little more than one million Americans live in Mexico (which represent 1% of the population in Mexico and 25% of all American citizens living abroad).[31] This immigration phenomenon could well be explained by the interaction of both countries under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but also by the fact that Mexico has become a popular destination for retirees, especially the small towns: just in the State of Guanajuato, in San Miguel de Allende and its surroundings, 10,000 Americans have their residence.[32]

Discrepancies between the figures of official legal aliens and all foreign-born residents is quite large. The official figure for foreign-born residents in Mexico in 2000 was 493,000,[33] with a majority (86.9%) of these born in the United States (except Chiapas, where the majority of immigrants are from Central America). The six states with the most immigrants are Baja California (12.1% of total immigrants), Mexico City (11.4%), Jalisco (9.9%), Chihuahua (9%) and Tamaulipas (7.3%).[33]

Emigration from Mexico

Trend of Mexican migration to the United States. Here the term immigrant refers to those who were not born in the U.S. but are now currently residing in the U.S. This can include naturalized U.S. citizens, legal permanent residents, employees and students on visas, and the undocumented.[34]

The national net migration rate of Mexico is negative, estimated at -1.8 migrants per 1,000 population as of 2017.[35] The great majority of Mexican emigrants have moved to the United States of America. This migration phenomenon is not new, but it has been a defining feature in the relationship of both countries for most of the twentieth century.[36] During World Wars I and II, the United States government approved the recruitment of Mexican workers in their territory, and tolerated unauthorized migration in order to obtain additional farm- and industrial-workers to fill the necessary spots vacated by the population in war, and to supply the increase in the demand for labor. Nonetheless, the United States unilaterally ended the wartime programs - in part as a result of arguments from labor and from civil-rights groups.[37]

Raffi Torres while playing for the Edmonton Oilers. Torres was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to Juan and Anna Torres. His father emigrated from Mexico City with his family in the early 1970s.

In spite of that, emigration of Mexicans continued throughout the rest of the 20th century at varying rates. It grew significantly during the 1990s and continued to do so in the first years of the 2000s. In fact, it has been estimated that 37% of all Mexican immigrants to the United States in the 20th century arrived during the 1990s.[36] In 2000 approximately 20 million American residents identified themselves as either Mexican, Mexican-Americans or of Mexican origin, making "Mexican" the sixth-most cited ancestry of all US residents.[38]

In 2000 the INEGI estimated that about eight million Mexican-born people, which then was equivalent to 8.7% of the population of Mexico itself, lived in the United States of America.[39] In that year, the Mexican states sending the greatest numbers of emigrants to the United States were Jalisco (170,793), Michoacán (165,502), and Guanajuato (163,338); the total number of Mexican emigrants to the United States in 2000, both legal and illegal, was estimated at 1,569,157; the great majority of these were men.[40] Approximately 30% of emigrants come from rural communities.[41] In 2000, 260,650 emigrants returned to Mexico.[42] According to the Pew Hispanic Center in 2006, an estimated ten percent of all Mexican citizens lived in the United States.[43] The population of Mexican immigrants residing illegally in the United States fell from around seven million in 2007 to about 6.1 million in 2011.[44] This trajectory has been linked to the economic downturn which started in 2008 and which reduced available jobs, and to the introduction of stricter immigration laws in many States.[45][46][47][48] According to the Pew Hispanic Center the total number of Mexican-born people had stagnated in 2010 and then began to fall.[49]

After the Mexican-American community, Mexican Canadians are the second-largest group of emigrant Mexicans, with a population of over 50,000. A significant but unknown number of mestizos of Mexican descent migrated to the Philippines during the era of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, when the Philippines was a territory under the rule of Mexico city.[50] Mexicans live throughout Latin America as well as in Australia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates.

Emigration list from Mexico[51] Mexican residents in the world by countries
Country	Population	Position	Continent
United States	36,300,000[52]	1	North America
Canada	36,225[53]	2	North America
Spain	15,399[54]	3	Europe
Guatemala	14,481[55]	4	Central America
Bolivia	13,377[56]	5	South America
Germany	8,848[57]	6	Europe
Argentina	6,750[58]	7	South America
United Kingdom	5,125[59]	8	Europe
Australia	4,872[60]	9	Oceania
France	4,601[61]	10	Europe
Israel	4,252[62]	11	Asia
Netherlands	3,758[63]	12	Europe
Italy	3,485[63]	13	Europe
Venezuela	3,075[64]	14	South America
Sweden	2,794[65]	15	Europe
Belize	2,349[66]	16	Central America
Costa Rica	2,327[67]	17	Central America
Panama	2,299[68]	18	Central America
Colombia	2,286[69]	19	South America
Chile	1,874[70]	20	South America
Paraguay	1,778[71]	21	South America
The list includes also temporary residents (1–3 years' stay)

Cities and metropolitan areas

Settlements, cities and municipalities

In 2005 Mexico had 187,938 localidades (lit. "localities" or "settlements"), which are census-designated places, which could be defined as a small town, a large city, or simply as a single unit housing in a rural area whether situated remotely or close to an urban area. A city is defined to be a settlement with more than 2,500 inhabitants. In 2005 there were 2,640 cities with a population between 2,500 and 15,000 inhabitants, 427 with a population between 15,000 and 100,000 inhabitants, 112 with a population between 100,000 and one million, and 11 with a population of more than one million.[72] All cities are considered "urban areas" and represent 76.5% of total population. Settlements with less than 2,500 inhabitants are considered "rural communities" (in fact, more than 80,000 of those settlements have only one or two housing units). Rural population in Mexico is 22.2% of total population.[72]

Municipalities (municipios in Spanish) and boroughs (delegaciones in Spanish) are incorporated places in Mexico, that is, second or third-level political divisions with internal autonomy, legally prescribed limits, powers and functions. In terms of second-level political divisions there are 2,438 municipalities and Mexico and 16 semi-autonomous boroughs (all within the Federal District). A municipality can be constituted by one or more cities one of which is the cabecera municipal (municipal seat). Cities are usually contained within the limits of a single municipality, with a few exceptions in which small areas of one city may extend to other adjacent municipalities without incorporating the city which serves as the municipal seat of the adjacent municipality. Some municipalities or cities within municipalities are further divided into delegaciones or boroughs. However, unlike the boroughs of the Federal District, these are third-level administrative divisions; they have very limited autonomy and no elective representatives.

