Art movement

An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal, followed by a group of artists during a specific period of time, (usually a few months, years or decades) or, at least, with the heyday of the movement defined within a number of years. Art movements were especially important in modern art, when each consecutive movement was considered as a new avant-garde.

Concept

According to theories associated with modernism and the concept of postmodernism, art movements are especially important during the period of time corresponding to modern art.[1] The period of time called "modern art" is posited to have changed approximately halfway through the 20th century and art made afterward is generally called contemporary art. Postmodernism in visual art begins and functions as a parallel to late modernism[2] and refers to that period after the "modern" period called contemporary art.[3] The postmodern period began during late modernism (which is a contemporary continuation of modernism), and according to some theorists postmodernism ended in the 21st century.[4][5] During the period of time corresponding to "modern art" each consecutive movement was often considered a new avant-garde.[4]

Also during the period of time referred to as "modern art" each movement was seen corresponding to a somewhat grandiose rethinking of all that came before it, concerning the visual arts. Generally there was a commonality of visual style linking the works and artists included in an art movement. Verbal expression and explanation of movements has come from the artists themselves, sometimes in the form of an art manifesto,[6][7] and sometimes from art critics and others who may explain their understanding of the meaning of the new art then being produced.

In the visual arts, many artists, theorists, art critics, art collectors, art dealers and others mindful of the unbroken continuation of modernism and the continuation of modern art even into the contemporary era, ascribe to and welcome new philosophies of art as they appear.[8][9] Postmodernist theorists posit that the idea of art movements are no longer as applicable, or no longer as discernible, as the notion of art movements had been before the postmodern era.[10][11] There are many theorists however who doubt as to whether or not such an era was actually a fact;[4] or just a passing fad.[5][12]

The term refers to tendencies in visual art, novel ideas and architecture, and sometimes literature. In music it is more common to speak about genres and styles instead. See also cultural movement, a term with a broader connotation.

As the names of many art movements use the -ism suffix (for example cubism and futurism), they are sometimes referred to as isms.

19th-, 20th- and 21st-century art movements

19th century

• 
  Jacques-Louis David, The Coronation of Napoleon, (1806), Musée du Louvre, Neoclassicism
• 
  Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People 1830, Romanticism
• 
  Thomas Cole, The Course of Empire: The Savage State, 1836, Hudson River School
• 
  Gustave Courbet, Stone-Breakers, 1849, Realist School
• 
  Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, c. 1867, Ville d'Avray National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., Barbizon School[13]
• 
  Claude Monet, Haystacks, (sunset), 1890–1891, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Impressionism
• 
  Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, 1889, Post-Impressionism
• 
  Edvard Munch, The Scream, early example of Expressionism

Academic, c. 16th century–20th century Aesthetic Movement American Barbizon school American Impressionism Amsterdam Impressionism Art Nouveau, c. 1890–1910 Arts and Crafts Movement, founded 1860s Barbizon school, c. 1830s–1870s Biedermeier, c. 1815–1848 Cloisonnism, c. 1888–1900s (decade) Danish Golden Age c. 1800s-1850s Decadent movement Divisionism, c. 1880s–1910s Düsseldorf School Etching revival Expressionism, c. 1890s–1930s German Romanticism, c. 1790s–1850s Gründerzeit Hague School, c. 1860s–1890s Heidelberg School, c. 1880s–1900s (decade) Hoosier Group Hudson River School, c. 1820s–1900s (decade) Hurufiyya movement mid-20th-century in North Africa and the Middle East Impressionism, c. 1860s–1920s Incoherents, c. 1882-1890s Jugendstil Les Nabis, c. 1890s–1900s (decade)

Les Vingt Letras y figuras, c. 1845-1900's Luminism Lyon School Macchiaioli c. 1850s–1900s (decade) Mir iskusstva, founded 1898 Modernism, c. 1860s-ongoing Naturalism Nazarene, c. 1810s–1830 Neo-Classicism, c. 1780s–1900s (decade) Neo-impressionism, c. 1880s–1910s Norwegian romantic nationalism, c. 1840–1867 Norwich School, founded 1803 Orientalism Peredvizhniki Pointillism, c. 1880s–1910s Pont-Aven School, c. 1850s–1890s Post-Impressionism, c. 1880s–1900s (decade) Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Realism, c. 1850s–1900s (decade) Realism, c. 1850s–1900s (decade) Romanticism, c. 1750s–1890s Secession groups, c. 1890s–1910s Society of American Artists, c. 1877–1906 Spanish Eclecticism, c. 1845-1890s Symbolism Synthetism, c. 1877–1900s (decade) Tipos del País Tonalism, c. 1880–1915 Vienna Secession, founded 1897 White Mountain art, c. 1820s–1870s Spiritualist art, c. 1870–

