Ida Lupino

Ida Lupino (4 February 1918[1] – 3 August 1995) was an English-American actress, singer, director, and producer. She is widely regarded as one of the most prominent female filmmakers working during the 1950s in the Hollywood studio system.[2] With her independent production company, she co-wrote and co-produced several social-message films and became the first woman to direct a film noir with The Hitch-Hiker in 1953.

Ida Lupino
Lupino before performance on the radio series Cavalcade of America
Born	(1918-02-04)4 February 1918 Herne Hill, London, England, United Kingdom
Died	3 August 1995(1995-08-03) (aged 77) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Citizenship	United Kingdom United States
Alma mater	Royal Academy of Dramatic Art
Occupation	Actress singer director producer
Years active	1931–1978
Spouse(s)	Louis Hayward ​ ( m. 1938; div. 1945) Collier Young ​ ( m. 1948; div. 1951) Howard Duff ​ ( m. 1951; div. 1984)
Children	1
Parent(s)	Stanley Lupino Connie Emerald
Family	Lupino

Throughout her 48-year career, she made acting appearances in 59 films and directed eight others, working primarily in the United States, where she became a citizen in 1948. She also directed more than 100 episodes of television productions in a variety of genres including westerns, supernatural tales, situation comedies, murder mysteries, and gangster stories.[3] She was the only woman to direct an episode of the original The Twilight Zone series ("The Masks"), as well as the only director to have starred in the show.[4]

Early life and family

Lupino was born in Herne Hill, London, to actress Connie O'Shea (also known as Connie Emerald) and music hall comedian Stanley Lupino, a member of the theatrical Lupino family, which included Lupino Lane, a song-and-dance man.[5] Her father, a top name in musical comedy in the UK and a member of a centuries-old theatrical dynasty dating back to Renaissance Italy,[3] encouraged her to perform at an early age. He built a backyard theatre for Lupino and her sister Rita (1920–2016), who also became an actress and dancer.[5] Lupino wrote her first play at age seven and toured with a traveling theater company as a child.[6] By the age of ten, Lupino had memorized the leading female roles in each of Shakespeare's plays. After her intense childhood training for stage plays, Ida's uncle Lupino Lane assisted her in moving towards film acting by getting her work as a background actor at British International Studios.[7]

She wanted to be a writer, but in order to please her father, Lupino enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She excelled in a number of "bad girl" film roles, often playing prostitutes.[8] Lupino did not enjoy being an actress and felt uncomfortable with many of the early roles she was given. She felt that she was pushed into the profession due to her family history.[9]

Career

Actress

Publicity photograph of Lupino for Moontide (1942)

Lupino worked as both a stage and screen actress. She first took to the stage in 1934 as the lead in The Pursuit of Happiness at the Paramount Studio Theatre.[10] Lupino made her first film appearance in The Love Race (1931) and the following year, aged 14, she worked under director Allan Dwan in Her First Affaire, in a role for which her mother had previously tested.[11] She played leading roles in five British films in 1933 at Warner Bros.' Teddington studios and for Julius Hagen at Twickenham, including The Ghost Camera with John Mills and I Lived with You with Ivor Novello.

Dubbed "the English Jean Harlow", she was discovered by Paramount in the 1933 film Money for Speed, playing a good girl/bad girl dual role. Lupino claimed the talent scouts saw her play only the sweet girl in the film and not the part of the prostitute, so she was asked to try out for the lead role in Alice in Wonderland (1933). When she arrived in Hollywood, the Paramount producers did not know what to make of their sultry potential leading lady, but she did get a five-year contract.[3]

Lupino starred in over a dozen films in the mid-1930s, working with Columbia in a two-film deal, one of which, The Light That Failed (1939), was a role she acquired after running into the director's office unannounced, demanding an audition.[11] After this breakthrough performance as a spiteful, cockney model who torments Ronald Colman, she began to be taken seriously as a dramatic actress. As a result, her parts improved during the 1940s, and she jokingly referred to herself as "the poor man's Bette Davis", taking the roles that Davis refused.[12][13]

