Colin McCahon

Colin John McCahon (1 August 1919 – 27 May 1987)[1] was a prominent New Zealand artist whose work over forty-five years consisted of various styles including landscape, figuration, abstraction and the overlay of painted text. Along with Toss Woollaston and Rita Angus, McCahon is credited with introducing modernism to New Zealand in the mid twentieth century. He is regarded as New Zealand's most important modern artist, particularly in his landscape work.[2][3]

Colin J. McCahon
A pencil drawing of Colin McCahon by Allan Mollison (2009)
Born(1919-08-01)1 August 1919
Timaru, Timaru District, New Zealand
Died27 May 1987(1987-05-27) (aged 67)
Auckland, Auckland Region, New Zealand
Resting placeAshes scattered at Muriwai, Auckland Region, New Zealand
NationalityNew Zealander
Alma materOtago Boys' High School
Known forPainter
MovementModernism
Spouse(s)Anne Hamblett (1915–1993)

Early life and development

McCahon was born in Timaru on 1 August 1919[4] the second of three children of Ethel Beatrice Ferrier and her husband John Kernohan McCahon.[1] He spent most of his childhood in Dunedin, although his family lived in Oamaru for one year.[1] He showed an early interest in art, influenced by regular visits to exhibitions and the work of his maternal grandfather, the photographer and painter William Ferrier, which hung in the family home.[1][5] He attended the Maori Hill Primary School and Otago Boys' High School[1] which he called: "the most unforgettable horror of my youth".[6]

At the age of 14, convinced he wanted to be an artist,[4] McCahon took Russell Clark's Saturday morning art classes to learn the fundamental skills of painting.[4] Visits to an exhibition by Toss Woollaston, whose landscapes, "clean, bright with New Zealand light, and full of air", also inspired him to become a painter.[1] McCahon later attended the Dunedin School of Art (now known as Otago Polytechnic) from 1937 to 1939, where his teacher Robert Nettleton Field proved to be an inspirational influence.[1] After leaving Otago, McCahon attended King Edward Technical College Art School as a part-time student.[4]

He first exhibited his work at the Otago Art Society in 1939.[5] His painting Harbour Cone from Peggy’s Hill was considered too abstract and was excluded from the Otago Art Society's exhibition, despite a rule entitling each member to submit one work.[7] The society’s conventions of good taste were challenged by McCahon’s modernist style which reduced the volcanic cones of the Otago Peninsula to a topographic series of bare, almost monochromatic forms. The protests of other young artists, who withdrew their works in sympathy, forced the society to relent and display the work.[6]

McCahon supported himself in the late-thirties with a stint of working in a touring variety show, stage scenery painting, and fruit picking.[1] Some of these jobs were undertaken during his voluntary service for the state during World War II.

War years
Untitled image by McCahon commissioned for the New Zealand School Journal.

At the beginning of World War II, McCahon worked in prescribed industries in support of the war effort. McCahon had initially tried to enlist for military service after deciding that the defeat of Fascism was a global necessity - even from his pacifist standpoint. He was rejected from active service due to an enlarged heart.[8]

In September 1940 and November 1943 he was guest exhibitor with The Group show in Christchurch. He became a member of The Group in 1947 and contributed work regularly until its demise in 1977. During 1944 McCahon collaborated with his wife producing watercolours collectively called Pictures for Children. In 1940 he had a small exhibit in Wellington and produced his first commissioned work, Otago Peninsula.[1]

Between 1940 and 1950 McCahon was commissioned by the Department of Education to produce an illustration for the New Zealand School Journal.[9] This illustration is now held at Archives New Zealand.[10]

Later, leaving his family at home, he traveled around the South Island for seasonal work which subsequently led to his artwork reflecting the places he traveled to, particularly the Nelson region.[5]

McCahon’s first mature works, religious paintings and symbolic landscapes such as The Angel of the Annunciation, Takaka: Night and Day, and The Promised Land were produced in the years immediately after the war.[5] During this time, a notable portrait of McCahon was painted by Doris Lusk.[11]

