Demographics of Montreal

The Demographics of Montreal concern population growth and structure for Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The information is analyzed by Statistics Canada and compiled every five years, with the most recent census having taken place in 2016.

Population history

Population of Montreal, and Metropolitan Area by year[1]
Year	City[2]	Island[3][4]	Metropolitan[2]
1660		407
1663		596
1666		624
1681		1,389
1700		2,969
1760		8,300
1771		9,770
1781		17,945
1791		18,000
1801	9,000
1811	13,300
1821	18,767
1831	27,297
1841	40,356
1851	57,715
1861	90,323
1871	130,022	144,044	174,090
1881	176,263	193,171	223,512
1891	254,278	277,525	308,169
1901	325,653	360,838	393,665
1911	490,504	554,761	594,812
1921	618,506	724,205	774,330
1931	818,577	1,003,868	1,064,448
1941	903,007	1,116,800	1,192,235
1951	1,021,520	1,320,232	1,539,308
1956	1,109,439	1,507,653	1,745,001
1961	1,201,559	1,747,696	2,110,679
1966	1,293,992	1,923,971	2,570,985
1971	1,214,352	1,958,595	2,743,208
1976	1,080,545	1,869,645	2,802,485
1981	1,018,609	1,760,120	2,862,286
1986	1,015,420	1,752,361	2,921,357
1991	1,017,666	1,775,871	3,127,242
1996	1,016,376	1,775,778	3,326,447
2001	1,039,534	1,812,723	3,426,350
2006	1,620,693	1,854,442	3,635,571
2011	1,649,519	1,886,481	3,824,221
2016	1,704,694	1,942,044	4,098,927

According to Statistics Canada, at the time of the 2011 Canadian census the city of Montreal proper had 1,649,519 inhabitants.[5] A total of 3,824,221 lived in the Montreal Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) at the same 2011 census, up from 3,635,556 at the 2006 census (within 2006 CMA boundaries), which means a population growth rate of +5.2% between 2006 and 2011.[6] Montreal's 2012-2013 population growth rate was 1.135%, compared with 1.533% for all Canadian CMAs[7]

In the 2006 census, children under 14 years of age (621,695) constituted 17.1%, while inhabitants over 65 years of age (495,685) numbered 13.6% of the total population.[8]

Future projections

According to a recently published report by the city of Montreal, the population of the island is expected to number 1,991,200 by 2012, with 3.9 million in the Greater Montreal Area, an increase of 15.8% over 2001. The current estimate of the Montreal CMA population, as of July 1, 2013, according to Statistics Canada is 3,981,802.[9] According to StatsCan, by 2030, the Greater Montreal Area is expected to number 5,275,000 with 1,722,000 being visible minorities.[10]

Ethnicities

City of Montreal

Pie chart showing Montreal's visible minority composition (data from Canada Census 2006).

Some 34.2% of the population of Montreal and 22.6% that of Greater Montreal, are members of a visible minority (non-white) group.[11] Blacks contribute to the largest minority group, with Montreal having the 2nd highest number of Blacks in Canada after Toronto. Other groups, such as Arabs, Latin Americans, South Asians, and Chinese are also large in number.[12] "[11][13] Visible minorities are defined by the Canadian Employment Equity Act as "persons, other than Aboriginals, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour."[14]

Visible minority and Aboriginal population[15][16][17][18]
Population group		Population (2016)	% of total population (2016)	Population (2011)	% of total population (2011)	Population (2006)	% of total population (2006)
European		1,052,430	63.3%	1,092,470	67.7%	1,171,295	73.5%
Visible minority group	South Asian	55,595	3.3%	53,515	3.3%	51,255	3.2%
	Chinese	54,670	3.3%	46,845	2.9%	47,980	3%
	Black	171,385	10.3%	147,100	9.1%	122,880	7.7%
	Filipino	23,500	1.4%	21,750	1.3%	17,100	1.1%
	Latin American	67,525	4.1%	67,160	4.2%	53,970	3.4%
	Arab	122,185	7.3%	102,625	6.4%	68,600	4.3%
	Southeast Asian	34,815	2.1%	39,570	2.5%	30,850	1.9%
	West Asian	15,340	0.9%	12,155	0.8%	8,310	0.5%
	Korean	4,225	0.3%	3,330	0.2%	2,730	0.2%
	Japanese	2,505	0.2%	2,020	0.1%	1,940	0.1%
	Visible minority, n.i.e.	4,750	0.3%	4,435	0.3%	2,385	0.1%
	Multiple visible minorities	12,085	0.7%	10,150	0.6%	6,820	0.4%
Total visible minority population		568,570	34.2%	510,665	31.7%	414,830	26%
Aboriginal group	First Nations	36,565	2.2%	35,165	2.2%	4,285	0.3%
	Métis	5,565	0.3%	3,760	0.2%	2,650	0.2%
	Inuit	905	0.1%	880	0.1%	205	0%
	Aboriginal, n.i.e.	410	0%	595	0%	360	0%
	Multiple Aboriginal identities	270	0%	220	0%	95	0%
Total Aboriginal population		42,225	2.5%	40,620	2.5%	7,600	0.5%
Total population		1,663,225	100%	1,612,645	100%	1,593,725	100%

