Religion in Mexico
Catholic Christianity is the dominant religion in Mexico, representing about 82.7% of the total population as of 2010. In recent decades the share of Catholics has been declining, due to the growth of other Christian denominations – especially various Protestant churches, Jehovah's Witness and Mormonism – which now constitute 9.7% of the population, and non-Christian religions. Conversion to non-Catholic denominations has been considerably lower than in Central America, and central Mexico remains one of the most Catholic areas in the world.
Mexico is a secular country and has allowed freedom of religion since the mid-19th century. Traditional Protestant denominations and the open practice of Judaism established themselves in the country during that era. Modern growth has been seen in Evangelical Protestantism, Mormonism and in folk religions, such as Mexicayotl.[3][4] Buddhism and Islam have both made limited inroads through immigration and conversion.
Religion and the state
The Mexican Constitution of 1917 imposed limitations on the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico and sometimes codified state intrusion into religious matters. The government does not provide financial contributions to the religious institutions, nor does the Roman Catholic Church participate in public education. Christmas is a national holiday and every year during Easter and Christmas all schools in Mexico, public and private, send their students on vacation.
In a major reversal of the Mexican state's restrictions on religion, the constitution was amended in 1992 lifting almost all restrictions on the religions, including granting all religious groups legal status, conceding them limited property, and lifting restrictions on the number of priests in the country.[5] Until recently, priests did not have the right to vote, and even now they cannot be elected to public office.
Abrahamic religions
Christianity
Historically the Catholic Church in Mexico is the oldest established church, established in the early sixteenth century. At independence, the Catholic Church kept its status as the only permissible church in Mexico. In the mid-nineteenth century, Mexican liberals curtailed the exclusive standing of the church, and Protestant missionaries, mainly from the United States, legally evangelized in Mexico. Other Christian denominations have grown in Mexico, dating from the twentieth century. With the growth of immigration from the Middle East, Eastern Catholic churches were established. Evangelical Protestant churches have expanded their reach significantly from the late twentieth century.
Catholicism
Catholics are 82.7%[6] of the total population,[7] down from 96% in 1970.[8] The number of Mexican Catholics has fallen by 5% in the first decade of the 21st century and in the south-east Catholics make up less than two-thirds of the population.[8] In absolute terms, Mexico has 84,217,138 Catholics,[9] which is the world's second largest number of Catholics, surpassed only by Brazil.[10]
Mexicans are at least nominally Catholic, some combine or syncretize Catholic practices with native traditions. In the Yucatán Peninsula, some Mayan people still practice the traditional beliefs of their ancestors, without being syncretized with Christianity. The same happens with the Wixarika people of Jalisco and Nayarit.
There are major festivities in Mexico celebrating the Christian holidays of Epiphany (6 January) (Día de los Reyes Magos), All Saints' day (1 November), All Souls' day or Day of the Dead (2 November)(Día de los fieles difuntos), and the feast of Our Lady of Guadalupe (12 December). These are not public holidays in Mexico. Christmas is celebrated as a religious and public holiday.
Eastern Catholicism in Mexico
There are also separate jurisdictions for specific Eastern particular churches within the Catholic Church in Mexico:
Protestantism
About 11% of the population (6,160,000 people over the age of 5, according to the 2000 census, including Jehovah's Witnesses and Mormons who are usually considered to be non-Protestant and part of Restorationism or individual Christian branches) are Protestant,[6] of whom Pentecostals and Charismatics (called Neo-Pentecostals in the census), are the largest group. The Anglican Communion is represented by the Anglican Church of Mexico.
Protestantism is strongest where the Catholic Church and the Mexican state have little presence,[8] and accounts for over 10% of the population in the four states that border heavily-Protestant Guatemala: Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Tabasco. It is also sizable in the Mexican states that border the U.S. State of Texas, although according to a recent count, Protestantism—in the country as a whole—has dropped from 10% to 6%.[12]
Previously Protestantism had been on the rise as it offers a less legalistic and hierarchical version of Christianity.[13]
Orthodoxy
There are some Mexicans practicing Eastern Orthodoxy in Mexico, mainly foreign-born people.
