European Canadians

European Canadians (French: les Canadiens Européens), also known as Euro-Canadians, are Canadians with ancestry from Europe.[2][3][4] They form the largest panethnic group within Canada with roughly 73 percent of the population.

European Canadians

Total population
25,111,695 72.9% of the total Canadian population (2016 Census)[1][nb 1]
Regions with significant populations
All areas of Canada less prevalent in the North
Languages
Canadian English · Canadian French Other European Languages Historically: Scottish Gaelic · Irish
Religion
Predominantly: Christianity: Protestantism · Roman Catholicism Minorities: Orthodox Christianity · Judaism · Islam · Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
European diaspora, Europeans, European Americans, European Australians, European New Zealanders, British (English, Scottish, Welsh, Northern Irish), Irish, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Ukrainian, Polish, Portuguese

European Canadians can further be classified into regional and ethnocultural subgroups. The census in Canada divides Canadians of European descent into four broad categories which, in alphabetical order, are: Eastern European Canadians, Northern European Canadians, Southern European Canadians and Western European Canadians.[1]

Terminology

In the Canadian Census, people with origins or ancestry in Europe are all classified as part of the European race.

Subgroups

There are several subgroups of European Canadians.[5] Although approximately defined categories (due to the imprecise or ethnocultural regionalization of the contintent), the subgroups have been utilzed widely in ethnic and cultural identification.[6] This is especially relevant in diaspora, as is the case with European people in Canada.[7] In alphabetical order, and as listed within the census in Canada,[1] some of these subgroups are:[8]

• Eastern European Canadians, including Belarusian Canadians, Bulgarian Canadians, Czech Canadians, Estonian Canadians, Hungarian Canadians, Latvian Canadians, Lithuanian Canadians, Moldovan Canadians, Polish Canadians, Romanian Canadians, Russian Canadians, Slovak Canadians and Ukrainian Canadians
• Northern European Canadians, including British Canadians (English Canadians, Scottish Canadians, Welsh Canadians), Irish Canadians and Scandinavian Canadians (Danish Canadians, Finnish Canadians, Icelandic Canadians, Norwegian Canadians, Swedish Canadians)
• Southern European Canadians, including Albanian Canadians, Cypriot Canadians, Greek Canadians, Italian Canadians, Maltese Canadians, Portuguese Canadians, Spanish Canadians and Yugoslav Canadians (Bosnian Canadians, Croatian Canadians, Kosovar Canadians, Macedonian Canadians, Montenegrin Canadians, Serbian Canadians, Slovenian Canadians)
• Western European Canadians, including Austrian Canadians, Belgian Canadians, Dutch Canadians, French Canadians, German Canadians, Luxembourgian Canadians and Swiss Canadians

History

The French were the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now Canada. Hélène Desportes is considered the first white child born in New France. She was born circa 1620, to Pierre Desportes (born Lisieux, Normandie, France) and Françoise Langlois.[9]

Hundreds of thousands of European immigrants came through Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia in the 1900s.[10]

Demographics

Beginning with the first Canadian census in 1871, the European Canadian population as a percentage of the total Canadian population had a peak of 98.5 percent. Since then, the proportion of the total Canadian population has been decreasing gradually since the mid-20th century to the most recent census in 2016, however, Canadians who identify with European origins remain the largest ethnic group in Canada with 72.9 percent of the total Canadian population.[11][12][13] Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States.

In the 2016 census, the largest European ancestry groups originated from the British Isles (11,211,850 including 6,320,085 English, 4,799,005 Scottish and 4,627,000 Irish), French (4,680,820), German (3,322,405), Italian (1,587,965) and Ukrainian (1,359,655).[14] However, the country's largest self-reported ethnic origin is "Canadian" (accounting for 11,135,965 of the population).[nb 2]