Metro Montreal

Ethnic groups in Metro Montreal (2016) Source:		Population	%
Ethnic group	European	2,987,100	74.5%
	Black	270,940	6.8%
	Arab	191,165	4.8%
	Aboriginal	117,850	2.9%
	Latin American	110,195	2.7%
	Chinese	89,400	2.2%
	South Asian	85,925	2.1%
	Southeast Asian	55,705	1.4%
	Filipino	33,050	0.8%
	West Asian	28,890	0.7%
	Korean	7,055	0.2%
	Japanese	3,810	0.1%
	Multiple minorities	20,421	0.5%
	Visible minority, n.i.e.	8,290	0.2%
Total population		4,009,795	100%

Ethnic origin

Top 25 Ethnic Origins in Montreal CMA (2016)
Includes Multiple Responses[19]

Ethnic origin	Population	Percentage
Canadian	1,670,655	43.8%
French	870,245	21.7%
Italian	279,800	7.0%
Irish	239,460	6.0%
English	138,320	3.4%
Haitian	132,255	3.3%
Scottish	124,130	3.1%
Chinese	108,775	2.7%
First Nations	101,915	2.5%
Québécois	92,115	2.3%
German	86,025	2.1%
Moroccan	77,450	1.9%
Spanish	68,600	1.7%
Greek	66,395	1.7%
Lebanese	68,765	1.7%
Polish	64,895	1.6%
Portuguese	56,405	1.4%
Algerian	54,635	1.4%
Russian	49,275	1.2%
East Indian	48,485	1.2%
Romanian	47,980	1.2%
Vietnamese	38,660	1.0%
Filipino	35,685	0.9%
Ukrainian	35,050	0.8%
Belgian	31,840	0.8%

French-Canadian

Main articles: French-speaking Quebecer and French Canadian

Montreal is the cultural centre of Quebec, French-speaking Canada and French-speaking North America as a whole, and an important city in the Francophonie. The majority of the population is francophone. Montreal is the largest French-speaking city in North America, and second in the world after Paris when counting the number of native-language Francophones (third after Paris and Kinshasa when counting second-language speakers). The city is a hub for French language television productions, radio, theatre, circuses, performing arts, film, multimedia and print publishing.

Montreal plays a prominent role in the development of French-Canadian and Québécois culture. Its contribution to culture is therefore more of a society-building endeavour rather than limited to civic influence. The best talents from French Canada and even the French-speaking areas of the United States converge in Montreal and often perceive the city as their cultural capital. Montreal is also the most important stop in the Americas for Francophone artists from Europe, Africa and Asia.

The cultural divide between Canada's Francophone and Anglophone culture is strong and was famously referred to as the "Two Solitudes" by Canadian writer Hugh MacLennan. Reflecting their deep-seated colonial roots, the Solitudes were historically strongly entrenched in Montreal, splitting the city geographically at Saint Laurent Boulevard.

British and other English-speaking Minorities

Montreal is the focal point of Quebec's English-speaking community. Arriving in waves from the United Kingdom and eventually the entire British Commonwealth, the historical English-speaking community in Montreal includes Quebecers of English, Scottish, and Irish origin (as reflected in the city's flag) as well as Loyalists, escaped slaves, and immigrants from the Caribbean and the Indian subcontinent.[20]

With the advent of mass migration from beyond the confines of the British Empire, the English-speaking community in Montreal expanded to include a huge array of different cultures and ethnic groups. Since Chinese, Jewish, Greek, and other non-Catholic immigrants were barred from attending French-language Catholic schools under the Confessional school system, they attended English-language Protestant schools instead and became acculturated into the English-speaking community. This trend was boosted by the Catholic Church's policy, called la Revanche des berceaux or the "Revenge of the Cradle", of encouraging French-Canadians to maintain a very high birth-rate in order to bolster the community's demographic weight in Canada. This policy, along with the Church's traditional mistrust of entrepreneurship and the business world, caused French-Canadians in Quebec to remain largely poor and rural while shunning immigration in an attempt to resist assimilation. Immigrants who arrived prior to the Quiet Revolution therefore largely assimilated into the increasingly diverse English-speaking community in Montreal, while the city's French-speaking community remained largely white, French, and Catholic, growing through high birth rates and migration from the countryside rather than immigration.[21][22]