20th century

1900–1921

• 
  Wassily Kandinsky, 1903, Der Blaue Reiter painting, Der Blaue Reiter 21.1 cm × 54.6 cm (8.3 in × 21.5 in)
• 
  Pablo Picasso, Family of Saltimbanques, 1905, Picasso's Rose Period
• 
  Henri Matisse, The Open Window, 1905, Fauvism
• 
  Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907, Proto-Cubism
• 
  Georges Braque 1910, Analytic Cubism
• 
  Kazimir Malevich, (Supremus No. 58), Museum of Art, 1916, Suprematism
• 
  Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz, Dada
• 
  Albert Gleizes, Woman with Black Glove, 1920, Crystal Cubism
• 
  Piet Mondrian, Tableau I, 1921, De Stijl

Academic, c. 1900s (decade)-ongoing American realism, c. 1890s–1920s Analytic Cubism, c. 1909–1912 Art Deco, c. 1920s–1940s Ashcan School, c. 1890s–1920s Australian tonalism, c. 1910s–1930s Berliner Sezession, founded 1898 Bloomsbury Group, c. 1900s (decade)–1960s Camden Town Group, c. 1911–1913 Constructivism, c. 1920–1922, 1920s–1940s Cubism, c. 1906–1919 Cubo-Futurism, c. 1912–1918 Czech Cubism, c. 1910–1914 Dada, c. 1916–1922 Der Blaue Reiter, c. 1911–1914 De Stijl, c. 1917–1931 Deutscher Werkbund, founded 1907 Die Brücke, founded 1905 Expressionism c. 1890s–1930s Fauvism, c. 1900–1910 Futurism, c. 1909–1916 German Expressionism, c. 1913–1930 Group of Seven (Canada), c. 1913–1930s

Jack of Diamonds, founded 1909 Luminism (Impressionism), c. 1900s (decade)–1930s Modernism, c. 1860s–ongoing Neo-Classicism, c. 1900s (decade)–ongoing Neo-primitivism, from 1913 Neue Künstlervereinigung München Novembergruppe, founded 1918 Objective Abstraction, c. 1933–1936 Orphism, c. 1910–1913 Photo-Secession, founded c. 1902 Pittura Metafisica, c. 1911–1920 Proto-Cubism, c. 1906–1908 Purism, c. 1917–1930s Rayonism Section d'Or, c. 1912–1914 Suprematism, formed c. 1915–1916 Synchromism, founded 1912 Synthetic Cubism, c. 1912–1919 The Eight, c. 1909–1918 The Ten, c. 1897–1920 Vorticism, founded 1914

1920–1945

• 
  Theo van Doesburg, Composition XX, 1920, De Stijl
• 
  Max Ernst, The Elephant Celebes, 1921, Tate, Surrealism
• 
  Charles Demuth, I Saw the Figure 5 in Gold, 1928, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Precisionism
• 
  Grant Wood, American Gothic, 1930, Art Institute of Chicago, Social Realism

American Scene painting, c. 1920s–1950s Arbeitsrat für Kunst Art Deco Bauhaus, c. 1919–1933 Concrete art Der Ring De Stijl, c. 1917–1931 Ecole de Paris Geometric abstraction Gruppo 7 International Style, c. 1920s–1970s Kapists, c. 1930s

Magic Realism Neo-Romanticism Neue Sachlichkeit Novecento Italiano Novembergruppe, founded 1918 Precisionism, c. 1918–1940s Regionalism (art), c. 1930s–1940s Return to order, 1918–1922 Scuola Romana, c. 1928–1945 Social Realism, c. 1920s–1960s Socialist Realism Surrealism, c. 1920s–1960s Universal Constructivism, c. 1930–1970