European Canadian population in Canada

Year	Population	% of total population
1871[13][12][15]	3,433,315	98.5%
1881[16][15]	4,146,900	95.9%
1901[16][15]	5,170,522	96.0%
1911[16][15]	7,005,583	94.4%
1921[16][15]	8,568,584	96.0%
1931[13][15]	10,134,313	97.7%
1941[13][12]	11,242,868	97.8%
1951[13][12]	13,582,574	96.8%
1961[13][12]	17,653,864	96.8%
1966[13][12]	N/A	96.8%
1971[13][12]	20,763,915	96.3%
1981[17]	22,402,000	93.0%
1986	N/A	N/A
1991	N/A	N/A
1996[18]	24,531,635	86.0%
2001[19][20][nb 1]	24,678,880	83.3%
2006[21][nb 1]	25,000,150	80.0%
2011[22][nb 1]	25,186,890	76.7%
2016[23][nb 1]	25,111,695	72.9%

European Canadians by province and territory (2001–2016)

Province/territory	Population (2001)[19][20]	% of total ethnic population (2001)	Population (2006)[21]	% of total ethnic population (2006)	Population (2011)[22]	% of total ethnic population (2011)	Population (2016)[23]	% of total ethnic population (2016)
Ontario	8,944,190	79.3%	9,041,200	75.2%	9,070,795	71.7%	8,982,180	67.8%
Quebec	6,548,205	91.9%	6,673,120	89.7%	6,740,370	87.2%	6,750,200	84.7%
British Columbia	2,862,405	74.0%	2,869,450	70.4%	2,911,568	67.3%	2,908,420	63.8%
Alberta	2,455,005	83.5%	2,613,790	80.3%	2,690,955	75.4%	2,786,340	70.0%
Manitoba	866,545	78.5%	849,025	74.9%	824,820	70.2%	800,540	64.5%
Nova Scotia	846,030	94.3%	841,230	93.2%	825,050	91.1%	798,195	87.9%
Saskatchewan	805,380	83.6%	778,060	81.2%	787,745	78.1%	779,665	72.8%
New Brunswick	693,295	96.3%	688,650	95.7%	696,085	94.6%	676,785	92.6%
Newfoundland and Labrador	485,450	95.6%	471,430	94.2%	464,540	91.6%	454,710	88.8%
Prince Edward Island	130,860	98.1%	130,645	97.4%	130,885	95.3%	130,310	93.3%
Yukon	20,955	73.5%	21,395	70.9%	23,595	70.8%	23,915	68.1%
Northwest Territories	16,925	45.4%	18,150	44.2%	16,915	41.6%	16,320	39.7%
Nunavut	3,735	14.0%	3,990	13.6%	3,820	12.1%	4,115	11.6%
Canada	24,678,880	83.3%	25,000,150	80.0%	25,186,890	76.7%	25,111,695	72.9%

Ethnicity

European Canadian population by country of origin (1871–1911)

Ethnicity	Population (1871)[16]	% of Canadian population (1871)	Population (1881)[16]	% of Canadian population (1881)	Population (1901)[16]	% of Canadian population (1901)	Population (1911)[16]	% of Canadian population (1911)
Albanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Austrian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	10,947	0.2%	42,535	0.6%
Basque	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Belgian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,994	0.1%	9,593	0.1%
Bosnian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
British Isles (not otherwise specified)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bulgarian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Croatian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cypriot	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Czechoslovakian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Czech	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Danish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Dutch	29,662	0.9%	30,412	0.7%	33,845	0.6%	54,986	0.8%
English	706,369	20.3%	881,301	20.4%	1,260,899	23.5%	1,823,150	25.3%
Estonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Finnish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,502	0.1%	15,497	0.2%
French	1,082,940	31.1%	1,298,929	30.0%	1,649,371	30.7%	2,054,890	28.5%
German	202,991	5.8%	254,319	5.9%	310,501	5.8%	393,320	5.5%
Greek	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	291	0.0%	3,594	0.0%
Hungarian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1,549	0.0%	11,605	0.2%
Icelandic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Irish	846,414	24.3%	957,403	22.1%	988,721	18.4%	1,050,384	14.6%
Italian	1,035	0.0%	1,849	0.0%	10,834	0.2%	45,411	0.6%
Kosovar	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Latvian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lithuanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Luxembourger	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Macedonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Maltese	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Moldovan	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Montenegrin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Norwegian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Polish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	6,285	0.1%	33,365	0.5%
Portuguese	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Romanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Russian	607	0.0%	1,227	0.1%	19,825	0.4%	43,142	0.6%
Scottish	549,946	15.8%	699,863	16.2%	800,154	14.9%	997,880	13.9%
Serbian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Slovak	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Slovene	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Spanish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Swedish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Swiss	2,962	0.1%	4,588	0.1%	3,865	0.1%	6,625	0.1%
Ukrainian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Welsh	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yugoslav	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