Mark Hellinger, associate producer at Warner Bros., was impressed by Lupino's performance in The Light That Failed, and hired her for the femme-fatale role in the Raoul Walsh-directed They Drive by Night (1940), opposite stars George Raft, Ann Sheridan and Humphrey Bogart. The film did well and the critical consensus was that Lupino stole the movie, particularly in her unhinged courtroom scene.[14] Warner Bros. offered her a contract which she negotiated to include some freelance rights.[11] She worked with Walsh and Bogart again in High Sierra (1941), where she impressed critic Bosley Crowther in her role as "adoring moll."[15]

Her performance in The Hard Way (1943) won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress.[5] She starred in Pillow to Post (1945), which was her only comedic leading role.[11] After the drama Deep Valley (1947) finished shooting, neither Warner Bros. nor Lupino moved to renew her contract and she left the studio in 1947.[16] Although in demand throughout the 1940s, she never became a major star, but was critically lauded for her tough, direct acting style.

She often incurred the ire of studio boss Jack Warner by objecting to her casting, refusing roles that she felt were "beneath her dignity as an actress," and making script revisions deemed unacceptable. As a result, she spent a great deal of her time at Warner Bros. suspended.[13] In 1942, she rejected an offer to star with Ronald Reagan in Kings Row, and was immediately put on suspension at the studio. Eventually, a tentative rapprochement was brokered, but her relationship with her studio remained strained. In 1947, Lupino left Warner Brothers and appeared for 20th Century Fox as a nightclub singer in the film noir Road House, performing her musical numbers in the film. She starred in On Dangerous Ground in 1951, and may have taken on some of the directing tasks of the film while director Nicholas Ray was ill.[6]

Director, producer and writer

While on suspension, Lupino had ample time to observe filming and editing processes, and she became interested in directing.[17] She described how bored she was on set while "someone else seemed to be doing all the interesting work."[13]

Lupino (left) directing The Hitch-Hiker, 1953

She and her husband Collier Young formed an independent company, The Filmakers [sic], to produce, direct, and write low-budget, issue-oriented films.[3] Her first directing job came unexpectedly in 1949 when director Elmer Clifton suffered a mild heart attack and was unable to finish Not Wanted, a film Lupino co-produced and co-wrote.[11] Lupino stepped in to finish the film without taking directorial credit out of respect for Clifton. Although the film's subject of out-of-wedlock pregnancy was controversial, it received a vast amount of publicity, and she was invited to discuss the film with Eleanor Roosevelt on a national radio program.[18]

Never Fear (1949) was her first director's credit.[11] After producing four more films about social issues, including Outrage (1950), a film about rape (while this word is never used in the movie),[19] Lupino directed her first hard-paced, all-male-cast film, The Hitch-Hiker (1953), making her the first woman to direct a film noir. The Filmakers went on to produce 12 feature films, six of which Lupino directed or co-directed, five of which she wrote or co-wrote, three of which she acted in, and one of which she co-produced.[18]

Lupino once called herself a "bulldozer" to secure financing for her production company, but she referred to herself as "mother" while on set.[18] On set, the back of her director's chair was labeled "Mother of Us All...".[3] Her studio emphasized her femininity, often at the urging of Lupino herself. She credited her refusal to renew her contract with Warner Bros. under the pretenses of domesticity, claiming "I had decided that nothing lay ahead of me but the life of the neurotic star with no family and no home." She made a point to seem nonthreatening in a male-dominated environment, stating, "That's where being a man makes a great deal of difference. I don't suppose the men particularly care about leaving their wives and children. During the vacation period, the wife can always fly over and be with him. It's difficult for a wife to say to her husband, come sit on the set and watch."[8]