Married life

McCahon married fellow artist Anne Hamblett (1915–1993) in 1942 at St. Matthew's Church, Dunedin.[1] As a wedding present, McCahon and Hamblett received a book by C. A. Cotton, The Geomorphology of New Zealand. This book would prove to have an influence on his art.[4]

As McCahon relied on seasonal work his wife returned to live with her parents. Over the next five years, their time together was intermittent. The couple had four children - two daughters and two sons:[1] William, Catherine, Victoria and Matthew.[6]

Career

McCahon began the first of his early religious painting I Paul to you at Ngatimote in 1946 in Nelson. These works depicted events from Christ’s life in a New Zealand setting. McCahon was never a member of a church but acknowledged that religious questions were central to his work.[4] In the 1940s words began to appear in his work often resulting in public criticism. McCahon felt the directness of words could help, provide a 'way in' to his images, a long tradition within painted images, especially in religious art.[4]

In 1947 he worked as a labourer and in 1948 worked as a gardener in Christchurch. His friend R. N. O’Reilly organised an exhibit at the Wellington Public Library February 1947, then at the Lower Hutt Municipal Public Library.[1] In September 1947 McCahon showed a different selection at the Dunedin Public Library.

By 1948, McCahon and Hamblett had relocated to Christchurch.[1] McCahon met the poet John Caselberg in Christchurch in October 1948.[12] McCahon collaborated with Caselberg on various works that fused words and images.[13]

The support of the poet and editor Charles Brasch enabled McCahon to visit Melbourne from July to August 1951 to study paintings in the National Gallery of Victoria.[5] In August 1949, Helen Hitchings’s gallery mounted a joint exhibition of works by McCahon and Woollaston in Wellington; a selection was shown in Auckland later that month.[1]

In May 1953, McCahon moved his family to Titirangi, Auckland, where they bought a house. Partly as a result of his exposure to the area, McCahon painted many landscapes featuring beaches, the sea, the sky, land, boats and kauri trees.[4] He started working at the Auckland City Art Gallery first as a cleaner, then as a custodian of the paintings, and finally, in April 1956, as the Deputy Director.[4] McCahon assisted in the professionalisation of the gallery and helped it mount the first exhibitions and publications to record New Zealand art history.[5]

From April to July 1958, McCahon and his wife visited the United States on Gallery business. They used the visit as an opportunity to view art that interested them in major galleries.[4] Colin and Ann McCahon visited galleries and museums throughout America.[14] Paintings such as The Wake and the Northland Panels reflect McCahon’s immediate response to this visit[4] which accelerated his stylistic development during the following decade.[5]

In 1964, McCahon started working as a lecturer at the Elam School of Fine Arts at the University of Auckland.[4]

Teaching and exhibiting

In 1960, the family moved to a house in central Auckland. In August 1964, McCahon resigned from the Auckland City Art Gallery and began lecturing at the University of Auckland’s Elam School of Fine Arts where he remained for six years,[5] influencing a generation of artists, including Richard Killeen, Robin White and Ian Scott.

During the 1960s, McCahon's work enjoyed increased exposure and recognition in New Zealand and internationally. McCahon worked almost exclusively in black and white after the mid-sixties and produced a number of works combining numbers and texts, such as Io and Lark’s Song was based on a poem by Matire Kereama, whose book The Tail of the Fish deepened McCahon’s interest in Mäoritanga and Mäori imagery.[4]

In January 1971, he left Elam School of Fine Arts to paint full-time.[5] McCahon produced both word and landscape paintings during this period but words increasingly began to dominate his output. Works from this period include: Victory Over Death 2, Gate III, and the Necessary Protection series, as well as numerous landscapes of the Kaipara area.[4]

A second retrospective of his work was presented at Auckland City Art Gallery in 1972 which later toured New Zealand.[4]

Later years

In 1975 the Manawatu Art Gallery mounted the first exhibition to examine in detail a particular aspect of his past work, McCahon: 'Religious' Works 1946–1952. The implications of recent work were dealt with in the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery’s 1977 exhibition McCahon’s 'Necessary Protection'; both exhibitions toured. Although McCahon’s work still attracted derision there was growing support for his work.[1]