Municipalities in central Mexico are usually very small in area and thus coextensive with cities (as is the case of Guadalajara, Puebla and León), whereas municipalities in northern and southeastern Mexico are much larger and usually contain more than one city or town that may not necessarily conform a single urban agglomeration (as is the case of Tijuana).

Metropolitan areas

Transnational step of Metropolitan area of San Diego-Tijuana to the northwest of the country.

A metropolitan area in Mexico is defined to be the group of municipalities that heavily interact with each other, usually around a core city.[73] In 2004, a joint effort between CONAPO, INEGI and the Ministry of Social Development (SEDESOL) agreed to define metropolitan areas as either:[73]

the group of two or more municipalities in which a city with a population of at least 50,000 is located whose urban area extends over the limit of the municipality that originally contained the core city incorporating either physically or under its area of direct influence other adjacent predominantly urban municipalities all of which have a high degree of social and economic integration or are relevant for urban politics and administration; or
a single municipality in which a city of a population of at least one million is located and fully contained, (that is, it does not transcend the limits of a single municipality); or
a city with a population of at least 250,000 which forms a conurbation with other cities in the United States of America.

In 2004 there were 55 metropolitan areas in Mexico, in which close to 53% of the country's population lives. The most populous metropolitan area in Mexico is the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, or Greater Mexico City, which in 2005 had a population of 19.23 million, or 19% of the nation's population. The next four largest metropolitan areas in Mexico are Greater Guadalajara (4.1 million), Greater Monterrey (3.7 million), Greater Puebla (2.1 million) and Greater Toluca (1.6 million),[74] whose added population, along with Greater Mexico City, is equivalent to 30% of the nation's population. Greater Mexico City was the fastest growing metropolitan area in the country since the 1930s until the late 1980s. Since then, the country has slowly become economically and demographically less centralized. From 2000 to 2005 the average annual growth rate of Greater Mexico City was the lowest of the five largest metropolitan areas, whereas the fastest growing metropolitan area was Puebla (2.0%) followed by Monterrey (1.9%), Toluca (1.8%) and Guadalajara (1.8%).[74]

Other demographics statistics

The Mexican mestizo population is the most diverse of all the mestizo groups of Latin America, with its mestizos being either largely European or Amerindian rather than having a uniform admixture.[76] Distribution of Admixture Estimates for Individuals from Mexico City and Quetalmahue (indigenous community in Chile).

Regional variation of ancestry according to a study made by Ruiz-Linares in 2014, each dot represents a volunteer, with most coming from south Mexico and Mexico City.[77]

Trivate for ancestry, from the same study as the image above (Ruiz-Linares in 2014).[78]

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.[79]

Ninel Conde Mexican actress.

One birth every 14 seconds
One death every 41 seconds
One net migrant every 9 minutes
Net gain of one person every 23 seconds

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.[80]

Population: 125,959,205 (July 2018 est.)

Demographic statistics according to Mexico's National Institute of Statistics.[81]

Ethnic groups in mexico

21% indigenous mexicans (native american).

25% mestizo (indigenous+european).

47% light skinned-mexican or white-mexicans ("castizo"mostly european or "white"european descendent).

1% asian-mexicans (mostly asian or asian descendent).

5% afro-mexicans (mostly black or black descendent).

1% not classified.

hair color

18% blond hair.

2% red hair.

80% black hair or dark brown.

eye color

28% light-colored eyes.

72% dark- or mixed eyes.

Age structure: 0-14 years: 26.61% (male 17,143,124 /female 16,378,309); 15-24 years: 17.35% (male 11,072,817 /female 10,779,029); 25-54 years: 40.91% (male 24,916,204 /female 26,612,272); 55-64 years: 7.87% (male 4,538,167 /female 5,375,867); 65 years and over: 7.26% (male 4,079,513 /female 5,063,903) (2018 est.)

Median age: total: 28.6 years Country comparison to the world: 135th; male: 27.5 years; female: 29.7 years (2018 est.)

Birth rate: 18.1 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 93rd

Death rate: 5.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 180th

Net migration rate: -1.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 158th

Total fertility rate: 2.22 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 94th

Contraceptive prevalence rate: 66.9% (2015)

Population growth rate: 1.09% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 101st

Mother's mean age at first birth: 21.3 years (2008 est.)

Languages: Spanish only 92.7%, Spanish and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous only 0.8%, unspecified 0.8% (2005); note: indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages

Religions: Roman Catholic 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%, Jehovah's Witness 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%, other 1.9%, none 4.7%, unspecified 2.7% (2010 est.)

Population distribution: most of the population is found in the middle of the country between the states of Jalisco and Veracruz; approximately a quarter of the population lives in and around Mexico City

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 76.3 years; male: 73.5 years; female: 79.2 years (2018 est.)

Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 51.4 (2015 est.); youth dependency ratio: 41.6 (2015 est.); elderly dependency ratio: 9.8 (2015 est.); potential support ratio: 10.2 (2015 est.)

Urbanization: urban population: 80.2% of total population (2018); rate of urbanization: 1.59% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate: 28.9% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 29th

Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 4.2% (2016) Country comparison to the world: 87th

Education expenditures: 5.2% of GDP (2015) Country comparison to the world: 59th

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2016 est.)

total population: 94.9%

male: 95.8%

female: 94% (2016 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education): total: 14 years; male: 14 years; female: 14 years (2016)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24: total: 6.9%. Country comparison to the world: 157th; male: 6.5%; female: 7.6% (2018 est.)