During the Quiet Revolution, French Quebecers left the Church en masse and birth rates fell drastically as they began to question the Duplessis-era establishment's legitimacy.[23] This awakening coincided with the arrival of a massive wave of Italian immigrants who, despite being Catholic, demanded English-language training and bilingual schools for their children. This community's desire to see its children, like those of fellow immigrant groups and the English community, educated in the majority language of Canada rather than the language of an insular minority clashed directly with Quebec francophones' emergent self-image as a majority community within Quebec rather than a national minority within Canada. With birth-rates declining dramatically, French Quebecers wished to tap into immigration to maintain their share of the population and the government set its sights on the Italian community, leading to the Saint-Leonard Conflict in which the Italian community sought to maintain freedom of choice in education in the face of the government's demands that they send their children to French-language schools. The Government of Quebec intended to allow English-language schooling only for Quebec's "historical English minority", a move which the Italian community viewed as discriminatory.[24][25] The matter was eventually settled with the advent of Bill 101, which allowed anyone who arrived before 1976 to continue school in the language of their choice while requiring all new immigrants from outside Quebec (including English-speaking Canadians) to attend school in French; this last requirement, the so-called Quebec clause was eventually struck down by the Supreme Court and expanded to allow anyone who received the better part of their schooling in English in Canada to send their children to English school in Quebec (in practice, this complex formula was designed so as not to bestow a right to English education on anyone who was educated in an English-speaking country and later became a Canadian citizen).

Because of these developments, Montreal's English-speaking community today includes people of English and Commonwealth ancestry, as well as specific groups who arrived in waves before the advent of Bill 101. It is a highly diverse community, with many members having a complex and multi-layered sense of identity that does not easily conform to the Government's definitions of "anglophone", "allophone", and "francophone".[26]

The community is served by one daily newspaper, The Gazette, as well as a number of weeklies including The Suburban. Another major daily, the Montreal Star, was Canada's foremost English-language daily until it ceased publication in 1979 due to a labour dispute. The most-watched television news channel is CTV Montreal, formerly CFCF 12, and the community is also served by local desks at the CBC, Global, Citytv, and MaTV.

The English-speaking community in Montreal has traditionally been very pro-active in building up institutions in the areas of education and healthcare, most notably McGill and Concordia Universities and the McGill University Health Centre. With the advent of Bill 101, which made French the sole language of work, these institutions came to play a key role in maintaining the vitality and viability of the English-speaking community as Alliance Quebec, an advocacy group created to give voice to the concerns of the English-speaking community in the turbulent times following the election of the Parti Québécois in 1976, fought to give English-speakers the right to work as well. In a compromise, the government made provisions in Bill 101 for so-called "bilingual institutions", namely school boards, colleges and universities, and hospitals serving primarily the English-speaking community, which would be required only to ensure the provision of services in French without having to operate entirely in French as otherwise required by Bill 101. In effect, this allowed English speakers to maintain access to the workforce by giving them non-client-facing jobs, so long as the organization could still provide services in French. Because of this historical development, English-speaking Montrealers' identity is deeply entwined with the community's historical institutions.[27] Along similar lines, the Jewish General Hospital was founded by the largely-English speaking Jewish Community to provide jobs and ensure quality healthcare for the Jewish community (notably whilst serving any and all, regardless of race, religion, or creed) at a time when Jews were routinely excluded from the medical profession and discriminated against as patients within a denominational healthcare system.[28]

Prominent venues in Montreal's English-speaking community include the Centaur Theatre and the Segal Centre for Performing Arts. Notable English-speaking Montrealers include Oliver Jones, Leonard Cohen, Oscar Peterson, William Shatner, Nick Auf der Maur, Melissa Auf der Maur, Mike Bossy, and Mordecai Richler.

The English-speaking community in Montreal is geographically fragmented along its diverse ethnic lines, with much of the English-speaking population concentrated in the suburban communities of the West Island. Traditionally, the city of Westmount and Montreal's Golden Square Mile were the home of the wealthy English merchant class. Other wealthy, largely English-speaking suburbs include the towns of Hampstead and Mount Royal, as well as the city of Côte-Saint-Luc, which is traditionally associated with the city's Jewish community. The working-class Irish community is associated with the rough neighborhoods of Pointe-Saint-Charles and Park Extension, which continue to host successive waves of immigrant groups as they arrive and eventually spread throughout the city. Saint Laurent Boulevard is the traditional dividing line between the so-called Two Solitudes, with the English-speaking community to the West and the French-speaking community to the East, although these lines continue to blur. Along its length, St. Laurent (also known as "The Main") has hosted a wide variety of groups that eventually came to form the city's English-speaking community, from Chinatown in the South, through Little Portugal, where Leonard Cohen had his house, and into the Mile End, which housed the Jewish community upon its first arrival and also contained numerous factories in the Schmata Industry, as described by Mordecai Richler in his work, St. Urbain's Horseman. The Greek community settled further up The Main near Outremont and the Park Extension neighbourhood near Jean Talon Street (an area which today boasts a large South Asian community), while the Italian community settled first into the neighbourhood of Ahuntsic and later, St. Leonard, Montreal North, and Riviere des Prairies.