By the late 1970s, McCahon’s health had deteriorated because of his long-term alcoholism, and he was suffering from dementia through Korsakov’s syndrome by the mid-1980s.[5][6] In 1984, the exhibition "I Will Need Words" was presented as part of the Biennale of Sydney; McCahon was barely able to appreciate his growing international reputation due to his ill health. He died in Auckland City Hospital on 27 May 1987.[5] On 6 June 1988, his ashes were scattered throughout the Muriwai headland.[1]

Auckland City Art Gallery presented another retrospective, "Colin McCahon: Gates and Journeys," the following year. Further major exhibitions both in New Zealand and overseas have followed.[5]

Style and themes

McCahon is best known for his large paintings with dark backgrounds overlaid with religious texts in white. He was also an extensive landscape painter and was inspired in part by the writings of New Zealand geologist Sir Charles A Cotton[4] in The Geomorphology of New Zealand (3rd ed. 1942), a scientific text which examined landscape forms and processes, illustrated with sketches, diagrams and photographs. These diagrams ignored built features, trees, and objects irrelevant to his scientific themes as he attempted to strip the landscape to its geological basis. These precise drawings would inform McCahon in his efforts to find the landscape’s spiritual basis.[6]

After returning to New Zealand from visiting America in 1958 there was a significant change in McCahon's work.[15] Instead of using frames he worked with unstretched and unframed canvas and other changes included a considerable increase in scale; the creation of series of works in contrast to individual paintings; and "a new gestural freedom in his brushwork."[15] These differences were apparent in Northland Panels and The Wake.[15]

Thematically, his art was at times concerned with developing a painterly nationalism. McCahon himself explored issues of Christianity and pacifism both within and outside of this national identity.[7]

McCahon's graphic design work in theatre, posters and jewellery is lesser known, although said to be influential in his art practice.[16]

Of his painting Jump, McCahon wrote in 1971:

I am not painting protest pictures. I am painting about what is still there and what I can see before the sky turns black with soot and the sea becomes a slowly heaving rubbish tip. I am painting what we have got now and will never get again. This is one shape or form, has been the subject of my painting for a very long time.

He felt that:

Most of my work has been aimed at relating man to man to this world, to an acceptance of the very beautiful and terrible mysteries that we are part of. I aim at very direct statement and ask for a simple and direct response. Any other way the message gets lost.[6]

My painting is almost entirely autobiographical – it tells you where I am at any given point in time, where I am living and the direction I am pointing in. In this present time it is very difficult to paint for other people – to paint beyond your own ends and point directions as painters once did. Once the painter was making signs and symbols for people to live by; now he makes things to hang on walls at exhibitions.[6]

Influences

McCahon developed his own take on expressionism, influenced by both Robert Nettleton Field (1899–1987) and German Expressionism. At the Dunedin School of Art, McCahon met Rodney Eric Kennedy (1909–1989), Doris Lusk, Anne Hamblett and Patrick Hayman. McCahon, Lusk and Hamblett and to a lesser extent Hayman were later hailed by J. D. Charlton Edgar (1903–1976) as "the first cell of modern art[ists] in New Zealand". This was the first true art school in New Zealand.

During a visit to the United States in 1958,[1] McCahon saw paintings by Barnett Newman, Kazimir Malevich, Jackson Pollock, Mark Rothko, Piet Mondrian and Willem de Kooning. Before this trip he had only seen these works reproduced in books. He was struck by the physicality of Pollock's works and he described them as "pictures for people to walk past."[1] He was also influenced by the installations of Allan Kaprow and the sensation of walking through an artwork rather than walking past it.[17][18] McCahon had visited the studio of Kaprow and he also saw Kaprow's work exhibited in New York at the Hansa Gallery.[19]

After this trip, McCahon's use of scale and space shifted, most notably in The Northland Panels, his work consisted of eight panels, monocoat on canvas. Another work completed in 1958, after McCahon's return from America, was The Wake, which was exhibited at The Gallery in Symonds Street, Auckland.[20] The Wake consisted of sixteen panels and incorporated words from poems by John Caselberg.[21] McCahon used Allan Kaprow's term 'environment' when he described the work in a lecture in 1963 as having been hung to "create a complete environment."[22]

Landscape

A constant theme throughout McCahon's art is his exploration of the religious. His landscapes, in particular, are imbued with a sense of the spiritual. Even more overtly, McCahon often sets Biblical scenes in the contemporary New Zealand landscape. His Otago Peninsula (1949), currently in the collection of the Dunedin Public Library, was the realization of a schoolboy vision inspired by Otago.