Sex ratio: at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female; 0-14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female; 15-24 years: 1.03 male(s)/female; 25-54 years: 0.94 male(s)/female; 55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female; 65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female; total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Ethnic groups

Mexico is ethnically diverse. The second article of the Mexican Constitution defines the country to be a pluricultural state originally based on its indigenous peoples.

Mestizo

President Porfirio Diaz was of Mestizo descent

A large majority of Mexicans have been classified as "Mestizos", meaning in modern Mexican usage that they identify fully neither with any indigenous culture nor with a Spanish cultural heritage, but rather identify as having cultural traits incorporating elements from both indigenous and Spanish traditions. By the deliberate efforts of post-revolutionary governments the "Mestizo identity" was constructed as the base of the modern Mexican national identity, through a process of cultural synthesis referred to as mestizaje [mestiˈsahe]. Mexican politicians and reformers such as José Vasconcelos and Manuel Gamio were instrumental in building a Mexican national identity upon the concept of mestizaje.[82][83]

Mexican singer Alejandro Fernandez in concert.

Since the Mestizo identity promoted by the government is more of a cultural identity than a biological one it has achieved a strong influence in the country, with a good number of phenotypically white people identifying with it, leading to being considered Mestizos in Mexico's demographic investigations and censuses due the ethnic criteria having its base on cultural traits rather than biological ones.[84] A similar situation occurs regarding the distinctions between Indigenous peoples and Mestizos: while the term Mestizo is sometimes used in English with the meaning of a person with mixed indigenous and European blood, In Mexican society a indigenous person can be considered mestizo.[85] and a person with none or a very low percentage of indigenous genetic heritage would be considered fully indigenous either by speaking an indigenous language or by identifying with a particular indigenous cultural heritage.[86][87][88] In the Yucatán peninsula the word Mestizo has a different meaning, with it being to refer to the Maya-speaking populations living in traditional communities, because during the caste war of the late 19th century those Maya who did not join the rebellion were classified as Mestizos.[89] In Chiapas the word "Ladino" is used instead of mestizo.[90]

Arcelia Ramírez Mexican actress.

Given that the word Mestizo has different meanings in Mexico, estimates of the Mexican Mestizo population vary widely. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, which uses a biology-based approach, between one half and two thirds of the Mexican population is Mestizo.[91] A culture-based estimate gives the percentage of Mestizos as high as 90%.[92]

Eugenio Derbez Mexican actor, comedian and filmmaker.

The use of variated methods and criteria to quantify the number of Mestizos in Mexico is not new: Since several decades ago, many authors have analyzed colonial censuses data and have made different conjectures respecting the ethnic composition of the population of colonial Mexico/New Spain. There are Historians such as Gonzalo Aguirre-Beltrán who claim that practically the totality of New Spain's population, in reality, were Mestizos, using to back up his claims arguments such as that affairs of Spaniards with non-Europeans due the alleged absence of female European immigrants were widespread as well as there being a huge desire of Mestizos to "pass" as Spaniards, this because Spanishness was seen as a symbol of high status.[93][94] Other historians however, point that Aguirre-Beltran numbers tend to have inconsistencies and take too much liberties (it is pointed out that on 1646, when according to historic registers the mestizo population was of 1% he estimates it to be 16.6% already, with this being attributed to him interpreting the data in a way convenient for a historic narrative),[95][96] often omitting data of New Spain's northern and western provinces.[97] His self-made classifications thus, although could be plausible, are not useful for precise statistical analysis.[98] According XXIst century historians, Aguirre Beltran also disregards facts such as the population dynamics of New Spain being different depending of the region at hand (i.e. miscegenation couldn't happen in a significative amount in regions on which the native population was openly hostile until early 20th century, such as most of New Spain's internal provinces, which nowadays are the northern and western regions of Mexico),[96] or that historic accounts made by investigators at the time consistently observed that New Spain's European population was notoriously concerned with preserving their European heritage, with practices such as inviting relatives and friends directly from Spain or favouring Europeans for marriage even if they were from a lower socioeconomic level than them being common.[99][95][96] Newer publications that do cite Aguirre-Beltran's work take those factors into consideration, stating that the Spaniard/Euromestizo/Criollo ethnic label was composed on its majority by descendants of Europeans albeit the category may have included people with some non-European ancestry.[100]

Indigenous peoples

Moctezuma II

Benito Juarez, President of Mexico.

Prior to contact with Europeans the indigenous peoples of Mexico had not had any kind of shared identity.[101] Indigenous identity was constructed by the dominant Euro-Mestizo majority and imposed upon the indigenous people as a negatively defined identity, characterized by the lack of assimilation into modern Mexico. Indigenous identity therefore became socially stigmatizing.[102] Cultural policies in early post-revolutionary Mexico were paternalistic towards the indigenous people, with efforts designed to help indigenous peoples achieve the same level of progress as the rest of society, eventually assimilating indigenous peoples completely to Mestizo Mexican culture, working toward the goal of eventually solving the "Indian problem" by transforming indigenous communities into mestizo communities.[103]

The category of "indigena" (indigenous) in Mexico has been defined based on different criteria through history, this means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied. It can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak an Indigenous language, based on this criteria approximately 5.4% of the population is Indigenous.[104] Nonetheless, activists for the rights of indigenous peoples have referred to the usage of this criteria for census purposes as "statistical genocide"[105][106]
Other surveys made by the Mexican government do count as Indigenous all persons who speak an indigenous language and people who do not speak indigenous languages nor live in indigenous communities but self-identifies as Indigenous.