European Canadian population by country of origin (1921–1961)

Ethnicity	Population (1921)[16]	% of Canadian population (1921)	Population (1941)[24][25]	% of Canadian population (1941)	Population (1951)[24][25]	% of Canadian population (1951)	Population (1961)[24][25]	% of Canadian population (1961)
Albanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Basque	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Belgian	20,234	0.2%	29,711	0.3%	35,148	0.3%	61,382	0.3%
Bosnian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
British Isles (not otherwise specified)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bulgarian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Croatian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Cypriot	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Czechoslovakian	N/A	N/A	42,912	0.4%	63,959	0.4%	73,061	0.4%
Czech	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Danish	N/A	N/A	37,439	0.3%	42,671	0.3%	85,473	0.5%
Dutch	117,506	1.2%	212,863	1.8%	264,267	1.9%	429,679	2.4%
English	2,545,496	29.0%	2,968,402	25.1%	3,630,344	25.9%	4,195,175	23.0%
Estonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Finnish	21,494	0.2%	41,683	0.4%	43,745	0.3%	59,436	0.3%
French	2,452,751	27.9%	3,483,038	29.5%	4,319,167	30.8%	5,540,346	30.4%
German	294,636	3.4%	464,682	3.9%	619,995	4.4%	1,049,599	5.8%
Greek	5,740	0.1%	11,692	0.1%	13,966	0.1%	56,475	0.3%
Hungarian	13,181	0.1%	54,598	0.5%	60,460	0.4%	126,220	0.7%
Icelandic	N/A	N/A	21,050	0.2%	23,307	0.2%	30,623	0.2%
Irish	1,107,817	12.6%	1,267,702	10.7%	1,439,635	10.3%	1,753,351	9.6%
Italian	66,769	0.8%	112,625	1.0%	152,245	1.1%	459,351	2.5%
Kosovar	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Latvian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Lithuanian	N/A	N/A	7,789	0.1%	16,224	0.1%	27,629	0.2%
Luxembourger	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Macedonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Maltese	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Moldovan	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Montenegrin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Norwegian	N/A	N/A	100,718	0.9%	119,266	0.9%	148,681	0.8%
Polish	53,403	0.6%	167,485	1.4%	219,845	1.6%	323,517	1.8%
Portuguese	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Romanian	N/A	N/A	24,689	0.2%	23,601	0.2%	43,805	0.2%
Russian	100,064	1.1%	83,708	0.7%	91,279	0.6%	119,168	0.7%
Scottish	1,173,637	13.4%	1,403,974	11.9%	1,547,470	11.0%	1,902,302	10.4%
Serbian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Slovak	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Slovene	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Spanish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Swedish	N/A	N/A	85,396	0.7%	97,780	0.7%	121,757	0.7%
Swiss	12,837	0.2%	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Ukrainian	N/A	N/A	305,929	2.6%	395,043	2.8%	473,337	2.6%
Welsh	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Yugoslav	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	21,214	0.2%

European Canadian population by country of origin (1991–2006)