Although directing became Lupino's passion, the drive for money kept her on camera, so she could acquire the funds to make her own productions.[13] She became a wily low-budget filmmaker, reusing sets from other studio productions and talking her physician into appearing as a doctor in the delivery scene of Not Wanted. She used what is now called product placement, placing Coke, Cadillac, and other brands in her films, such as The Bigamist. She shot in public places to avoid set-rental costs and planned scenes in pre-production to avoid technical mistakes and retakes.[8] She joked that if she had been the "poor man's Bette Davis" as an actress, she had now become the "poor man's Don Siegel" as a director.[20]

The Filmakers production company closed shop in 1955, and Lupino's last director's credit on a feature film was in 1965 for the Catholic schoolgirl comedy The Trouble With Angels, starring Hayley Mills and Rosalind Russell. She continued acting and directing, however, going on to a successful television career throughout the 1960s and '70s.[21]

Television

Lupino in It Takes a Thief, 1968

Lupino continued acting until the 1970s. Her directing efforts during these years were almost exclusively for television productions such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Thriller, The Twilight Zone, Have Gun – Will Travel, Honey West, The Donna Reed Show, Gilligan's Island, 77 Sunset Strip, The Rifleman, The Virginian, Sam Benedict, The Untouchables, Hong Kong, The Fugitive, and Bewitched.

Lupino appeared in 19 episodes of Four Star Playhouse from 1952 to 1956. From January 1957 to September 1958, Lupino starred with her then-husband Howard Duff in the sitcom Mr. Adams and Eve, in which the duo played husband-and-wife film stars named Howard Adams and Eve Drake, living in Beverly Hills, California.[22] Duff and Lupino also co-starred as themselves in 1959 in one of the 13 one-hour installments of The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour and an episode of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show in 1960. Lupino guest-starred in numerous television shows, including The Ford Television Theatre (1954), Bonanza (1959), Burke's Law (1963–64), The Virginian (1963–65), Batman (1968), The Mod Squad (1969), Family Affair (1969–70), The Wild, Wild West (1969), Nanny and the Professor (1971), Columbo: Short Fuse (1972), Columbo: Swan Song (1974), Barnaby Jones (1974), The Streets of San Francisco, Ellery Queen (1975), Police Woman (1975), and Charlie's Angels (1977).

She has two distinctions with The Twilight Zone series, as the only woman to have directed an episode ("The Masks") and the only person to have worked as both actress and (uncredited) as a director in an episode ("The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine").[23]

Themes

Lupino's Filmakers movies deal with unconventional and controversial subject matter that studio producers would not touch, including out-of-wedlock pregnancy, bigamy, and rape. She described her independent work as "films that had social significance and yet were entertainment ... based on true stories, things the public could understand because they had happened or been of news value." She focused on women's issues for many of her films and she liked strong characters, "[Not] women who have masculine qualities about them, but [a role] that has intestinal fortitude, some guts to it."[24]

In the film The Bigamist, the two women characters represent the career woman and the homemaker. The title character is married to a woman (Joan Fontaine) who, unable to have children, has devoted her energy to her career. While on one of many business trips, he meets a waitress (Lupino) with whom he has a child, and then marries her.[25] Marsha Orgeron, in her book Hollywood Ambitions, describes these characters as "struggling to figure out their place in environments that mirror the social constraints that Lupino faced.".[13] However, Donati, in his biography of Lupino, said "The solutions to the character's problems within the films were often conventional, even conservative, more reinforcing the 1950s' ideology than undercutting it."[8]

Ahead of her time within the studio system, Lupino was intent on creating films that were rooted in reality. On Never Fear, Lupino said, "People are tired of having the wool pulled over their eyes. They pay out good money for their theatre tickets and they want something in return. They want realism. And you can't be realistic with the same glamorous mugs on the screen all the time."[26]

Lupino's films are critical of many traditional social institutions, which reflect her contempt for the patriarchal structure that existed in Hollywood. Lupino rejected the commodification of female stars and as an actress, she resisted becoming an object of desire. She said in 1949, "Hollywood careers are perishable commodities", and sought to avoid such a fate for herself.[27]