According to this criteria, the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples (Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas, or CDI in Spanish) and the INEGI (Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography), state that there are 15.7 million indigenous people in Mexico of many different ethnic groups,[107] which constitute 14.9% of the population in the country.[108]
Finally, according to the latest intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government in 2015, Indigenous people make up 21.5% of Mexico's population. In this occasion, people who self-identified as "Indigenous" and people who self-identified as "partially Indigenous" were classified in the "Indigenous" category altogether.[109]

Largest indigenous peoples
Mayas in Chiapas
Group	Number
Nahua peoples (Nawatlaka)	2,445,969
Maya (Maaya)	1,475,575
Zapotec (Binizaa)	777,253
Mixtec (Ñuu sávi)	726,601
Otomí (Hñähñü)	646,875
Totonac (Tachihuiin)	411,266
Source: CDI (2000)

Yalitza Aparicio Mexican actress.

The Mexican constitution not only recognizes the 62 indigenous peoples living in Mexican territory but also grants them autonomy and protects their culture and languages. This protection and autonomy is extended to those Amerindian ethnic groups which have migrated from the United States — like the Cherokees and Kickapoos — and Guatemala during the 19th and 20th centuries. Municipalities in which indigenous peoples are located can keep their normative traditional systems in relation to the election of their municipal authorities. This system is known as Usos y Costumbres, roughly translated as "customs and traditions".

According to official statistics —as reported by the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples or CDI— Amerindians make up 10-14%[110] of the country's population, more than half of them (5.4% of total population) speak an indigenous language and a tenth (1.2% of total population) do not speak Spanish.[111] Official statistics of the CDI[112] report that the states with the greatest percentage of people who speak an Amerindian language or identify as Amerindian are Yucatán (59%), Oaxaca (48%), Quintana Roo (39%), Chiapas (28%), Campeche (27%), Hidalgo (24%), Puebla (19%), Guerrero (17%), San Luis Potosí (15%) and Veracruz (15%). Oaxaca is the state with the greatest number of distinct indigenous peoples and languages in the country.

Mexicans of European descent

Saul Alvarez Mexican professional boxer.

European Mexicans are Mexican citizens of full or majority European descent.[113] Europeans began arriving in Mexico during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and continued immigrating to the country during colonial and independent Mexico. According to 20th and 21st century academics, large scale intermixing between the European immigrants and the native Indigenous peoples would produce a Mestizo group which would become the overwhelming majority of Mexico's population by the time of the Mexican revolution.[114] However, according to church registers from the colonial times, the majority (73%) of Spanish men married with Spanish women. Said registers also put in question other narratives held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants who arrived to Mexico being almost exclusively men or that "pure Spanish" people were all part of a small powerful elite as Spaniards were often the most numerous ethnic group in the colonial cities[115][116](currently on discussion) as there were menial workers and people in poverty who were of complete Spanish origin.[117]

María Inés Guerra TV hostess and singer.

Estimates of Mexico's white population differ greatly in both, methodology and percentages given, extra-official sources such as The World Factbook and Encyclopedia Britannica, which use the 1921 census results as the base of their estimations calculate Mexico's White population as only 9%[118] or between one tenth to one fifth one tenth or one fifth[119] (the results of the 1921 census, however, have been contested by various historians and deemed inaccurate).[120] Surveys that account for phenotypical traits and have performed actual field research suggest rather higher percentages: using the presence of blond hair as reference to classify a Mexican as white, the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculated the percentage of said ethnic group at 23%.[121] With a similar methodology, the American Sociological Association obtained a percentage of 18.8% having its higher frequency on the North region (22.3%–23.9%) followed by the Center region (18.4%–21.3%) and the South region (11.9%).[122]

Alexander Acha Latin Grammy winning Mexican singer-songwriter.

Another study made by the University College London in collaboration with Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History found that the frequencies of blond hair and light eyes in Mexicans are of 18% and 28% respectively,[123] surveys that use as reference skin color such as those made by Mexico's National Council to Prevent Discrimination and Mexico's National Institute of Statistics and Geography reported a percentages of 47% in 2010[124][125][126] and 49% in 2017[127][128] respectively. A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City reported that an average 51.8% of Mexican newborns presented the congenital skin birthmark known as the Mongolian spot.[129] The Mongolian spot appears with a very high frequency (85-95%) in Asian, Native American, and African children.[130] The skin lesion reportedly almost always appears on South American[131] and Mexican children who are racially Mestizos,[132] while having a very low frequency (5–10%) in Caucasian children.[133] According to the Mexican Social Security Institute (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the Mongolian spot.[134]

Mexican actress Natasha Dupeyrón attending an event in Cancún in 2009.

Mexico's northern and western regions have the highest percentages of European population, with the majority of the people not having native admixture or being of predominantly European ancestry, resembling in aspect that of northern Spaniards.[135] In the north and west of Mexico, the indigenous tribes were substantially smaller than those found in central and southern Mexico, and also much less organized, thus they remained isolated from the rest of the population or even in some cases were hostile towards Mexican colonists. The northeast region, in which the indigenous population was eliminated by early European settlers, became the region with the highest proportion of whites during the Spanish colonial period. However, recent immigrants from southern Mexico have been changing, to some degree, its demographic trends.[136]

While the majority of European immigration to Mexico has been Spanish with the first wave starting with the colonization of America and the last one being a consequence of the Spanish Civil War of 1937,[137] immigrants from other European countries have arrived to Mexico as well: during the Second Mexican Empire the immigration was mostly French, and during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries migrants mainly from Italy, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Germany followed.[24][138] Additionally small numbers of White Americans, Croats, Armenians, Greeks, Poles, Romanians, Russians and Ashkenazi Jews came.[138] The European Jewish immigrants joined the Sephardic community that lived in Mexico since colonial times, though many lived as Crypto-Jews, mostly in the northern states of Nuevo León and Tamaulipas.[139] Some communities of European immigrants have remained isolated from the rest of the general population since their arrival, among them the German-speaking Mennonites from Russia of Chihuahua and Durango,[140] and the Venetos of Chipilo, Puebla, which have retained their original languages.[141]

Gypsies came to Mexico from Spain during the colonial period.