Ethnicity	Population (1991)[26]	% of Canadian population (1991)	Population (1996)[27][nb 2]	% of Canadian population (1996)	Population (2001)[28]	% of Canadian population (2001)	Population (2006)[29]	% of Canadian population (2006)
Albanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	14,935	0.1%	22,395	0.1%
Austrian	107,671	1.2%	37,715	0.3%	32,231	0.2%	106,535	0.6%
Austrian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	147,585	0.5%	194,255	0.6%
Basque	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,715	0.0%	4,975	0.0%
Belgian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	129,780	0.4%	168,910	0.5%
Bosnian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	15,720	0.1%	21,045	0.1%
British Isles (not otherwise specified)	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	150,585	0.5%	403,915	1.3%
Bulgarian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	15,195	0.1%	27,255	0.1%
Croatian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	97,050	0.3%	110,880	0.4%
Cypriot	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,060	0.0%	3,395	0.0%
Czechoslovakian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	33,540	0.1%	36,970	0.1%
Czech	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	79,910	0.3%	98,090	0.3%
Danish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	170,780	0.6%	200,035	0.6%
Dutch	961,600	3.4%	916,215	3.1%	923,310	3.1%	1,035,965	3.3%
English	8,605,125	30.7%	6,832,095	23.1%	5,978,875	20.2%	6,570,015	21.0%
Estonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	22,085	0.1%	23,930	0.1%
Finnish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	114,690	0.4%	131,040	0.4%
French	8,369,210	29.9%	5,597,845	18.9%	4,668,410	15.8%	4,941,210	15.8%
German	2,793,775	10.0%	2,757,140	9.3%	2,742,765	9.3%	3,179,425	10.2%
Greek	191,475	0.7%	203,345	0.7%	215,105	0.7%	242,685	0.8%
Hungarian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	267,255	0.9%	315,510	1.0%
Icelandic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	75,090	0.3%	88,875	0.3%
Irish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	3,822,660	12.9%	4,354,155	13.9%
Italian	1,147,780	4.1%	1,207,475	4.2%	1,270,370	4.3%	1,445,335	4.6%
Kosovar	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1,200	0.0%	1,530	0.0%
Latvian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	22,615	0.1%	27,870	0.1%
Lithuanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	36,485	0.1%	46,690	0.1%
Luxembourger	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,390	0.0%	3,225	0.0%
Macedonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	31,265	0.1%	37,055	0.1%
Maltese	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	33,000	0.1%	37,120	0.1%
Moldovan	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Montenegrin	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1,055	0.0%	2,370	0.0%
Norwegian	286,240	1.0%	N/A	N/A	363,760	1.2%	432,515	1.4%
Polish	740,720	2.6%	786,735	2.7%	817,085	2.8%	984,565	3.2%
Portuguese	292,185	1.0%	335,110	1.1%	357,690	1.2%	410,850	1.3%
Romanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	131,830	0.4%	192,170	0.6%
Russian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	337,960	1.1%	500,600	1.6%
Scottish	4,248,365	15.2%	4,260,840	14.4%	4,157,210	14.0%	4,719,850	15.1%
Serbian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	55,540	0.2%	72,690	0.2%
Slovak	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	50,860	0.2%	64,145	0.2%
Slovene	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	28,910	0.1%	35,935	0.1%
Spanish	158,915	0.6%	204,360	0.7%	213,105	0.7%	325,730	1.0%
Swedish	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	282,760	1.0%	334,765	1.1%
Swiss	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	110,795	0.4%	137,775	0.4%
Ukrainian	1,054,295	3.8%	1,026,470	3.5%	1,071,060	3.6%	1,209,085	3.9%
Welsh	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	350,365	1.2%	440,965	1.4%
Yugoslav	21,404	0.2%	68,587	0.4%	65,505	0.2%	65,305	0.2%

European Canadian population by country of origin (2011–2016)