Personal life

Lupino in 1979

Health

Ida Lupino was diagnosed with polio in 1934. The New York Times reported that the outbreak of polio within the Hollywood community was due to contaminated swimming pools.[28] The disease severely affected her ability to work, and her contract with Paramount fell apart shortly after her diagnosis.[29] Despite her health problems, Lupino directed, produced, and wrote many films. Her experience with the disease gave Lupino the courage to focus on her intellectual abilities over simply her physical appearance.[30] In an interview with Hollywood, Lupino said, "I realized that my life and my courage and my hopes did not lie in my body. If that body was paralyzed, my brain could still work industriously...If I weren't able to act, I would be able to write. Even if I weren't able to use a pencil or typewriter, I could dictate."[31] Film magazines from the 1930s and 1940s, such as The Hollywood Reporter and Motion Picture Daily, frequently published updates on her condition.[32][33] Lupino worked for various non-profit organizations to help raise funds for polio research.[34]

Lupino's interests outside the entertainment industry included writing short stories and children's books, and composing music. Her composition "Aladdin's Suite" was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in 1937.[5] She composed this piece while on bedrest due to polio in 1935.[35]

She became an American citizen in June 1948[36][37] and a staunch Democrat who supported the presidency of John F. Kennedy.[8] Lupino was Catholic.[38]

Marriages

Lupino was married and divorced three times. She married actor Louis Hayward in November 1938. They separated in May 1944 and divorced in May 1945.[39][40]

Her second marriage was to producer Collier Young on 5 August 1948. They divorced in 1951. When Lupino filed for divorce in September that year, she was already pregnant from an affair with future husband Howard Duff. The child was born seven months after she filed for divorce from Young.[41]

Lupino's third and final marriage was to actor Howard Duff, whom she married on 21 October 1951.[42] Six months later, the couple had a daughter, Bridget, on 23 April 1952.[43] Lupino and Duff divorced in 1983.[44]

She petitioned a California court in 1984 to appoint her business manager, Mary Ann Anderson, as her conservator due to poor business dealings from her prior business management company and her long separation from Howard Duff.

Death

Lupino died from a stroke while undergoing treatment for colon cancer in Los Angeles on 3 August 1995, at the age of 77.[45] Her memoirs, Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera, were edited after her death and published by Mary Ann Anderson.[46]

Influences and legacy

Ida Lupino's The Hitch-Hiker (1953) is notable for being the first American film noir directed by a female.

Lupino learned filmmaking from everyone she observed on set, including William Ziegler, the cameraman for Not Wanted. When in preproduction on Never Fear, she conferred with Michael Gordon on directorial technique, organization, and plotting. Cinematographer Archie Stout said of Ms. Lupino, "Ida has more knowledge of camera angles and lenses than any director I've ever worked with, with the exception of Victor Fleming. She knows how a woman looks on the screen and what light that woman should have, probably better than I do." Lupino also worked with editor Stanford Tischler, who said of her, "She wasn't the kind of director who would shoot something, then hope any flaws could be fixed in the cutting room. The acting was always there, to her credit."[8]

Author Ally Acker compares Lupino to pioneering silent-film director Lois Weber for their focus on controversial, socially relevant topics. With their ambiguous endings, Lupino's films never offered simple solutions for her troubled characters, and Acker finds parallels to her storytelling style in the work of the modern European "New Wave" directors, such as Margarethe von Trotta.[3]

Ronnie Scheib, who issued a Kino release of three of Lupino's films, likens Lupino's themes and directorial style to directors Nicholas Ray, Sam Fuller, and Robert Aldrich, saying, "Lupino very much belongs to that generation of modernist filmmakers." On whether Lupino should be considered a feminist filmmaker, Scheib states, "I don't think Lupino was concerned with showing strong people, men or women. She often said that she was interested in lost, bewildered people, and I think she was talking about the postwar trauma of people who couldn't go home again."[21]

Author Richard Koszarski noted Lupino's choice to play with gender roles regarding women's film stereotypes during the studio era: "Her films display the obsessions and consistencies of a true auteur... In her films The Bigamist and The Hitch-Hiker, Lupino was able to reduce the male to the same sort of dangerous, irrational force that women represented in most male-directed examples of Hollywood film noir."[47]