Middle Eastern Mexicans

Carlos Slim is of Lebanese descent.

An Arab Mexican is a Mexican citizen of Arabic-speaking origin who can be of various ancestral origins. The vast majority of Mexico's 1.1 million Arabs are from either Lebanese, Syrian, Iraqi, or Palestinian background.[142]

Salma Hayek is a Lebanese Mexican

The interethnic marriage in the Arab community, regardless of religious affiliation, is very high; most community members have only one parent who has Arab ethnicity. As a result of this, the Arab community in Mexico shows marked language shift away from Arabic. Only a few speak any Arabic, and such knowledge is often limited to a few basic words. Instead the majority, especially those of younger generations, speak Spanish as a first language. Today, the most common Arabic surnames in Mexico include Nader, Hayek, Ali, Haddad, Nasser, Malik, Abed, Mansoor, Harb and Elias.

Arab immigration to Mexico started in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Roughly 100,000 Arabic-speakers settled in Mexico during this time period. They came mostly from Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Iraq and settled in significant numbers in Nayarit, Puebla, Mexico City and the Northern part of the country (mainly in the states of Baja California, Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Durango, as well as the city of Tampico and Guadalajara. The term "Arab Mexican" may include ethnic groups that do not in fact identify as Arab.

Jaime Camil father is of Egyptian and Mexican descent.

During the Israel-Lebanon war in 1948 and during the Six-Day War, thousands of Lebanese left Lebanon and went to Mexico. They first arrived in Veracruz. Although Arabs made up less than 5% of the total immigrant population in Mexico during the 1930s, they constituted half of the immigrant economic activity.[143]

Immigration of Arabs in Mexico has influenced Mexican culture, in particular food, where they have introduced Kibbeh, Tabbouleh and even created recipes such as Tacos Árabes. By 1765, Dates, which originated from the Middle East, were introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards. The fusion between Arab and Mexican food has highly influenced the Yucatecan cuisine.[144]

Another concentration of Arab-Mexicans is in Baja California facing the U.S.-Mexican border, esp. in cities of Mexicali in the Imperial Valley U.S./Mexico, and Tijuana across from San Diego with a large Arab American community (about 280,000), some of whose families have relatives in Mexico. 45% of Arab Mexicans are of Lebanese descent.

The majority of Arab-Mexicans are Christians who belong to the Maronite Church, Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches.[145] A scant number are Muslims and Jews of Middle Eastern origins. There are also around 50,000 Roma gypsies in Mexico.[146]

Afro-Mexicans

Vicente Guerrero, major figure during the late Mexican War of Independence and second President of Mexico, was an African-Mexican.[147]

Afro-Mexicans are an ethnic group that predominate in certain areas of Mexico. Such as the Costa Chica of Oaxaca and the Costa Chica of Guerrero, Veracruz (e.g. Yanga) and in some towns in northern Mexico. The existence of blacks in Mexico is unknown, denied or diminished in both Mexico and abroad for a number of reasons: their small numbers, heavy intermarriage with other ethnic groups and Mexico's tradition of defining itself as a "mestizaje" or mixing of European and indigenous. Mexico did have an active slave trade since the early Spanish period but from the beginning, intermarriage and mixed race offspring created an elaborate caste system. This system broke down in the very late Spanish period and after Independence the legal notion of race was eliminated. The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico's indigenous and European past actively or passively eliminating its African one from popular consciousness.

The majority of Mexico's native Afro-descendants are Afromestizos. Individuals with significantly high amounts of African ancestry make up a very low percentage of the total Mexican population, the majority being recent black immigrants from Africa, the Caribbean and elsewhere in the Americas. According to the Intercensal survey carried out by the Mexican government, Afro-Mexicans make up 1.2% of Mexico's population, the Afro-Mexican category in the Intercensal survey includes people who self-identified solely as African and people who self-identified as partially African. The survey also states that 64.9% (896,829) of Afro-Mexicans also identified as indigenous, with 9.3% being speakers of indigenous languages.[109]

Asian Mexicans

Ana Gabriel

Although Asian Mexicans make up less than 1% of the total population of modern Mexico, they are nonetheless a notable minority. Due to the historical and contemporary perception in Mexican society of what constitutes Asian culture (associated with the Far East rather than the Near East), Asian Mexicans are of East, South and Southeast Asian descent and Mexicans of West Asian descent are not considered to be part of the group.

Young Chinese-Mexican in the Alameda Central.

Asian immigration began with the arrival of Filipinos to Mexico during the Spanish period. For two and a half centuries, between 1565 and 1815, many Filipinos and Mexicans sailed to and from Mexico and the Philippines as sailors, crews, slaves, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon assisting Spain in its trade between Asia and the Americas. Also on these voyages, thousands of Asian individuals (mostly males) were brought to Mexico as slaves and were called "Chino",[148] which means Chinese, although in reality they were of diverse origins, including Koreans, Japanese, Malays, Filipinos, Javanese, Cambodians, Timorese, and people from Bengal, India, Ceylon, Makassar, Tidore, Terenate, and China.[149][150][151] A notable example is the story of Catarina de San Juan (Mirra), an Indian girl captured by the Portuguese and sold into slavery in Manila. She arrived in New Spain and eventually she gave rise to the "China Poblana".

These early individuals are not very apparent in modern Mexico for two main reasons: the widespread mestizaje of Mexico during the Spanish period and the common practice of Chino slaves to "pass" as Indios (the indigenous people of Mexico) in order to attain freedom. As had occurred with a large portion of Mexico's black population, over generations the Asian populace was absorbed into the general Mestizo population. Facilitating this miscegenation was the assimilation of Asians into the indigenous population. The indigenous people were legally protected from chattel slavery, and by being recognized as part of this group, Asian slaves could claim they were wrongly enslaved.

Asians, predominantly Chinese, became Mexico's fastest-growing immigrant group from the 1880s to the 1920s, exploding from about 1,500 in 1895 to more than 20,000 in 1910.[152]

Official censuses

Silvia Navarro Mexican actress of film, television, and theatre, primarily known for starring in several telenovelas.