Ethnicity	Population (2011)[30]	% of Canadian population (2011)	Population (2016)[14]	% of Canadian population (2016)
Albanian	28,270	0.1%	36,185	0.1%
Austrian	197,990	0.6%	207,050	0.6%
Basque	5,570	0.0%	6,965	0.0%
Belgian	176,615	0.5%	186,665	0.5%
Bosnian	22,920	0.1%	26,740	0.1%
British Isles (not otherwise specified)	576,030	1.8%	644,695	1.9%
Bulgarian	30,485	0.1%	34,565	0.1%
Croatian	114,880	0.3%	133,970	0.4%
Cypriot	4,815	0.0%	5,650	0.0%
Czechoslovakian	40,035	0.1%	40,715	0.1%
Czech	94,805	0.3%	104,580	0.3%
Danish	203,080	0.6%	207,470	0.6%
Dutch	1,067,245	3.2%	1,111,655	3.2%
English	6,509,500	19.8%	6,320,085	18.3%
Estonian	23,180	0.1%	24,530	0.1%
Finnish	136,215	0.4%	143,645	0.4%
French	5,065,690	15.4%	4,670,595	13.6%
German	3,203,330	9.8%	3,322,405	9.6%
Greek	252,960	0.8%	271,410	0.8%
Hungarian	316,765	1.0%	348,085	1.0%
Icelandic	94,205	0.3%	101,795	0.3%
Irish	4,544,870	13.8%	4,627,000	13.4%
Italian	1,488,425	4.5%	1,587,970	4.6%
Kosovar	2,760	0.0%	2,865	0.0%
Latvian	27,355	0.1%	30,725	0.1%
Lithuanian	49,130	0.1%	59,285	0.2%
Luxembourger	3,790	0.0%	3,915	0.0%
Macedonian	36,985	0.1%	43,110	0.1%
Maltese	38,780	0.1%	41,920	0.1%
Moldovan	8,050	0.0%	14,915	0.0%
Montenegrin	2,970	0.0%	4,160	0.0%
Norwegian	452,705	1.4%	463,275	1.3%
Polish	1,010,705	3.1%	1,106,585	3.2%
Portuguese	429,850	1.3%	482,605	1.4%
Romanian	204,625	0.6%	238,050	0.7%
Russian	550,520	1.7%	622,445	1.8%
Scottish	4,714,970	14.4%	4,799,005	13.9%
Serbian	80,320	0.2%	96,530	0.3%
Slovak	66,545	0.2%	72,285	0.2%
Slovene	37,170	0.1%	40,470	0.1%
Spanish	368,305	1.1%	396,460	1.2%
Swedish	341,845	1.0%	349,645	1.0%
Swiss	146,830	0.4%	155,120	0.5%
Ukrainian	1,251,170	3.8%	1,359,655	3.9%
Welsh	458,705	1.4%	474,805	1.4%
Yugoslav	48,320	0.1%	38,480	0.1%

Language and immigration

In the 2016 census, the largest non-official European mother tongue languages were Spanish (458,850), German (384,035), Italian (375,635) and Portuguese (221,540) and Russian (188,255).[31][nb 3]

European mother tongue by language (1991–2001)

Language	Population (1991)[32]	% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1991)	% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1991)	Population (1996)[33]	% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1996)	% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (1996)	Population (2001)[34]	% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2001)	% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2001)
Albanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Belarusan	N/A	N/A	N/A	420	0.0%	0.0%	530	0.0%	0.0%
Bosnian	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Bulgarian	N/A	N/A	N/A	6,330	0.1%	0.0%	9,130	0.2%	0.0%
Catalan	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Croatian	N/A	N/A	N/A	50,105	1.1%	0.2%	54,880	1.1%	0.2%
Czech	N/A	N/A	N/A	24,985	0.5%	0.1%	24,795	0.5%	0.1%
Danish	N/A	N/A	N/A	20,280	0.4%	0.1%	18,230	0.4%	0.1%
Dutch	124,535	3.5%	0.5%	133,805	2.9%	0.5%	128,670	2.5%	0.4%
Estonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	10,690	0.2%	0.0%	8,720	0.2%	0.0%
Finnish	N/A	N/A	N/A	24,735	0.5%	0.1%	22,400	0.4%	0.1%
Flemish	N/A	N/A	N/A	6,980	0.2%	0.0%	6,010	0.1%	0.0%
Frisian	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,915	0.0%	0.0%	3,185	0.1%	0.0%
German	424,645	12.0%	1.6%	450,140	9.8%	1.6%	438,080	8.4%	1.5%
Greek	114,370	3.2%	0.4%	121,180	2.6%	0.4%	120,365	2.3%	0.4%
Hungarian	72,900	2.1%	0.3%	77,235	1.7%	0.3%	75,550	1.5%	0.3%
Icelandic	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,675	0.1%	0.0%	2,075	0.0%	0.0%
Italian	449,660	12.7%	1.7%	484,500	10.5%	1.7%	469,485	9.0%	1.6%
Latvian	N/A	N/A	N/A	9,635	0.2%	0.0%	8,230	0.2%	0.0%
Lithuanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	9,385	0.2%	0.0%	8,770	0.2%	0.0%
Macedonian	N/A	N/A	N/A	19,300	0.4%	0.1%	16,905	0.3%	0.1%
Maltese	N/A	N/A	N/A	7,120	0.2%	0.0%	7,375	0.1%	0.0%
Norwegian	N/A	N/A	N/A	10,235	0.2%	0.0%	8,725	0.2%	0.0%
Polish	171,975	4.9%	0.6%	213,410	4.6%	0.7%	208,370	4.0%	0.7%
Portuguese	186,995	5.3%	0.7%	211,290	4.6%	0.7%	213,815	4.1%	0.7%
Romanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	35,710	0.8%	0.1%	50,900	1.0%	0.2%
Russian	N/A	N/A	N/A	57,495	1.3%	0.2%	94,555	1.8%	0.3%
Scottish Gaelic	N/A	N/A	N/A	2,175	0.0%	0.0%	2,155	0.0%	0.0%
Serbian	N/A	N/A	N/A	28,620	0.6%	0.1%	41,175	0.8%	0.1%
Serbo-Croatian	N/A	N/A	N/A	17,940	0.4%	0.1%	26,685	0.5%	0.1%
Slovak	N/A	N/A	N/A	18,285	0.4%	0.1%	17,540	0.3%	0.1%
Slovene	N/A	N/A	N/A	14,085	0.3%	0.0%	12,800	0.2%	0.0%
Spanish[nb 4]	158,655	4.5%	0.6%	212,890	4.6%	0.8%	245,495	4.7%	0.8%
Swedish	N/A	N/A	N/A	9,760	0.2%	0.0%	9,070	0.2%	0.0%
Ukrainian	166,830	4.7%	0.6%	162,695	3.5%	0.6%	148,085	2.8%	0.5%
Welsh	N/A	N/A	N/A	1,670	0.0%	0.0%	1,615	0.0%	0.0%
Yiddish	N/A	N/A	N/A	21,415	0.1%	0.5%	19,290	0.4%	0.1%