All of these groups have English as their first language of use and may partake in the English-language or other minority school systems, but they also maintain separate cultural traditions and institutions and often operate in French at work, making it difficult to pinpoint exactly where the boundaries of Montreal's English-speaking community lie. Montréal’s English-speaking population became more diverse in the 20th century. Jewish migrants from Eastern Europe arrived in large numbers in the late 19th century, followed by Italians, both groups largely aligning with the English-speaking community. Less numerous, but also important, were the many Black, Chinese and South Asian migrants who increased the visible minority proportion of anglophones; today, 24.2 per cent of anglophones are visible minorities. Moreover, most anglophones in Québec are now of non-English origin. [26]

Italian

Montreal's Italian community is one of the largest in Canada, second only to Toronto. With 250,000 residents of Italian ancestry, Montreal has many Italian districts, such as Little Italy, Saint-Leonard (Città Italiana), R.D.P., and LaSalle. Italian is the 3rd most spoken language in Montreal and in the province of Quebec.

Black Canadians and West Indians

Main article: Black Canadians in Montreal

Additional West Indian women, from both the Francophone and Anglophone Caribbean, came to Montreal after the Domestic Immigration Program of 1955 was established.[29] Most settled in Little Burgundy.

Haitian

Montreal's Haitian community of 100,000 people is the largest in Canada. Large percentages of Haitians live in Montréal-Nord, Saint-Michel and R.D.P. Today, Haitian Creole is the sixth most spoken language in Montreal and the seventh most spoken language in the province of Quebec.

East Indians

The term Indo-Canadian is typically used in Canada to refer to people from the many ethnic groups of the Republic of India, and other South Asian countries including Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Sometimes you will also hear the term ‘East Indian.’[30] As of 1985 there were 9,000 Sikhs in the Montreal area. Around 35 of Air India Flight 182's passengers were Sikhs from Greater Montreal.[31] A memorial to AI182, located in Lachine, Montreal, opened in 2010.[32]

Arab

See also: Arab Canadians

According to CH (Montreal's multicultural channel) there are now over 117,000 people of Arab origin in Montreal. Montreal has sizeable communities of Lebanese, Moroccan, Syrian and Egyptian origin. The main Arab district is the borough of Saint-Laurent, which contains an Arab population of about 32,000 (52 percent of the population).

In 1931 the Syro-Lebanese were the largest non-French and non-British ethnic group in Ville Marie.[33]

Lebanese

According to the 2011 Census there were 190,275 Canadians who claimed Lebanese ancestry, with the largest concentration in Montreal, making them by far the largest group of people with Arabic-speaking roots.

Moroccans

As of the 2001 Canadian Census there were over 16,000 Canadians of Moroccan descent in Montreal, about 75% of the total Moroccan population of Canada.[34]

Other European ethnic groups

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Eusebe and St. Gabriel was the Poles.[33]

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in Cremazie was the Czecho-Slovaks.[33]

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Marie was the Lithuanians.[33]

In 1931 the largest non-French, non-British ethnic group in St. Georges was the Finns.[33]

Armenian

L'École Arménienne Sourp Hagop

As of 2005 there were almost 30,000 ethnic Armenians in Montreal.[35]

There are Armenian community institutions such as schools, youth organizations, and churches. The authors of "The Chameleon Character of Multilingual Literacy Portraits: Researching in "Heritage" Language Places and Spaces" wrote that in Montreal "there is no recognizable materially bounded Armenian neighborhood".[36] As of 2005 there are three Armenian schools in Montreal, one of which is a day school,[37] L'École Arménienne Sourp Hagop.

The Armenians first settled Canada in 1880. The first Armenian community in Montreal originally had 225 people.[35]

Japanese

Main article: Japanese in Montreal

As of 2005 there were an estimated 2,360 ethnic Japanese in Montreal.[38] As of 2003 there was no particular place where ethnic Japanese were concentrated,[39] E. Bourgault wrote in Perspectives on the Japanese Canadian Experience in Quebec (Repartir a Zero; Perspectives sur/ L’Experience des Canadiens d’Origine Japonaise au Quebec) that Japanese in Montreal historically "lived relatively anonymously" and that they "have avoided visible concentration as a collective, hoping to blend in, unnoticed into the larger population."[40]

Greek

Main article: Greek Canadians

Greek is the eighth language in importance. The Greek community remains vibrant: several neighbourhoods contain a number of Greek-owned businesses and local festivals and churches add to the multicultural character of the city. The neighbouring city of Laval also has a sizable Greek community, predominantly residing in the borough of Chomedey.