Historically, population studies and censuses have never been up to the standards that a population as diverse and numerous such as Mexico's require: the first racial census was made in 1793, being also Mexico's (then known as New Spain) first ever nationwide population census. Since only part of its original datasets survive, most of what is known of it comes from essays made by researchers who back in the day used the census' findings as reference for their own works. More than a century would pass until the Mexican government conducted a new racial census in 1921 (some sources assert that the census of 1895 included a comprehensive racial classification;[114] however, according to the historic archives of Mexico's National Institute of Statistics, that was not the case).[81] While the 1921 census was the last time the Mexican government conducted a census that included a comprehensive racial classification, in recent years it has conducted nationwide surveys to quantify most of the ethnic groups who inhabit the country as well as the social dynamics and inequalities between them.

1793 census

Also known as the "Revillagigedo census" from the name of the Count who ordered that it be conducted, this census was the first nationwide population census of Mexico (then known as the Viceroyalty of New Spain). Most of its original datasets have reportedly been lost, so most of what is known about it nowadays comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who had access to the census data and used it as reference for their works, such as Prussian geographer Alexander von Humboldt. Each author gives different estimations for each racial group in the country although they don't vary greatly, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizos from 21% to 25%, Indians from 51% to 61%, and Africans from 6,000 and 10,000. The estimations given for the total population range from 3,799,561 to 6,122,354. It is concluded then, that across nearly three centuries of colonization, the population growth trends of whites and mestizos were even, while the total percentage of the indigenous population decreased at a rate of 13%–17% per century. The authors assert that rather than whites and mestizos having higher birthrates, the reason for the indigenous population's numbers decreasing lies in their suffering higher mortality rates due to living in remote locations rather than in cities and towns founded by the Spanish colonists or in being at war with them. For the same reasons, the number of Indigenous Mexicans presents the greatest variation range between publications, as in some cases their numbers in a given location were estimated rather than counted, leading to possible overestimations in some provinces and possible underestimations in others.[153]

Intendecy or territory	European population (%)	Indigenous population (%)	Mestizo population (%)
México (only the State of Mexico and Mexico City)	16.9%	66.1%	16.7%
Puebla	10.1%	74.3%	15.3%
Oaxaca	06.3%	88.2%	05.2%
Guanajuato	25.8%	44.0%	29.9%
San Luis Potosí	13.0%	51.2%	35.7%
Zacatecas	15.8%	29.0%	55.1%
Durango	20.2%	36.0%	43.5%
Sonora	28.5%	44.9%	26.4%
Yucatán	14.8%	72.6%	12.3%
Guadalajara	31.7%	33.3%	34.7%
Veracruz	10.4%	74.0%	15.2%
Valladolid	27.6%	42.5%	29.6%
Nuevo México	~	30.8%	69.0%
Vieja California	~	51.7%	47.9%
Nueva California	~	89.9%	09.8%
Coahuila	30.9%	28.9%	40.0%
Nuevo León	62.6%	05.5%	31.6%
Nuevo Santander	25.8%	23.3%	50.8%
Texas	39.7%	27.3%	32.4%
Tlaxcala	13.6%	72.4%	13.8%

~Europeans are included within the Mestizo category.

Regardless of the possible inaccuracies related to the counting of Indigenous peoples living outside of the colonized areas, the effort that New Spain's authorities put into considering them as subjects is worth mentioning, as censuses made by other colonial or post-colonial countries did not consider American Indians to be citizens or subjects; for example, the censuses made by the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata would only count the inhabitants of the colonized settlements.[154] Another example is the censuses made by the United States, which did not include Indigenous peoples living among the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900.[155]

1921 census

Eulalio Gutiérrez (1881–1939), flanked by Francisco "Pancho" Villa (1878–1923) and Emiliano Zapata (1879–1919). Gutiérrez was appointed provisional President of Mexico by the Convention of Aguascalientes, a move that Venustiano Carranza (1859–1920) found intolerable. In the ensuing war, Obregón fought for Carranza against the Convention.

Made right after the consummation of the Mexican revolution, the social context in which this census was conducted makes it particularly unique, as the government of the time was in the process of rebuilding the country and was looking to unite all Mexicans in a single national identity. The 1921 census' final results in regards to race, which assert that 59.3% of the Mexican population self-identified as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous, and only 9.8% as White, were then essential in cementing the mestizaje ideology (which asserts that the Mexican population as a whole is product of the admixture of all races), which shaped Mexican identity and culture through the 20th century and remains prominent nowadays, with extraofficial international publications such as The World Factbook and Encyclopædia Britannica using the 1921 census as a reference to estimate Mexico's racial composition up to this day.[156][91]

Nonetheless in recent times, the census' results have been subjected to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists alike, who assert that such drastic alterations on demographic trends with respect to the 1793 census are impossible and cite, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages between people of different continental ancestries in colonial and early independent Mexico.[157] It is claimed that the mestizaje process sponsored by the state was more "cultural than biological", which resulted in the numbers of the Mestizo Mexican group being inflated at the expense of the identity of other races.[158] Controversies aside, this census constituted the last time the Mexican Government conducted a comprehensive racial census with the breakdown by states being the following (foreigners and people who answered "other" not included):[159]