A Te Papa profile of McCahon has described his landscapes as "often stark and empty (rather than picturesque), raising questions about the human histories of these seemingly unpopulated landscapes."[4]

Muriwai paintings
The gannet colony off the Muriwai coast that was a muse for McCahon

In the series "Necessary Protection," McCahon represents the Muriwai coastline as a site of spiritual nourishment.[23]

Word paintings

McCahon's large-format 'word paintings' combine his religious and abstraction tendencies.[24] His Early Religious Paintings created a very literal connection between the events and locations of the Bible and his native soil.[25] He started incorporating words into his paintings in the 1940s, a move which was often criticised by the public, but which he felt was necessary to directly communicate with the viewers of his art.[4] The Early Religious Paintings are testament to McCahon's 1939 aim to connect God and land for the sake of peace.[26]

Legacy

Family house museum and artists' residency

The McCahon family house in French Bay, Titirangi, Auckland, now serves as a small museum about Colin McCahon and his family. The house is surrounded by large kauri trees, large at least for semi-urban standards.[27]

There is a more contemporary house and studio in the same section which serves as the base for the McCahon House artists' residency. The contemporary house hosts three artists for three months every year.[28]

Retrospectives

A major retrospective of his work at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam in 2002 introduced McCahon as "the first modern New Zealand painter of major international importance."[29]

Works stolen
Urewera Mural by McCahon, completed May 1976. It was famously stolen in 1997.

In June 1997, the Urewera Mural, a triptych, was stolen from the reception of the Department of Conservation Āniwaniwa Visitor Centre at Lake Waikaremoana.[30]

It was eventually determined that the painting had been stolen by Tuhoe activist Te Kaha and an associate Laurie Davis. After missing for 15 months, it was returned in August 1998 after negotiations involving arts patron Jenny Gibbs, Te Kaha, and Tuhoe member Tame Iti. It required more than $5,000 worth of repairs once it had been returned. It was finally returned to the visitors' centre in September 1999.[30] When it was stolen, the mural was thought to be worth $1.2 million but that figure was later revised upward to $2M.[30]

Cover image of McCahon documentary

In late 2006 manuscripts, including seven Colin McCahon poems, along with a Charles Goldie painting, and an unbound copy of the Oxford Lectern Bible, were stolen from the University of Auckland Library during the Christmas break.[31] It was believed that the thieves broke into a secure room at the Library by prying open a locked window. Art experts and police said at the time that it would be difficult to sell the paintings in New Zealand or overseas as anyone who knew about the artists would be very suspicious.[32] By October 2007, all the stolen items, valued at over $200,000, were returned. Negotiations between police and a man who knew the thieves concluded the case. Following this incident, security was increased at the library.[33]

Tobias Cummings & The Long Way Home's "Canoe Song" refers to several of McCahon's works on their debut album, Join the Dots.

McCahon is the subject of a 2004 biographical documentary titled Colin McCahon: I Am, produced by Television New Zealand and directed by Paul Swadel.[34]

gollark: <@236628809158230018> That's symmetric and not asymmetic encryption.
gollark: Ring LWE also exists, though I don't see why you'd want that.
gollark: Amazingly enough, not everyone knows all device codenames.
gollark: Why LineageOS won't add signature spoofing patches.
gollark: I am pretty annoyed about it. I wonder why they do it.