European mother tongue by language (2006–2016)

Language	Population (2006)[35]	% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2006)	% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2006)	Population (2011)[36]	% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2011)	% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2011)	Population (2016)[31]	% of non-official language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2016)	% of all language mother tongue speakers in Canada (2016)
Albanian	N/A	N/A	N/A	23,820	0.4%	0.1%	26,890	0.4%	0.1%
Belarusan	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	810	0.0%	0.0%
Bosnian	12,790	0.2%	0.0%	11,685	0.2%	0.0%	12,210	0.2%	0.0%
Bulgarian	16,790	0.3%	0.1%	19,050	0.3%	0.1%	20,025	0.3%	0.1%
Catalan	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	865	0.0%	0.0%
Croatian	55,335	0.9%	0.2%	49,730	0.8%	0.2%	48,200	0.7%	0.1%
Czech	24,450	0.4%	0.1%	23,585	0.4%	0.1%	22,290	0.3%	0.1%
Danish	18,735	0.3%	0.1%	14,145	0.2%	0.0%	12,630	0.2%	0.0%
Dutch	128,905	2.1%	0.4%	110,490	1.7%	0.3%	99,020	1.4%	0.3%
Estonian	8,245	0.1%	0.0%	6,385	0.1%	0.0%	975	0.0%	0.0%
Finnish	21,030	0.3%	0.1%	17,415	0.3%	0.1%	2,790	0.0%	0.0%
Flemish	5,665	0.1%	0.0%	4,690	0.1%	0.0%	3,895	0.1%	0.0%
Frisian	2,890	0.0%	0.0%	14,935	0.1%	N/A	2,100	0.0%	0.0%
German	450,570	7.3%	1.4%	409,200	6.2%	1.2%	384,035	5.2%	1.1%
Greek	108,925	1.7%	0.3%	106,525	1.5%	0.3%	117,285	1.9%	0.4%
Hungarian	73,335	1.2%	0.2%	67,920	1.0%	0.2%	61,235	0.8%	0.2%
Icelandic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1,285	0.0%	0.0%
Italian	455,040	7.4%	1.5%	407,485	6.2%	1.2%	375,635	5.1%	1.1%
Latvian	6,995	0.1%	0.0%	6,200	0.1%	0.0%	5,455	0.1%	0.0%
Lithuanian	8,335	0.1%	0.0%	7,245	0.1%	0.0%	7,075	0.1%	0.0%
Macedonian	18,440	0.3%	0.0%	17,245	0.3%	0.1%	16,775	0.2%	0.0%
Maltese	6,405	0.1%	0.0%	6,220	0.1%	0.0%	5,565	0.1%	0.0%
Norwegian	7,225	0.1%	0.0%	5,800	0.1%	0.0%	4,615	0.1%	0.0%
Polish	211,175	3.4%	0.7%	191,645	2.9%	0.6%	181,710	2.5%	0.5%
Portuguese	219,270	3.6%	0.7%	211,335	3.2%	0.6%	221,540	3.0%	0.6%
Romanian	78,500	1.3%	0.3%	90,300	1.4%	0.3%	96,665	1.3%	0.3%
Russian	133,575	2.2%	0.4%	164,330	2.5%	0.5%	188,255	2.6%	0.5%
Scottish Gaelic	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1,090	0.0%	0.0%
Serbian	51,665	0.8%	0.2%	56,420	0.9%	0.2%	57,350	0.8%	0.2%
Serbo-Croatian	12,510	0.2%	0.0%	10,155	0.2%	0.0%	9,555	0.1%	0.0%
Slovak	18,825	0.3%	0.1%	17,580	0.3%	0.1%	17,580	0.2%	0.1%
Slovene	13,135	0.2%	0.0%	10,775	0.2%	0.0%	9,790	0.1%	0.0%
Spanish[nb 4]	345,345	5.6%	1.1%	410,670	6.3%	1.2%	458,850	6.3%	1.3%
Swedish	8,220	0.1%	0.0%	7,350	0.1%	0.0%	6,840	0.1%	0.0%
Ukrainian	134,500	2.2%	0.4%	111,540	1.7%	0.3%	102,485	1.4%	0.3%
Welsh	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	1,075	0.0%	0.0%
Yiddish	16,295	0.3%	0.1%	15,205	0.2%	0.0%	13,555	0.2%	0.0%