Federative Units	Mestizo Population (%)	Amerindian Population (%)	White Population (%)
Aguascalientes	66.12%	16.70%	16.77%
Baja California (Distrito Norte)	72.50%	07.72%	00.35%
Baja California (Distrito Sur)	59.61%	06.06%	33.40%
Campeche	41.45%	43.41%	14.17%
Coahuila	77.88%	11.38%	10.13%
Colima	68.54%	26.00%	04.50%
Chiapas	36.27%	47.64%	11.82%
Chihuahua	50.09%	12.76%	36.33%
Durango	89.85%	09.99%	00.01%
Guanajuato	96.33%	02.96%	00.54%
Guerrero	54.05%	43.84%	02.07%
Hidalgo	51.47%	39.49%	08.83%
Jalisco	75.83%	16.76%	07.31%
Mexico City	54.78%	18.75%	22.79%
State of Mexico	47.71%	42.13%	10.02%
Michoacán	70.95%	21.04%	06.94%
Morelos	61.24%	34.93%	03.59%
Nayarit	73.45%	20.38%	05.83%
Nuevo León	75.47%	05.14%	19.23%
Oaxaca	28.15%	69.17%	01.43%
Puebla	39.34%	54.73%	05.66%
Querétaro	80.15%	19.40%	00.30%
Quintana Roo	42.35%	20.59%	15.16%
San Luis Potosí	61.88%	30.60%	05.41%
Sinaloa	98.30%	00.93%	00.19%
Sonora	41.04%	14.00%	42.54%
Tabasco	53.67%	18.50%	27.56%
Tamaulipas	69.77%	13.89%	13.62%
Tlaxcala	42.44%	54.70%	02.53%
Veracruz	50.09%	36.60%	10.28%
Yucatán	33.83%	43.31%	21.85%
Zacatecas	86.10%	08.54%	05.26%

Martha Higareda Mexican actress, producer and screenwriter.

Erick Elías Mexican actor.

Mexican singer Pablo Montero in concert.

When the 1921 census' results are compared with the results of Mexico's recent censuses[109] as well as with modern genetic research,[160] there is high consistency with respect to the distribution of Indigenous Mexicans across the country, with states located in south and south-eastern Mexico having both the highest percentages of population who self-identify as Indigenous and the highest percentages of Amerindian genetic ancestry. However, this is not the case when it comes to European Mexicans, as there are instances in which states that have been shown through scientific research to have a considerably high European ancestry are reported to have very small white populations in the 1921 census, with the most extreme case being that of the state of Durango, where the aforementioned census asserts that only 0.01% of the state's population (33 persons) self-identified as "white" while modern scientific research shows that the population of Durango has similar genetic frequencies to those found on European peoples (with the state's Indigenous population showing almost no foreign admixture either).[161] Various authors theorize that the reason for these inconsistencies may lie in the Mestizo identity promoted by the Mexican government, which reportedly led to people who are not biologically Mestizos to identify themselves as such.[162][163]

The present day

The following table is a compilation of (when possible) official nationwide surveys conducted by the Mexican government who have attempted to quantify different Mexican ethnic groups. Given that for the most part each ethnic group was estimated by different surveys, with different methodologies and years apart rather than on a single comprehensive racial census, some groups could overlap with others and be overestimated or underestimated.

Race or ethnicity	Population (est.)	Percentage (est.)	Year
Indigenous	26,000,000	21.5%	2015[109]
Black	1,400,000	1.2%	2015[109]
White	56,000,000	47.0%	2010[124][125][126]
Foreigners residing in Mexico (of any race)	1,010,000	<1.0%	2015[164]
East Asian	1,000,000	<1.0%	2010[165]
Middle Eastern	400,000	<1.0%	2010[166]
Jewish	68,000	<1.0%	2010[167]
Muslim	4,000	<1.0%	2015[168]
Unclassified (most likely Mestizos)	37,300,000	30.0%	-
Total	123,500,000	100%	2017[169]

Of all the ethnic groups that have been surveyed, Mestizos are notably absent, which is likely due the label's fluid and subjective definition, which complicates its precise quantification. However it can be safely assumed that Mestizos make up at least the remaining 30% unassessed percentage of Mexico's population with possibilities of increasing if the methodologies of the extant surveys are considered. As example the 2015 intercensal survey considered as Indigenous Mexicans and Afro-Mexicans altogether individuals who self-identified as "part Indigenous" or "part African" thus, said people technically would be Mestizos. Similarly, White Mexicans were quantified based on physical traits and appearance, thus technically a Mestizo with a percentage of Indigenous ancestry that was low enough to not affect his or her primarily European phenotype was considered to be white. Finally the remaining ethnicities, for being of a rather low number or being faiths have more permissive classification criteria, therefore a Mestizo could claim to belong to one of them by practicing the faith, or by having an ancestor who belonged to said ethnicities. Nonetheless, contemporary sociologists and historians agree that, given that the concept of "race" has a psychological foundation rather than a biological one and to society's eyes a Mestizo with a high percentage of European ancestry is considered "white" and a Mestizo with a high percentage of Indigenous ancestry is considered "Indian", a person that identifies with a given ethnic group should be allowed to, even if biologically it doesn't completely belong to that group.[170]

Languages

Languages in Mexico (by percentage):[171]

Spanish (92.7%)

Spanish and indigenous languages (5.7%)

indigenous (0.8%)

unspecified (0.8%)

Spanish is the de facto official language in Mexico being spoken by 98.3% of the population.[172] Mexican Spanish is spoken in a variety of dialects, accents and variations in different regions across the country.

Some indigenous languages are still being spoken by around 5% of Mexicans according to the latest census, in 2003 the General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples recognized 68 indigenous languages as "national languages", with the "same validity" in all territories and contexts where they are spoken. The indigenous language with the greatest number of speakers is Nahuatl (1,586,884 speakers in 2010 or 1.5% of the nation's population), followed by Yucatec Maya (796,405 speakers in 2010 0.8%) spoken Yucatán Peninsula, Mixtecas languages (494,454), Tzeltal (474,298), Zapotecas languages (460,683), Tzotzil (429,168), Otomí (288,052), Totonaca (250,252) Mazateco (230,124), Chol (222,051) and 1,462,857 speakers of other languages. After half a century of rural-to-urban migration, in Mexico City and other major cities large districts and sections use both written and spoken Amerindian languages.