Lupino did not openly consider herself a feminist, saying, "I had to do something to fill up my time between contracts. Keeping a feminine approach is vital — men hate bossy females ... Often I pretended to a cameraman to know less than I did. That way I got more cooperation."[3] Village Voice writer Carrie Rickey, though, holds Lupino up as a model of modern feminist filmmaking: "Not only did Lupino take control of production, direction, and screenplay, but [also] each of her movies addresses the brutal repercussions of sexuality, independence and dependence."[17]

By 1972, Lupino said she wished more women were hired as directors and producers in Hollywood, noting that only very powerful actresses or writers had the chance to work in the field.[3] She directed or costarred a number of times with young, fellow British actresses on a similar journey of developing their American film careers like Hayley Mills and Pamela Franklin.

Actress Bea Arthur, best remembered for her work in Maude and The Golden Girls, was motivated to escape her stifling hometown by following in Lupino's footsteps and becoming an actress, saying, "My dream was to become a very small blonde movie star like Ida Lupino and those other women I saw up there on the screen during the Depression."[48]

Awards and tributes

• Lupino has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for contributions to the fields of television and film — located at 1724 Vine Street and 6821 Hollywood Boulevard.
• New York Film Critics Circle Award - Best Actress, The Hard Way, 1943
• Inaugural Saturn Award - Best Supporting Actress, The Devil's Rain, 1975[49]
• A Commemorative Blue Plaque is dedicated to Lupino and her father Stanley Lupino by The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and the Theatre and Film Guild of Great Britain and America at the house where she was born in Herne Hill, London, 16 February 2016[50]
• Composer Carla Bley paid tribute to Lupino with her jazz composition "Ida Lupino" in 1964.[51]
• The Hitch-Hiker was inducted into the National Film Registry in 1998.