Chinese

As of 2006 Montreal has Canada's third largest ethnic Chinese population at 72,000 members.[41] As of 2005 there is an estimate of 42,765 ethnic Chinese in Montreal. Of the ethnic minorities, the Chinese are the fourth largest. National origins include Hong Kong, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and Singapore.[42]

The South Shore suburb of Brossard in particular has a high ethnic Chinese population, at 12% of its population.[43] Montreal also has a small Chinatown sandwiched in between Old Montreal, the Quartier international and downtown.

As of 2005 Sinoquebec is the newest Chinese-language newspaper in Montreal.[44] Others are Les Presses Chinoises and Sept Days.

Several Chinese-language special schools are in Montreal.[44] The Montreal Chinese Hospital is located in the city.

Latin Americans

Montreal is host to the second largest Latin American community in Canada at 75,400 (Toronto ranks first, with 99,290). The majority of Latin American Canadians are recent immigrants arriving in the late 20th century who have come from El Salvador, Colombia, Mexico, Chile and Guatemala with relatively smaller communities from the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Venezuela, Nicaragua and Ecuador.[45] Spanish is currently the fifth most spoken language in Montreal.

On the other hand, the city is also home to 4,425 Brazilians who are part of the Portuguese-speaking community of Montreal.[46]

Berbers

Especially from Algeria and Morocco, this immigration is recent and almost 50,000 Berbers live in Montreal.

Cambodians

As of 1999 the Communauté Khmere du Canada (Khmer Community Association) and the Pagode Khmer du Canada (Khmer Buddhist Temple) cooperate with one another.[47]

Some Muslim Cham people also moved to Montreal.[48]

As of 1999 in Montreal duan chee give active help in resolving emotional issues with Khmer women, while this is not the case with duan chee in Toronto.[49]

Jewish

Main article: Jews in Montreal

Montreal's Jewish community is one of the oldest and most populous in the country, formerly first but now second to Toronto and numbering about 100,000 according to the 2001 census. The community is quite diverse, and is composed of many different Jewish ethnic divisions that arrived in Canada at different periods of time and under differing circumstances.

Language

Census tracts in Montreal identified by mother tongue language.

  Francophone (majority)

  Francophone (minority)

  Anglophone (majority)

  Anglophone (minority)

  Allophone (majority)

  Allophone (minority)

In terms of mother language (first language learned), the 2006 census reported that in the Greater Montreal Area, 66.5% spoke French as a first language, followed by English at 13.2%, while 0.8% spoke both as a first language.[50] The remaining 22.5% of Montreal-area residents are allophones, speaking languages including Italian (3.5%), Arabic (3.1%), Spanish (2.6%), Haitian Creole (1.3%), Chinese (1.2%), Greek (1.2%), Portuguese (0.8%), Romanian (0.7%), Vietnamese (0.7%), and Russian (0.5%).[50] In terms of additional languages spoken, a unique feature of Montreal among Canadian cities, noted by Statistics Canada, is the working knowledge of both French and English possessed by most of its residents.

Language most spoken at home
in the Montreal metropolitan area (CMA)

	1996[51]	2001[52]	2006[53]	2011[54]
French	71.2%	72.1%	70.5%	70.4%
English	15.4%	14.8%	14.9%	14.0%
Other language	13.4%	13.1%	14.6%	16.6%
Note that percentages add up to more than 100% because some people speak two or more languages at home.

Mother tongue languages (2006)[55]
Includes Multiple Responses

Language	Greater Montreal	Quebec	Canada
French	65.8%	79.7%	22.0%
English	13.2%	9.0%	58.6%
Arabic	3.9%	2.1%	1.1%
Spanish	3.1%	1.8%	1.3%
Italian	3.1%	1.6%	1.3%
Creole	1.5%	0.8%	0.2%
Greek	1.1%	0.5%	0.4%
Chinese	1.1%	0.6%	1.3%
Portuguese	0.8%	0.5%	0.7%
Romanian	0.7%	0.4%	0.3%
Vietnamese	0.7%	0.4%	0.5%
Russian	0.6%	0.3%	0.5%
Persian	0.5%	0.3%	0.5%
Tagalog	0.4%	0.2%	1.2%
Armenian	0.4%	0.2%	0.1%
Polish	0.4%	0.2%	0.6%
Tamil	0.4%	0.2%	0.4%
Punjabi	0.3%	0.2%	1.4%
German	0.3%	0.2%	1.3%
Bengali	0.3%	0.1%	0.2%
Cantonese	0.3%	0.1%	1.2%
Urdu	0.3%	0.1%	0.6%
Mandarin	0.3%	0.1%	0.8%

