Punjabi Canadians

Punjabi Canadians (Punjabi: ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕਨੇਡੀਅਨ/پنجابی کینیڈین) number nearly 700,000 and account for roughly 2% of Canada's population. Their heritage originates wholly or partly in the Punjab, a state in northern South Asia, which encompasses India and Pakistan.

Punjabi Canadians
Canadiens d'origines Punjabi (French)
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕਨੇਡੀਅਨ
پنجابی کینیڈین
Punjabi ancestry % in Canada (2016)
Total population
668,240[1][lower-alpha 1]
1.9% of the total Canadian population (2016)
Regions with significant populations
British Columbia • Ontario • Alberta
Languages
Canadian English • Punjabi and its dialects
• Hindi • Urdu • Canadian French
Religion
Sikhism • Islam • Hinduism • Christianity • Non-religious
Related ethnic groups
Indian Canadians • Pakistani Canadians • Punjabi Americans

Punjabis first arrived in Canada during the late 19th century to work in the forestry industry. Primarily concentrated in the western province of British Columbia, the Punjabi population initially peaked in 1908 before an ensuing period of population decline and stagnation followed. In the mid 20th century Canadian immigration laws were relaxed, fostering rapid population growth into the present day.

Today, the largest Punjabi communities in Canada are situated in the province of British Columbia, concentrated in Vancouver, and the province of Ontario, particularly in Toronto.

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History

Late 19th century
Punjabi Sikhs in Vancouver, 1908
Sikhs attending a funeral outside Vancouver, circa 1914

In 1897, the first persons of Punjabi origin visited British Columbia. They were soldiers transiting from India to the United Kingdom during the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria.[2] The Punjabis ultimately became the first South Asian-origin group to settle in Canada.

Early 20th century

In 1900, the population of Punjabis in Canada increased to 100.[2] By 1906, this number increased to 1,500. The vast majority were Sikhs and came from Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Amritsar, Ferozpur, and Ludhiana.[3] At the turn of the century the Mayor of Vancouver did not permit cremation, so when the first Sikh died in 1907 he could not be cremated in the Vancouver city limits. Christian missionaries did not permit him to be buried with whites. Even though the missionaries promoted burial, the Sikhs instead cremated the man in a distant wilderness. This prompted Sikhs to establish their own religious institutions.[4]

Initially, Punjabis were guaranteed jobs by agents of big Canadian companies like the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Hudson's Bay Company. Overcoming their initial reluctance to go to these countries due to the treatment of Asians by the white population, many young men chose to go, having been assured that they would not meet the same fate. They were British subjects and Canada was a part of the British Empire.[5]

However, upon arrival to British Columbia, the Punjabi immigrants faced widespread racism by the local white Canadians. Most of the white Canadians feared workers who would work for less pay, and that an influx of more immigrants would threaten their jobs. As a result, there were a series of race riots that targeted the Punjabi Sikh immigrants, who were beat up by mobs of angry white Canadians, though often met with retaliation.[6] Nevertheless, during the most infamous anti-Asian riot in BC history (Anti-Oriental Riots of 1907), Punjabis were spared as they remained indoors.[7]

The continued tensions caused the Punjabi population to fall from a high of 4,700 in 1907, to less than 2,000 by 1914.[8] In 1908 the British Columbia government passed a law preventing Indian men from voting. Because eligibility for federal elections originated from provincial voting lists, East Indian men were unable to vote in federal elections.[9]

Most early Punjabi settlers in Canada worked in the agricultural and forestry sectors in British Columbia.[10] Punjabis became the majority ethnic group within the sawmill workforce in British Columbia by 1907, as many Anglo Canadians had disinterest in being sawmill workers."[11]

Punjabi Sikhs aboard Komagata Maru in Vancouver's Burrard Inlet, 1914

Punjabis were later faced by one of the most iconic racial exclusion acts in Canadian history. In 1914, The Komagata Maru, a steamliner carrying 376 passengers from Punjab docked in Vancouver. Of them, 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 passengers were not allowed to disembark in Canada, and the ship was forced to return to India. The passengers comprised 337 Sikhs, 27 Muslims and 12 Hindus.[12]

Mid 20th century

By 1923, Vancouver became the primary cultural, social, and religious centre of Punjabi Canadians as it had the largest ethnic Indian population of any city in North America.[13]

The Punjabi population in Canada would remain relatively stable throughout the mid 20th century as the exclusionary immigration policies practiced by the Canadian government continued. However, a shift began to occur after World War Two. The Canadian government re-enfranchised the Indo-Canadian community with the right to vote in 1947. In 1967 all immigration quotas based on specific ethnic groups were scrapped in Canada, thus allowing the ethnic Punjabi population in Canada to grow rapidly thereafter. Most continued to settle in Greater Vancouver.

As many Punjabis worked in the forestry industry, Northern British Columbia began to see a rise in Punjabi immigration in the 1960s. Prince George, the economic centre of Northern BC, became a secondary hub for early Punjabi immigration.[14]

However, Vancouver remained the centre of Punjabi immigration through the mid 20th century. In the 1960s, ethnic Punjabis began moving to all areas in Greater Vancouver, however two concentrations soon developed: South Vancouver and Burnaby.[15] Out of these two newly formed ethnic enclaves, it was South Vancouver which began to flourish as the Punjabi Market was soon founded in the late 1960s.