1940–1965

Arshile Gorky, The Liver is the Cock's Comb (1944), oil on canvas, 73​¹⁄₄ × 98" (186 × 249 cm) Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York. Gorky was an Armenian-born American painter who had a seminal influence on Abstract Expressionism. De Kooning said: "I met a lot of artists — but then I met Gorky... He had an extraordinary gift for hitting the nail on the head; remarkable. So I immediately attached myself to him and we became very good friends."[14]

Abstract expressionism Action painting Arte Povera Art Informel Assemblage Beatnik art Chicago Imagists CoBrA, c. 1948–1951 Color Field painting Combine painting De-collage Fluxus Happening Hard-Edge Painting Kinetic Art Kitchen Sink School Lettrism

Lyrical abstraction Neo-Dada New Brutalism Northwest School Nouveau Réalisme Op Art Organic abstraction Outsider Art Panic Movement Pop Art Post-painterly abstraction Process art Public art Retro art Serial art Shaped canvas Situationist International Tachism Video art

1965–2000

• 
  Art & Language, Untitled Painting (1965), Tate, Conceptual art
• 
  Art & Language, Art-Language Vol.3 No.1 (1974), Château de Montsoreau-Museum of Contemporary Art, Conceptual art
• 
  Tony Smith, She Who Must Be Obeyed, 1975, Tony Smith Department of Labour Building, Minimalism
• 
  Dan Flavin, Untitled (Corner Piece), 1930, Tate Liverpool, Installation art

Abstract Illusionism Appropriation Arte Povera Art Photography Body Art Classical Realism Conceptual Art Dogme 95 Earth Art Figuration Libre Funk art Graffiti art Hyperrealism Installation art Internet Art Land art Late modernism Light and Space Lowbrow

Lyrical Abstraction Mail art Massurrealism Minimalism Neo-Expressionism Neo-figurative Neo-pop Performance Art Postminimalism Postmodernism Photorealism Psychedelic art Relational art Site-specific art Sound Art Transavanguardia Young British Artists

21st century

Algorithmic art Altermodernism Biomorphism Computer art Computer graphics Digital art Electronic Art Environmental art Excessivism Intentism Internet art Intervention art Metamodernism

Modern European ink painting Neo-minimalism New Media Art Pixel art Post-postmodernism Relational art Remodernism Social practice (art) SoFlo Superflat Stuckism International Superflat Superstroke Transgressive art Toyism Unilalianism Vaporwave Postinternet

See also

• 20th-century Western painting
• Art periods
• List of art movements
• Post-expressionism
• Western art history

References

1. Man of his words: Pepe Karmel on Kirk Varnedoe — Passages – Critical Essay Artforum, Nov, 2003 by Pepe Karmel
2. The Originality of the Avant Garde and Other Modernist Myths Rosalind E. Krauss, Publisher: The MIT Press; Reprint edition (July 9, 1986), Part I, Modernist Myths, pp.8–171
3. The Citadel of Modernism Falls to Deconstructionists, – 1992 critical essay, The Triumph of Modernism, 2006, Hilton Kramer, pp 218–221.
4. Post-Modernism: The New Classicism in Art and Architecture Charles Jencks
5. William R. Everdell, The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-century Thought, University of Chicago Press, 1997, p4. ISBN 0-226-22480-5
6. "Poetry of the Revolution. Marx, Manifestos, and the Avant-Gardes" introduction, Martin Puchner Archived 2005-12-27 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 4, 2006
7. "Looking at Artists' Manifestos, 1945–1965", Stephen B. Petersen Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved April 4, 2006
8. Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism, seventh paragraph of the essay. URL accessed on June 15, 2006
9. Clement Greenberg: Modernism and Postmodernism, William Dobell Memorial Lecture, Sydney, Australia, Oct 31, 1979, Arts 54, No.6 (February 1980). His final essay on modernism Retrieved October 26, 2011
10. Ideas About Art by Desmond, Kathleen K. , John Wiley & Sons, 2011, p.148
11. International postmodernism: theory and literary practice, Bertens, Hans , Routledge, 1997, p.236
12. "The Death of Postmodernism And Beyond | Issue 58 | Philosophy Now". philosophynow.org.
13. National Gallery of Art
14. Willem de Kooning (1969) by Thomas B. Hess

External links

• the-artists.org Art movements since 1900.
• 20th-Century Art Compiled by Dr.Witcombe, Sweet Briar College, Virginia.
• WebMuseum, Paris Themes index and detailed glossary of art periods.