Complete filmography

Selected credits as actress and/or director

Title	Year	As actress	Role	As director	Notes
The Love Race	1931	Yes	Minor supporting role		Uncredited
Her First Affaire	1932	Yes	Ann Brent
Money for Speed	1933	Yes	Jane
I Lived with You	1933	Yes	Ada Wallis
Prince of Arcadia	1933	Yes	The Princess
The Ghost Camera	1933	Yes	Mary Elton
High Finance	1933	Yes	Jill
Search for Beauty	1934	Yes	Barbara Hilton
Come On, Marines!	1934	Yes	Esther Smith-Hamilton
Ready for Love	1934	Yes	Marigold Tate
Paris in Spring	1935	Yes	Mignon de Charelle
Smart Girl	1935	Yes	Pat Reynolds
Peter Ibbetson	1935	Yes	Agnes
La Fiesta de Santa Barbara	1935	Yes	Herself		Short film made in Technicolor, with several celebrities appearing as themselves
Anything Goes	1936	Yes	Hope Harcourt
One Rainy Afternoon	1936	Yes	Monique Pelerin
Yours for the Asking	1936	Yes	Gert Malloy
The Gay Desperado	1936	Yes	Jane
Sea Devils	1937	Yes	Doris Malone
Let's Get Married	1937	Yes	Paula Quinn
Artists and Models	1937	Yes	Paula Sewell / Paula Monterey
Fight for Your Lady	1937	Yes	Marietta
The Lone Wolf Spy Hunt	1939	Yes	Val Carson
The Lady and the Mob	1939	Yes	Lila Thorne
The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes	1939	Yes	Ann Brandon
The Light That Failed	1939	Yes	Bessie Broke
Screen Snapshots Series 18, No. 6	1939	Yes	Herself		Promotional short film
They Drive by Night	1940	Yes	Lana Carlsen
High Sierra	1941	Yes	Marie
The Sea Wolf	1941	Yes	Ruth Webster
Out of the Fog	1941	Yes	Stella Goodwin
Ladies in Retirement	1941	Yes	Ellen Creed
Moontide	1942	Yes	Anna
Life Begins at Eight-Thirty	1942	Yes	Kathy Thomas
The Hard Way	1943	Yes	Mrs. Helen Chernen
Forever and a Day	1943	Yes	Jenny
Thank Your Lucky Stars	1943	Yes	Herself
In Our Time	1944	Yes	Jennifer Whittredge
Hollywood Canteen	1944	Yes	Herself
Pillow to Post	1945	Yes	Jean Howard
Devotion	1946	Yes	Emily Brontë
The Man I Love	1947	Yes	Petey Brown
Deep Valley	1947	Yes	Libby Saul
Escape Me Never	1947	Yes	Gemma Smith
Road House	1948	Yes	Lily Stevens
Lust for Gold	1949	Yes	Julia Thomas
Not Wanted	1949			Yes	Uncredited
Never Fear	1949			Yes
Woman in Hiding	1950	Yes	Deborah Chandler Clark
Outrage	1950	Yes	Country Dance Attendee	Yes	Uncredited
Hard, Fast and Beautiful	1951	Yes	Seabright Tennis Match Supervisor	Yes	Uncredited
On the Loose	1951	Yes	Narrator		Voice, Uncredited
On Dangerous Ground	1952	Yes	Mary Malden
Beware, My Lovely	1952	Yes	Mrs. Helen Gordon
The Hitch-Hiker	1953			Yes
Jennifer	1953	Yes	Agnes Langley
The Bigamist	1953	Yes	Phyllis Martin	Yes
Private Hell 36	1954	Yes	Lilli Marlowe
Women's Prison	1955	Yes	Amelia van Zandt
The Big Knife	1955	Yes	Marion Castle
While the City Sleeps	1956	Yes	Mildred Donner
Strange Intruder	1956	Yes	Alice Carmichael
Teenage Idol	1958	Yes			TV movie
The Trouble with Angels	1966			Yes
Women in Chains	1972	Yes	Claire Tyson		TV movie
Deadhead Miles	1972	Yes	Herself
Junior Bonner	1972	Yes	Elvira Bonner
The Strangers in 7A	1972	Yes	Iris Sawyer		TV movie
Female Artillery	1973	Yes	Martha Lindstrom		TV movie
I Love a Mystery	1973	Yes	Randolph Cheyne		TV movie
The Letters	1973	Yes	Mrs. Forrester		TV movie
The Devil's Rain	1975	Yes	Mrs. Preston		Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress
The Food of the Gods	1976	Yes	Mrs. Skinner
My Boys Are Good Boys	1978	Yes	Mrs. Morton		Final film role

Partial television credits

As actress and/or director

Title	Year	As actress	Role	As director	Episode
The Twilight Zone	1959	Yes	Barbara Jean Trenton		"The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine"
Bonanza	1959	Yes	Annie O'Toole		"The Saga of Annie O'Toole"
Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour	1959	Yes	Herself		"Lucy's Summer Vacation"
The Rifleman	1961			Yes	"Assault"
Thriller	1961			Yes	"The Last of the Sommervilles"
Kraft Suspense Theatre	1963	Yes	Harriet Whitney		"One Step Down"
The Virginian	1963	Yes	Helen Blaine		"A Distant Fury"
The Twilight Zone	1964			Yes	"The Masks"
Gilligan's Island	1964			Yes	"Goodnight, Sweet Skipper"
Gilligan's Island	1964			Yes	"Wrongway Feldman"
Bewitched	1965			Yes	"A is for Aardvark"
Honey West	1965			Yes	"How Brillig, O, Beamish Boy"
Gilligan's Island	1966			Yes	"The Producer"
It Takes A Thief	1968	Yes	Doctor Schneider		"Turnabout"
Family Affair	1969	Yes	Lady "Maudie" Marchwood		"Maudie"
Family Affair	1970	Yes	Lady "Maudie" Marchwood		"Return of Maudie"
Columbo	1972	Yes	Roger Stanford's Aunt		"Short Fuse"
Columbo	1974	Yes	Mrs. Edna Brown		"Swan Song"
Police Woman	1975	Yes	Hilda Morris		"The Chasers"
Charlie's Angels	1977	Yes	Gloria Gibson		"I Will Be Remembered"