During the first half of the 20th century the government promoted a policy of castellanización, that is, promoting the use of Spanish as a way to integrate indigenous peoples into Mexican society. Later, this policy changed, and since the 1980s the government has sponsored bilingual and intercultural education in all indigenous communities. This policy has mainly been successful in large communities with a significant number of speakers. While some languages, with less than 1,000 speakers, are still facing extinction.

The second most spoken language in Mexico, however, is English. It is used extensively at border areas, tourist centers and large metropolitan areas, a phenomenon arguably caused by the economic integration of North American under the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the immigration phenomenon and the return of workers and their families from the United States. In border cities, American TV and radio waves in English (and Spanish) are received as much Spanish-speaking radio and TV stations from Mexico on the US side of the border, thus a bilingual cross-cultural exchange is at work.

Among the languages brought to the country by immigrants are the Venetian of Chipilo, and Mennonite Low German spoken in Durango and Chihuahua. Other languages spoken in Mexico include French, German, Russian, Arabic, Occitan, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Asturian, Chinese, Hebrew, Korean, Ladino, Plautdietsch, Armenian, Italian, etc. Although some of these may have a greater number of speakers than the national languages, they are not recognized by the government.

Mexican nationality and citizenship

Mexican passport

The Constitution of Mexico grants Mexican nationality based on birth and naturalization. Mexican laws regarding nationality by birth are very open. Mexican nationality by birth is granted to:[173]

all those individuals born in Mexican territory,
all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by birth,
all those individuals born outside Mexico, whose father or mother is Mexican by naturalization,
all those individuals born aboard Mexican aircraft or sea vessels, whether warships or commercial vessels.

Mexican nationality by naturalization is granted to:[173]

foreign citizens granted Mexican nationality by the Secretariat of Government (Ministry of the Interior);
foreign citizens married to a Mexican national, whether by birth or naturalization.

Religion

Religion in Mexico (by percentage):[171]

Roman Catholic (82.7%)

Evangelical Churches (5%)

Pentecostal (1.6%)

Jehovah's Witnesses (1.4%)

other (1.9%)

none (4.7%)

unspecified (2.7%)

The Mexican population is predominantly Catholic (82.7% of the population aged five and older, according to the 2010 census),[174] although the percentage representing those who attend church on a weekly basis is lower (46%).[175] About 7.6% of the population was classified as Protestant or Evangelical, 2.5% were classified as "Non-Evangelical Biblical" (a classification that groups Adventists, Mormons and Jehovah's Witnesses), 0.05% as practicing Jews, and 4.6% without a religion.[176] The largest group of Protestants are Pentecostals and Charismatics (classified as Neo-Pentecostals).

Church of Archangel Michael — from the town of Comala, in the state of Colima.

The states with the highest percentage of professing Catholics are central states, namely Guanajuato (96.4%), Aguascalientes (95.6%) and Jalisco (95.4%), whereas southeastern states have the lowest percentage of Catholics, namely Chiapas (63.8%), Tabasco (70.4%) and Campeche (71.3%).[176] The percentage of professing Catholics has been on the decrease over the last four decades, from over 98% in 1950 to 87.9% in 2000. The average annual growth of Catholic believers from 1990 to 2000 was 1.7% whereas that of non-Catholics was 3.7%.[177] Given that the average annual population increase over the same time period was 1.8%,[178] the percentage of Catholics in relation to the total population continues to be in overall decline.

Unlike some other countries in Latin America or Ibero-America, the 1857 Mexican Constitution drastically separates Church and State. The State does not support or provide any economic resource to the Church (as is the case in Spain and Argentina),[179] and the Church cannot participate in public education (no public school can be operated by a Catholic order, although they can participate in private education). Moreover, the government nationalized all the Church's properties (some of which were given back in the 1990s), and priests lost the right to vote or to be voted for (although in the 1990s they regained the right to vote).

gollark: Not even palaiologos can be saved from unsafety, apparently.

gollark: Did you know? Macron is entirely just llamas.

gollark: You should make libgeometrydashhelpfultool™ for all of them.

gollark: Glindeed.

gollark: The entire Linux source code?

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External links

UN: Fertility in Mexico: Trends and Forecasts
(in Spanish) Mexico population bureau CONAPO
(in Spanish) Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics, INEGI
Map of Fecundity in Mexico

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Rank	Metropolitan area	Largest city	State	Metro area population
1	Greater Mexico City	Mexico City	Mexico City	20,892,724
2	Guadalajara metropolitan area	Guadalajara	Jalisco	4,887,383
3	Monterrey metropolitan area	Monterrey	Nuevo León	4,689,601
4	Puebla metropolitan area	Puebla	Puebla	2,941,988
5	Greater Toluca	Toluca	México	2,202,886
6	Tijuana	Tijuana	Baja California	1,840,710
7	León metropolitan area	León	Guanajuato	1,768,193
8	Ciudad Juárez	Ciudad Juárez	Chihuahua	1,391,180
9	La Laguna metropolitan area	Torreón	Coahuila	1,342,195
10	Querétaro	Querétaro	Querétaro	1,323,640
11	Greater San Luis Potosí	San Luis Potosí	San Luis Potosí	1,159,807
12	Mérida	Mérida	Yucatán	1,143,041
Source: INEGI[75]

Demographics of North America
Sovereign states	Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States
Dependencies and other territories	Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands

Demographics of Mexico

Demographic dynamics

UN estimates

Structure of the population

Vital statistics

Registered births and deaths

Estimates

Life expectancy from 1893 to 1950

UN estimates

International migration

Immigration to Mexico

Emigration from Mexico

Cities and metropolitan areas

Settlements, cities and municipalities

Metropolitan areas

Other demographics statistics

Ethnic groups

Mestizo

Indigenous peoples

Mexicans of European descent

Middle Eastern Mexicans

Afro-Mexicans

Asian Mexicans

Official censuses

1793 census

1921 census

The present day

Languages

Mexican nationality and citizenship

Religion

See also

References and notes

External links