Canada Census Mother Tongue - Greater Montreal, Quebec[56]
Census		Total		French				English				French & English				Other
Year		Responses		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %
2016		4,053,355		2,551,955	6.53%	62.96%		444,955	3.34%	10.97%		47,150	16.70%	1.16%		910,605	9.42%	22.47%
2011		3,785,915		2,395,525	2.88%	63.27%		439,845	1.16%	11.62%		40,400	50.44%	1.07%		832,245	3.05%	21.98%
2006		3,588,520		2,328,400	2.34%	64.88%		425,635	4.27%	11.86%		26,855	10.28%	0.75%		807,630	21%	22.5%
2001		3,380,645		2,275,035	11.25%	67.29%		408,185	0.46%	12.1%		29,935	2.98%	0.89%		667,485	15.55%	19.74%
1996		3,106,150		2,044,935	n/a	65.84%		410,070	n/a	13.2%		29,070	n/a	0.9%		577,665	n/a	18.59%

Canada Census Mother Tongue – Montreal, Quebec[56]
Census		Total		French				English				French and English				Other
Year		Responses		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %		Count	Trend	Pop %
2016		1,680,910		833,280	1.75%	49.57%		208,140	0.93%	12.38%		20,705	18.79%	1.27%		559,035	4.19%	34.34%
2011		1,627,945		818,970	1.86%	50.3%		206,210	3.1%	12.67%		17,430	44.58%	1.07%		536,560	1.93%	32.30%
2006		1,593,725		834,520	4.45%	52.36%		200,000	2.92%	12.5%		12,055	28.27%	0.75%		547,150	13.01%	34.33%
2001		1,608,024		873,564	2.07%	54.32%		206,025	4.21%	12.81%		16,807	14.02%	1.04%		484,165	13.72%	30.1%
1996		1,569,437		855,780	n/a	54.53%		215,100	n/a	13.7%		14,740	n/a	0.94%		425,725	n/a	27.12%

2016 population by Mother tongue

Ville de Montréal

Top 30 languages Montréal, 2016[57]	Population	%
French	833,280	52.1
English	208,140	13.0
Arabic	95,165	5.9
Spanish	72,760	4.5
Italian	67,800	4.2
Creole	36,160	2.3
Mandarin	26,245	1.6
Vietnamese	18,115	1.1
Portuguese	17,130	1.1
Greek	16,935	1.1
Romanian	15,230	1.0
Russian	14,685	0.9
Cantonese	14,435	0.9
Farsi	12,585	0.8
Tagalog (Filipino)	10,770	0.7
Tamil	9,595	0.6
Bengali	9,290	0.6
Kabyle	8,460	0.5
Panjabi (Punjabi)	7,300	0.5
Polish	7,000	0.4
Urdu	6,580	0.4
Armenian	6,330	0.4
Yiddish	6,030	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,875	0.3
Turkish	4,535	0.3
Gujarati	4,075	0.3
German	3,990	0.2
Bulgarian	3,625	0.2
Korean	3,120	0.2
Ukrainian	2,995	0.2

Religion

The Greater Montreal Area is predominantly Roman Catholic; however, weekly church attendance in Quebec is among the lowest in Canada.[58] Historically Montreal has been a centre of Catholicism in North America with its numerous seminaries and churches, including the Notre-Dame Basilica, the Cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde, and Saint Joseph's Oratory. Some 65.8% of the total population is Christian,[59] largely Roman Catholic (52.8%), primarily due to descendants of original French settlers, and others of Italian and Irish origins. Protestants which include Anglican, United Church, Lutheran, owing to British and German immigration, and other denominations number 5.90%, with a further 3.7% consisting mostly of Orthodox Christians, fuelled by a large Greek population. There is also a number of Russian and Ukrainian Orthodox parishes. Islam is the largest non-Christian religious group, with 154,540 members,[60] the second-largest concentration of Muslims in Canada at 9.6%. The Jewish community in Montreal has a population of 90,780. In cities such as Côte Saint-Luc and Hampstead, Jewish people constitute the majority, or a substantial part of the population. As recently as 1971 the Jewish community in Greater Montreal was as high as 109,480.[3] Political and economic uncertainties led many to leave Montreal and the province of Quebec.[61]

The religious breakdown of the population of Montreal is:[59]

Religion (2011)

Religion	Population	Percentage (%)
Christianity	1,061,605	65.8%
No religious affiliation	296,215	18.4%
Islam	154,540	9.6%
Judaism	90,780[62]	5.6%
Buddhism	32,220	2.0%
Hinduism	22,580	1.4%
Sikhism	5415	0.3%
Other religions	4205	0.3%

See also

• Demographics of Quebec

References

• Maguire, Mary H., Ann J. Beer, Hourig Attarian, Diane Baygin, Xiao Lan Curdt-Christiansen, and Reiko Yoshida (McGill University). "The Chameleon Character of Multilingual Literacy Portraits: Researching in "Heritage" Language Places and Spaces" (Chapter 7). In: Anderson, Jim, Maureen Kendrick, Theresa Rogers, and Suzanne Smythe (editors). Portraits of Literacy Across Families, Communities, and Schools: Intersections and Tensions. Routledge, May 6, 2005. Start page 141. ISBN 1135615535, 9781135615536.