European immigrant population in Canada

Year	Population	% of immigrants in Canada	% of Canadian population
1986[37]	2,430,470	62.2%	9.3%
1991[37]	2,364,695	54.5%	8.4%
1996[37]	2,334,005	47.0%	7.9%
2001[38]	2,287,535	42.0%	7.4%
2006[39]	2,269,705	36.7%	7.0%
2011[40]	2,226,100	30.8%	6.5%
2016[41]	2,082,765	27.6%	5.7%

Culture

Main articles: Canadian culture and Western culture

European Canadians celebrating Canada Day.

The culture of the Canadians of European descent, European-Canadian culture, is the main culture of Canada. From their earliest presence in North America, European Canadians have contributed literature, art, architecture, cinema and theater, religion and philosophy, ethics, agricultural skills, foods, medicine, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, business, economics, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to Canadian culture. European-Canadian culture derived its earliest influences from English, French, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of Canadian culture. The overall Canadian culture reflects European-Canadian culture, also known as White Canadian culture. The culture has been developing since long before Canada formed a separate country. Much of Canadian culture shows influences from English culture, with later periphery influence, due to 19th-century immigration, from different regions of Europe, such as the customs of Eastern European Canadians. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.

Canadian flag

George Stanley designer of the current Canadian flag.

• Canadian flag - In 1964, Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson formed a committee to resolve the issue, sparking a serious debate about a flag change to replace the Union Flag. Out of three choices, the maple leaf design by George Stanley,[42] based on the flag of the Royal Military College of Canada, was selected. The flag made its first official appearance on February 15, 1965.

Music

Scottish-Canadian Robert Stanley Weir wrote the lyrics to O Canada.

Another area of cultural influence are Canadian Patriotic songs:

• Canadian National Anthem - Two Canadians of French descent Adolphe-Basile Routhier wrote the lyrics and Calixa Lavallée composed the music in 1880.[43][44] The English lyrics which is the official and most popular version were written in 1908 by Scottish-Canadian Robert Stanley Weir.[45]
• The Maple Leaf Forever - is an older but unofficial national anthem written by Scotsman Alexander Muir in 1867.[46] It was in consideration for official national anthem, however, as no French version was ever written, it was never popular with Francophones.[47]

Sport

• Ice Hockey - British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. Ice hockey was first played in Canada during the early nineteenth century, based on similar sports such as field hockey that were played in Europe.[48] The sport was originally played with a stick and ball, but in 1860 a group of English veterans from the Royal Canadian Rifle Regiment played a game in Kingston, Ontario, utilising a puck for what is believed to be the first time. This match, played on the frozen harbour by the city, is sometimes considered to be the birth of modern ice hockey.[49]

Prime Ministers

Most of the heritage that all twenty-three Canadian Prime Ministers come from (or in some combination thereof): is British (English, Scottish, Ulster Scot or Welsh) ancestry. Later Canadian Prime Ministers' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe.