Radio appearances

Year	Program	Episode/source
1944	Screen Guild Players	High Sierra[52]
1944	Suspense	The Sisters
1946	Encore Theatre	Nurse Edith Cavell[53]
1953	Stars over Hollywood	Chasten Thy Son[54]

Notes

1. Recorded in Births Mar 1918 Camberwell Vol. 1d, p. 1019 (Free BMD). Transcribed as "Lupine" in the official births index
2. Morra, Anne (2 August 2019). "Anne Morra presents Ida Lupino's Never Fear and discusses the director's place in film history". Her Way Magazine. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
3. Acker, Alley (1991). Reel Women – Pioneers of the Cinema, pp. 74-78. The Continuum Publishing Company, New York, NY. ISBN 0-8264-0499-5
4. Ida Lupino Biography, Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved on 4 July 2011.
5. Flint, Peter B. "Ida Lupino, Film Actress and Director, Is Dead at 77," The New York Times. 5 August 1995. Retrieved on 11 April 2016.
6. Ida Lupino Milestones, Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved on 11 April 2016.
7. Biographies of Paramount Players and Directors 1936-1937. New York The Museum of Modern Art Library. 1936.CS1 maint: others (link)
8. Donati, William (1996). Ida Lupino A Biography, University press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1895-6
9. Grishman, Grossman, Therese, Julie (2017). Ida Lupino, Director: Her Art and Resilience in Times of Transition. United States of America: Rutgers University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780813574929.
10. Wilkerson Daily Corp. (January 1934). The Hollywood Reporter (Jan-Jun 1934). Media History Digital Library. Hollywood, Calif., Wilkerson Daily Corp.
11. Hagen, Ray & Wagner, Laura (2004). Killer Tomatoes: Fifteen Tough Film Dames, pp. 103-114. McFarland & Company Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN 978-0-7864-1883-1
12. Katz, Ephraim & Klein, Fred & Nolan, Ronald Dean (1998). The Film Encyclopedia 3rd edition, p. 858. Harper Perennial, New York, New York. ISBN 0-06-273492-X
13. Orgeron, Marsha (2008). Hollywood Ambitions, pp. 170-179. Wesleyan University, Middleton, Connecticut. ISBN 978-0-8195-6864-9
14. Kurtti-Pellerin (Producers), (4 November 2003). Divided Highway: The Story of They Drive by Night (documentary short). Turner Entertainment Co., USA: Kurtti-Pellerin.
15. Crowther, Bosley. The New York Times, film review, "High Sierra, Considers the Tragic and Dramatic Plight of the Last Gangster," 25 January 1941. Accessed: 29 January 2008.
16. Morra, Anne (2010). Modern Women: Women Artists at the Museum of Modern Art, pp. 235–237. Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York. ISBN 978-0-87070-771-1.
17. Rickey, Carrie (29 October – 4 November 1980). "Lupino Noir," Village Voice, p. 43
18. Hurd, Mary (2007). Women Directors & Their Films, pp. 9–13. Praeger, Westport, Connecticut. ISBN 0-275-98578-4
19. James, Caryn (28 January 2019). "Why Ida Lupino's taboo-breaking films could be set today". BBC Online. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
20. Wood, Bret. "Outrage (1950)". Turner Classic Movies Online. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
21. Everitt, David (23 November 1997). "A Woman Forgotten And Scorned No More". The New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
22. Mr. Adams and Eve
23. The Twilight Zone: "The Masks" (Ida Lupino, 1964) · Senses of Cinema
24. Weiner, Debra (1977). Kay Peary, Karen & Peary, Gerald, editors. Women and the Cinema, "Interview with Ida Lupino," pp. 169-178. Dutton, New York, New York. ISBN 0-525-47459-5
25. THE BIGAMIST (Ida Lupino, 1953) on Vimeo
26. Lewis, Charles E. (April 1949). Showmen's Trade Review (Apr-Jun 1949). MBRS Library of Congress. Showmen's Trade Review, Inc.