Notes

1. "Montréal en statistiques - Population totale". Ville de Montréal. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
2. "Montréal En Bref" (PDF). City of Montreal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-12-05. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
3. "Statistical Tables — Religion". Statistics Canada Census. Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
4. "Vol. 1 - Table 2" (XLS). 1951 Canadian Census. University of Toronto. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
5. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=2466023&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=24&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1
6. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=462&Geo2=PR&Code2=24&Data=Count&SearchText=montreal&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Population&Custom=&TABID=1
7. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/140226/longdesc-cg140226b001-eng.htm
8. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses - 100% data". Statistics Canada, 2006 Census of Population. 2007-03-13. Retrieved 2007-03-13.
9. "Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area, Canada — Population at July 1". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
10. "Appendix: Table A1 Population by visible minority group and place of residence, scenario C (high growth), Canada, 2006". Statcan.gc.ca. 2010-03-09. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
11. "Canada's Ethnocultural Mosaic, 2006 Census: Canada's major census metropolitan areas". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
12. Statistics Canada (2002). "Selected Ethnic Origins, for Census Subdivisions". Retrieved 2007-02-22.
13. Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census
14. "Visible Minority Population and Population Group Reference Guide, 2006 Census". 2.statcan.ca. 2009-08-11. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
15. , Aboriginal Population Profile from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
16. , Community Profiles from the 2006 Census, Statistics Canada - Census Subdivision
17. , National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011
18. "Census Profile, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. April 24, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
19. "2016 Census Data: Montreal (CMA)". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2018-07-07.
20. Originally intended to be the sole beneficiaries of Bill 101's allowance for English schooling, as per https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Leonard,_Quebec#Saint-Leonard_Conflict
21. Québec since confederation at The Canadian Encyclopedia, accessed September 1, 2019
22. Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Canada#Duplessis era
23. https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/neither-practising-nor-believing-but-catholic-even-so/article4329828/
24. http://www.panoramitalia.com/en/arts-culture/history/saint-leonard-conflict-language-legislation-quebec/2325/
25. http://collections.musee-mccord.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=1&elementid=103__true&tableid=11&contentlong
26. English-speaking Quebecer at The Canadian Encyclopedia, accessed September 1, 2019
27. http://qcgn.ca/community-priorities/
28. http://jgh.ca/en/1910?mid=ctl00_LeftMenu_ctl00_TheMenu-menuItem010
29. Dubinsky, Karen. ""We Adopted a Negro": Interractial Adoption and the Hybrid Baby in 1960s Canada" (Chapter 11). In: Rutherdale, Robert and Magda Fahrni. Creating Postwar Canada: Community, Diversity, and Dissent, 1945-75. UBC Press, July 1, 2008. ISBN 077485815X, 9780774858151. Start: p. 268. CITED: p. 279. Retrieved on October 7, 2014.
30. "https://www.myconsultant.ca/EN/Everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-Indian-community-in-Canada
31. "Sikhs mourn Air-India victims." The Montreal Gazette. Wednesday June 26, 1985. p. A1. Retrieved on Google News (p. 1/111) on October 22, 2014.
32. "Memorial to victims of Air India bombing inaugurated in Lachine." CTV Montreal. Sunday December 5, 2010. Retrieved on December 7, 2014.
33. Rosenberg, Louis and Morton Weinfeld. Canada's Jews: A Social and Economic Study of Jews in Canada in the 1930s (Volume 16 of McGill-Queen's Studies in Ethnic History). McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP), Oct 12, 1993. ISBN 0773563946, 9780773563940. p. 33.
34. Powell, John. Encyclopedia of North American Immigration (Facts on File library of American history). Infobase Publishing. January 1, 2009. ISBN 143811012X, 9781438110127. p. 195.
35. Maguire, et al, p. 151.
36. Maguire, et al, p. 154.
37. Maguire, et al, p. 152.
38. Maguire, et al, p. 161.
39. Maguire, Mary H. (McGill University). "Identity and Agency in Primary Trilingual Children’s Multiple Cultural Worlds: Third Space and Heritage Languages" (Archive). In: Cohen, James, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (editors). ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Conference held from April 30 to May 3, 2003. Published May 2005. p. 1423-1445. CITED: p. 1439 (PDF p. 17/24). "The other two schools, the Chinese Shonguo and Japanese Hoshuko are privately funded, rent space for their Saturday schools from mainstream educational institutions, and thus have no visible identifiable logo or physical presence as a particular 'heritage language school'."
40. Maguire, Mary H. (McGill University). "Identity and Agency in Primary Trilingual Children’s Multiple Cultural Worlds: Third Space and Heritage Languages" (Archive). In: Cohen, James, Kara T. McAlister, Kellie Rolstad, and Jeff MacSwan (editors). ISB4: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism. Conference held from April 30 to May 3, 2003. Published May 2005. p. 1423-1445. CITED: p. 1438 (PDF p. 16/24). "The other two schools, the Chinese Shonguo and Japanese Hoshuko are privately funded, rent space for their Saturday schools from mainstream educational institutions, and thus have no visible identifiable logo or physical presence as a particular 'heritage language school'."
41. "Visible minority groups, 2006 counts, for Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations - 20% sample data". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. April 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
42. Maguire, et al, p. 155.
43. 2006 Canadian Census: Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Highlights Tables: Brossard, Quebec
44. Maguire, et al, p. 156.
45. "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada — Data table". 2.statcan.ca. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2012-01-02.
46. Statistics Canada. "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables (Montréal)". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
47. McLellan, Janet (University of Toronto). "Cambodian Buddhists in Toronto" (Chapter 5). In: McLellan, Janet. Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. University of Toronto Press, 1999. ISBN 0802082254, 9780802082251. Start p. 133. - CITED: p. 141.
48. McLellan, Janet. "CAMBODIANS/KHMER." In: Magosci, Paul R. (editor). Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples (G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series). University of Toronto Press, 1999. ISBN 0802029388, 9780802029386. CITED: p. 296.
49. McLellan, Janet (University of Toronto). "Cambodian Buddhists in Toronto" (Chapter 5). In: McLellan, Janet. Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto. University of Toronto Press, 1999. ISBN 0802082254, 9780802082251. Start p. 133. - CITED: p. 148.
50. "Montreal (CMA) - Detailed Mother Tongue". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. April 1, 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-08.
51. Institut de la statistique du Québec. "Tableau 2 - Langue maternelle et langues parlées à la maison, connaissance des langues officielles, 1996, 1991 et 1986 - Régions métropolitaines de recensement" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
52. "Language Spoken Most Often at Home (8), Language Spoken at Home on a Regular Basis (9), Sex (3) and Age Groups (15) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas 1 and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data". Statistics Canada, 2001 Census of Population. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
53. "Population by language spoken most often at home and age groups, 2006 counts, for Canada and census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations – 20% sample data". Retrieved 2007-12-05.
54. "Montréal, Quebec (Code 462) and Quebec (Code 24) (table). Census Profile". Retrieved January 11, 2013.
55. "Montreal (CMA) - Detailed Mother Tongue (192), Single and Multiple Language Responses (3), Age Groups (7) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census". Canada 2006 Census. Statistics Canada. October 24, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
56. Statistics Canada: 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016 census
57. Montréal Profile, Montréal 2016
58. CBC Article - Church attendance declining in Canada
59. "Profil Sociodémographique Montréal 2011". Statistics Canada. Retrieved January 1, 2011.
60. "2001 Community Highlights for Montréal". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2007-08-02.
61. "The Jewish Communities of Canada". Am Yisrael. Archived from the original on 2008-05-21. Retrieved 2008-05-20.
62. https://www.federationcja.org/en/jewish_montreal/demographics/