1st John A. Macdonald (Scottish) 2nd Alexander Mackenzie (Scottish) 3rd John Abbott (English) 4th John Thompson (Irish) 5th Mackenzie Bowell (English) 6th Charles Tupper (English) 7th Wilfrid Laurier (French) 8th Robert Borden (English) 9th Arthur Meighen (Scotch-Irish) 10th William Lyon Mackenzie King (Scottish) 11th R. B. Bennett (English, Irish) 12th Louis St. Laurent (French, Irish)

13th John Diefenbaker (German, Scottish) 14th Lester B. Pearson (Anglo-Irish) 15th Pierre Trudeau (French, Scottish) 16th Joe Clark (Scottish, Irish) 17th John Turner (English) 18th Brian Mulroney (Irish) 19th Kim Campbell (Scottish) 20th Jean Chrétien (French) 21st Paul Martin (Irish, French, Scottish) 22nd Stephen Harper (English, Scottish) 23rd Justin Trudeau (French, Scottish, English)

See also

• European diaspora
• Métis people (Canada)
• Ethnic origins of people in Canada
• Eastern European Canadians
• Northwestern European Canadians
• Southern European Canadians
• European Americans
• Demographics of Canada

Notes

1. Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an aboriginal identity.
2. All citizens of Canada are classified as "Canadians" as defined by Canada's nationality laws. However, "Canadian" as an ethnic group has since 1996 been added to census questionnaires for possible ancestry. "Canadian" was included as an example on the English questionnaire and "Canadien" as an example on the French questionnaire. "The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude or generational distance from ancestral lineage.
   Source 1: Jack Jedwab (April 2008). "Our 'Cense' of Self: the 2006 Census saw 1.6 million 'Canadian'" (PDF). Association for Canadian Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 2, 2011. Retrieved March 7, 2011.
   Source 2: Don Kerr (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 978-1-55130-322-2.
3. English and French are not included here because although they are European originating languages, they are the two official languages of Canada and therefore may also be the mother tongue of non-European Canadians.
4. Not all speakers are European (ie. Mexicans and South Americans).

References

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47. "Canadian Heritage – Patriotic Songs". Pch.gc.ca. March 3, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2011.
48. "Ice Hockey Equipment and History". The Olympic Movement. Retrieved January 3, 2012.
49. "About Ice Hockey". Ice Hockey UK. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2011.

Further reading

• Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2009). Religion and Ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442610187.
• Bramadat, Paul; David Seljak (2008). Christianity and Ethnicity in Canada. U of Toronto Press. p. 247. ISBN 9780802095848.
• Haig-Brown, C.; Nock, D.A. (2006). With Good Intentions: Euro-Canadian and Aboriginal Relations in Colonial Canada. UBC Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-1138-5.
• Kallen, Evelyn (2003). Ethnicity and Human Rights in Canada: A Human Rights Perspective on Ethnicity, Racism, and Systemic Inequality. Oxford UP. ISBN 9780195417425.
• Kralt, John. "Country of Birth of Parents And Ethnic Origins - A Comparison of Reporting Patterns in the 2001 Census,"
• Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-2938-6.; 1300pp; comprehensive scholarly coverage of every group

• McLean, Lorna R. "Education, identity, and citizenship in early modern Canada." Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 41.1 (2007): 5-30.
• Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots Of Canadian Identity. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-705-8.
• Yedlin, Tova (1985). Central and East European Ethnicity in Canada: Adaptation and Preservation. Central and East European Studies Society of Alberta. ISBN 9780888649539.

Statistical

• Statistics Canada (2008). Canada Year Book (CYB) annual 1867-1967. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada).
• Statistics Canada (October 27, 2010). Canada Year Book. Ottawa: Federal Publications (Queen of Canada). Catalogue no 11-402-XPE.