27. Grisham, Grossman, Therese, Julie (2017). "Ida Lupino, Director". Rutgers University Press.
28. "Opinion | 100, 75, 50 Years Ago". The New York Times. 24 June 2009. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
29. Modern Screen (Dec 1940-Nov 1941). MBRS Library of Congress. Dell Publishing Company, inc. December 1940.CS1 maint: others (link)
30. Hollywood (Jan-Dec 1942). MBRS Library of Congress. Fawcett Publications, inc. January 1942.CS1 maint: others (link)
31. Hollywood (Jan-Dec 1942). MBRS Library of Congress. Fawcett Publications, inc. January 1942.CS1 maint: others (link)
32. Motion Picture Daily (Apr-Jun 1934). MBRS Library of Congress. New York [Motion picture daily, inc.] April 1934.CS1 maint: others (link)
33. Wilkerson Daily Corp. (January 1934). The Hollywood Reporter (Jan-Jun 1934). Media History Digital Library. Hollywood, Calif., Wilkerson Daily Corp.
34. Motion Picture Daily (Jan-Mar 1943). MBRS Library of Congress. New York [Motion picture daily, inc.] January 1943.CS1 maint: others (link)
35. Radio and Television Mirror. MBRS Library of Congress. MacFaddenPublications. May 1940.CS1 maint: others (link)
36. Donati, William (1996). Ida Lupino. University Press of Kentucky. p. 143. ISBN 0-813-11895-6.
37. O'Dell, Cary (1997). Women Pioneers in Television: Biographies of Fifteen Industry Leaders. McFarland. p. 175. ISBN 0-786-40167-2.
38. Interview, Billy Graham Ministries, I Believe...The Religious Faiths of 29 Stars, 1960
39. "Ida Lupino, Louis Hayward Admit Separation". San Jose Evening News. 19 July 1944. p. 11. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
40. "Actress Ida Lupino Files Suit For Divorce". St. Petersburg Times. 5 May 1945. p. 13. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
41. "Ida Lupino To Seek Divorce From Producer". Toledo Blade. 3 September 1951. p. 2. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
42. "Actress Ida Lupino Wed to Howard Duff". Eugene Register-Guard. 22 October 1951. p. 4. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
43. "Ida Lupino Mother of 4-LB. Daughter". The Times-News. 26 April 1952. p. 9. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
44. "Actress, director Lupino dies". The Daily Courier. 6 August 1995. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
45. "Ida Lupino, 77; Actress, Pioneer Director". Albany Times. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
46. "Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera – New from BearManor Media". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
47. Koszarski, Richard (1976). Hollywood Directors, Oxford University Press, New York, New York. ISBN 0-19-502085-5
48. Rasmussen, Frederick N. (3 May 2009). "And Then Came Bea Arthur, The Cambridge Bombshell". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
49. "The Academy of Science Fiction Fantasy & Horror Films". Saturn Awards. Archived from the original on 10 February 2005. Retrieved 10 June 2012.
50. "Stanley Lupino and Ida Lupino Commemorated," The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America. Retrieved on 6 April 2016.
51. Haga, Evan. (15 October 2008) "Paul Bley Trio: Darkly Winsome Jazz," NPR Music. Retrieved on 11 April 2016.
52. "Those Were The Days". Nostalgia Digest. 41 (3): 32–39. Summer 2015.
53. "Those Were the Days". Nostalgia Digest. 43 (3): 33. Summer 2017.
54. "Ida Lupino Keeps Dangerous Secret". The Pittsburgh Courier. Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh. 20 June 1953. p. 18. Retrieved 15 July 2016 – via Newspapers.com.

External links

• Ida Lupino on IMDb
• Ida Lupino at Virtual History