Further reading

General:

• Lavoie, Nathalie and Pierre Serre. "From Bloc Voting to Social Voting: The case of Citizenship Issues of Immigration to Montreal, 1995-1996." Peace Research Abstracts 39, no. 6 (2002): 763-957.
• Linteau, Paul-André. Histoire de la ville de Montréal depuis la Confédération. Montreal, Boreal, 1992.
• Marois, Claude. "Cultural Transformations in Montreal since 1970." Journal of Cultural Geography 8, No. 2 (1988): 29-38.
• McNicoll, Claire. Montréal, une société multiculturelle. Paris: Belin, 1993.
• Monette, Pierre. L'immigrant Montréal. Montreal: Triptyque, 1994.

On specific ethnic groups:

• Berdugo-Cohen, Marie and Yolande Cohen. Juifs marocains à montreal: témoignages d'une immigration moderne. Montreal: VLB, 1987.
• Lam, Lawrence. From Being Uprooted to Surviving: Resettlement of Vietnamese-Chinese "Boat People" in Montreal, 1980-1990. Toronto: York Lanes Press, 1996.
• Penisson, Bernard. "L'émigration française au Canada." In: L'émigration française: études de cas: Algérie-Canada-Etats-Unis. Paris: Université de Paris I, Centre de recherches d'histoire nord-américaine, 1985.
• Robinson, Ira, Pierre Anctil, and Mervin Butovsku (editors). An Everyday Miracle: Yiddish Culture in Montreal. Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1990.
• Robinson, Ira and Mervin Butovsky (editors). Renewing Our Days Montreal Jews in the Twentieth Century. Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1995.