References
  1. Brown, Gordon H. (13 November 2013). "McCahon, Colin John". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  2. "Famous New Zealanders – Colin McCahon". Christchurch City Libraries. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  3. Craven, Peter (1999). The Best Australian Essays 1999. Bookman Press.
  4. "Topic: Biography of Colin McCahon". Te Papa. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  5. "About McCahon". Retrieved 26 November 2015.
  6. "Colin McCahon The Luminary". NZedge. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
  7. Alderton, Zoe (2015). The Spirit of Colin McCahon. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 978-1443872324.
  8. Alderton, Zoe (2015). The Spirit of Colin McCahon. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 26. ISBN 978-1443872324.
  9. Archives New Zealand (26 August 2013). "Colin McCahon School Journal Illustration". www.flickr.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  10. "Colin McCahon". www.archway.archives.govt.nz. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  11. Lusk, Doris. "Portrait of Colin McCahon". Otago University Research Heritage. University of Otago. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  12. Simpson, Peter (2001). Answering Hark: McCahon/Caselberg: Painter/Poet. Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 0908802617.
  13. Simpson, Peter (2001). Answering Hark: McCahon/Caselberg: Painter/Poet. Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 0908802617.
  14. Simpson, Peter (2001). Answering Hark: McCahon/Caselberg: Painter/Poet. Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 0908802617.
  15. Simpson, Peter (2001). Answering Hark: McCahon/Caselberg: Painter/Poet. Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 0908802617.
  16. Campbell, Jo. "Another side of McCahon". Otago Daily Times (Online ed.). Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  17. Simpson, Peter (2007). Colin McCahon: The Titirangi Years. Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9781869403898.
  18. Brown, Gordon H. (1984). Colin McCahon: Artist. Wellington: Reed. p. 90.
  19. Simpson, Peter (2001). Answering Hark: McCahon/Caselberg: Painter/Poet. Nelso, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing. p. 61. ISBN 0908802617.
  20. Simpson, Peter (2001). Answering Hark: McCahon/Caselberg: Painter/Poet. Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 0908802617.
  21. McCahon, Colin; O'Reilly, R.N.; Auckland City Art Gallery (1972). Colin McCahon: a survey exhibition. Auckland, New Zealand: Auckland City Art Gallery. p. 26.
  22. Simpson, Peter (2001). Answering Hark: McCahon/Caselberg: Painter/Poet. Nelson, New Zealand: Craig Potton Publishing. pp. 61–2. ISBN 0908802617.
  23. Alderton, Zoe (2012). "Cliffs as Crosses: The Problematic Symbology of Colin McCahon". Relegere. 2 (1): 5–35. doi:10.11157/rsrr2-1-487.
  24. Alderton, Zoe (2013). "Out with the Tide: Colin McCahon and Imaginative Pilgrimage". In Norman, Alex (ed.). Journeys and Destinations: Studies in Travel, Identity, and Meaning. United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publisher. pp. 265–286. ISBN 978-1-4438-4753-7.
  25. Alderton, Zoe (27 February 2015). The Spirit of Colin McCahon. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 91.
  26. Gordon, Brown (2003). Elements of Modernism in Colin McCahon's Early Work. Art History School of Art History Classics. p. 34. ISBN 9780475122032.
  27. "McCahon house museum". Mccahonhouse.org.nz. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  28. "Artists' Residency". Mccahonhouse.org.nz. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  29. Bloem, Marja; Browne, Martin (2002). Colin McCahon: A Question of Faith. Amsterdam: Craig Potton Publishing and the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam. ISBN 187733300X.
  30. Cleave, Louisa (17 March 1999). "Stolen mural will return to Urewera". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
  31. University of Auckland. "Art theft at Auckland University". Scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  32. "Valuable art stolen from university". TVNZ. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  33. "Stolen art returned to Auckland Uni". Stuff.co.nz. 23 October 2007. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  34. "Colin McCahon: I Am". NZ On Screen. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

Further reading
  • Ivan Bootham, "The Message As Art: An Exploratory Catechism of McCahon Word Painting" in Art Words Ho! 1989, pp. 22–34.
  • Gordon H. Brown,Colin McCahon: Artist. Reed Books, rev. ed. 1993.
  • Gordon H. Brown, Towards A Promised Land: On the Life and Art of Colin McCahon. Auckland University Press, 2010.
  • Agnes Wood, Colin McCahon: The Man and the Artist. David Ling Publishing Ltd, 1997.
  • Butler, Rex (25 July 2012). "Victory over death: The gospel according to Colin McCahon". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  • Alderton, Zoe (2015). The Spirit of Colin McCahon. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1443872324.
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