Later in the 1970s, Punjabi populations began appearing in Delta, Richmond, and Surrey. Vandalism against houses owned by Indo-Canadians and a Sikh gurdwara occurred in the 1970s, especially in 1974-1975 in Richmond.[16]

Late 20th century to present

By the 1980s, the traditional Punjabi immigration patterns began to shift. Ontario soon became an important centre of immigration to Canada. Large Punjabi populations began to appear across the Greater Toronto Area. Later in the 1990s, Alberta became another important immigration destination for Punjabis. Most concentrated in Edmonton and Calgary.

Today, the Punjabi population of Canada is 668,240 with the largest community still located in British Columbia. In addition, Punjabi is the third most spoken language of the Parliament of Canada.[17]

Demographics

The largest Punjabi populations in Canada are located in British Columbia and Ontario. Alberta and Quebec are also home to significant populations with Saskatchewan and Manitoba featuring small but rapidly growing Punjabi communities.

Province Punjabis in 2016[18] % 2016 Punjabis in 2011[19] % 2011
British Columbia 244,485 5.4% 213,315 4.9%
Ontario 282,065 2.1% 238,130 1.9%
Alberta 90,485 2.3% 62,815 1.8%
Manitoba 22,900 1.8% 12,555 1.1%
Quebec 17,860 0.2% 14,480 0.2%
Saskatchewan 8,300 0.8% 3,250 0.3%
Nova Scotia 1,010 0.1% 800 0.1%
Newfoundland and Labrador 485 0.1% 115 0.0%
New Brunswick 205 0.0% 115 0.0%
Prince Edward Island 185 0.1% 15 0.0%
Yukon 150 0.4% 105 0.3%
Northwest Territories 105 0.3% 20 0.0%
Nunavut 15 0.0% 15 0.0%
Canada 668,240 1.9% 545,730 1.7%

British Columbia

In Metro Vancouver, 5.5% of residents reported speaking Punjabi at home, as of 2011. 21.3% of Surrey residents speak it as their primary language at home.

Ontario

In Ontario, Punjabi Canadians are prevalent in the Greater Toronto Area, especially in Scarborough, Markham, Mississauga, Brampton, and Ajax.[20]

Religion

During the early stages of Punjabi immigration to Canada, most pioneers were of the Sikh faith.[21] Today, Punjabi Canadians remain mostly Sikhs , however also include large numbers of Muslims and Hindus and smaller numbers of Christians.

Notable people
gollark: To spite them, I have an open source reimplementation of the algorithm somewhere in my archive folder.
gollark: And then shut down any independent research or reimplementations of it!
gollark: They somehow managed to make money off a really simple mapping of coordinates to words!
gollark: It's such a bee apioforming company.
gollark: Really? What3words? *Really*?

See also
  • Sikh Canadians

References
  1. "Census Profile, 2016 Census, Canada". Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. 2017-02-08. Retrieved 28 December 2018.
  2. Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 1998. "Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver" (Archive). In Urban Geography, Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 - Available at Academia.edu and at ResearchGate. p. 316.
  3. Lal, p. 29.
  4. Hans, p. 221-222.
  5. Singh, Khushwant (Feb 26 – Mar 12, 1961). "The Ghadr Rebellion". Illustrated Weekly of India: Feb 26 – Mar 12. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  6. "SOME SIGNIFICANT MOMENTS IN SIKH-CANADIAN HISTORY" (Archive). ExplorAsian. Retrieved on November 10, 2014.
  7. Century of Struggle and Success The Sikh Canadian Experience 13 November 2006
  8. Pg. 79. White Canada Forever. By W. Peter Ward. 2002. McGill, Quebec, Canada. ISBN 978-07735-2322-7
  9. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, page 15.
  10. "Country Brief – Canada" (Archive). Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. p. 4/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014. "Emigrants from India today enjoy success in all fields within the economy while there are some concentration in British Columbia in agriculture and forestry."
  11. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 28. "In fact, early in the twentieth century, when many Chinese and Japanese men were working in sawmills, lumber labour had become associated with ethnicity."
  12. "Komagata Maru".
  13. Das, p. 20-21 (Archive).
  14. "The Indo-Canadian Community" (Archive). Report on the Quality of Life in Prince George. 1997. University of Northern British Columbia. p. 254 (PDF 3/17). Retrieved on October 19, 2014.
  15. Nayar, The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver, p. 327.
  16. Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.
  17. Firstpost (3 November 2015). "Oye hoye! Punjabi is now the third language in Parliament of Canada". Firstpost.
  18. "Census Profile, 2016 Census Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]".
  19. "NHS Profile, Canada, 2011".
  20. "Census: Punjabi-speaking population growing in Metro Vancouver". Vancouver Sun. October 24, 2012.
  21. Nayar, The Punjabis in British Columbia, p. 9. "It is interesting to note that, in the BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver and surrounding municipalities, including Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, and Surrey), Sikhs raised outside the Punjab refer to themselves as Punjabi and use the term interchangeably with "Sikh," understanding the two as synonymous."
  1. (Only includes the number of total Punjabi language speakers and doesn't include native English, Hindi and Urdu language speakers.)
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