Seventh-day Adventist
There are also a number of Seventh-day Adventists (488,946 people).[6]
Jehovah's Witnesses
The 2000 national census counted more than one million Jehovah's Witnesses.[6] According to the Jehovah's Witnesses official figures for 2014 there were over 800,000 members involved in preaching.[14]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The first LDS missionaries in Mexico arrived in 1875 (although the original Mormons came to Mexico in the 1840s in Utah, when it was still a Mexican territory). In 1885, 400 Mormon colonists moved to Mexico. In 1993 the Mexican government formally registered the LDS Church. This allowed the church to own property in Mexico.
The 2010 Census reported 314,932 Mormons.[15] As of 2015, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) claims 1,368,475 members, 231 stakes, 1,998 congregations, and 12 temples in Mexico.[16]
La Luz del Mundo
La Luz del Mundo is a Charismatic Christian denomination with international headquarters in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Its flagship church in Guadalajara is said to be the largest non-Catholic house of worship in Latin America.
Islam
The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 111,000 Muslims in Mexico in 2010.[17] Islam is mainly practiced by Lebanese Mexicans and other Arab Mexicans, with only a few non-Arab Mexicans.[18] There are also a growing population of Muslims among indigenous populations in Chiapas.[19][20]
Judaism
The presence of Jews in Mexico dates back to 1521, when Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztecs, accompanied by several Conversos. According to the last national census by the INEGI, there are now more than 67,000 Mexican Jews, the near totality of which (around 95%) live in the Greater Mexico City area.[6]
Bahá'í Faith
The Bahá'í Faith in Mexico begins with visits of Bahá'ís before 1916.[21] In 1919 letters from the head of the religion, `Abdu'l-Bahá, were published mentioning Mexico as one of the places Bahá'ís should take the religion to.[22] Following further pioneers moving there and making contacts the first Mexican to join the religion was in 1937, followed quickly by the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of all Latin America being elected in 1938.[21][23]
With continued growth the National Spiritual Assembly was first elected in 1961.[23][24] The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated almost 38,000 Bahá'ís in 2005.[25]
Indian Religions
Buddhism
Approximately 108,701 Buddhists are counted in Mexico. Also one of six Tibet Houses in the world – Casa Tibet México – is located in Mexico City. It is used by the Dalai Lama and other leaders of Tibetan Buddhism to preserve and share Tibetan culture and spirituality. Alejandro Jodorowsky has stated that he discovered Zen Buddhism in the 1960s while in Mexico.[26][27]
There are also two institutions from Theravada Buddhism tradition, the Theravada Buddhist Monastery and the Vipassana House of Meditation. There are at least 30 Buddhist groups in Mexico.
Hinduism
There are about 800 Indian families in Mexico, constituting about 900 NRIs. Most of them are recent arrivals in the country. There is a big presence of recently arrived Indians working for Tata Consultancy Services in Guadalajara, Querétaro and Mexico City. Mexico has a non-discriminatory policy with regard to the grant of its citizenship. The spouse of a Mexican national would generally not face any problem in acquiring local citizenship. But although quite a few NRIs have married Mexicans, they have retained their Indian citizenship. A Sai Baba temple and a Vaishnav temple have been constructed in Mexico City by the Sangam Organisation.
Sikhism
There are around 8,000 Sikhs in Mexico. Most of them are of Punjabi origin.
Nonreligious
Although the demographics of atheism and irreligion in Mexico is hard to measure because many atheists are officially counted as Catholic, 4,660,692 people in the 2010 National Census reported having no religion.[9]
Recent surveys have shown that around 3% of Catholics attend church daily and 44% attend church at least once a week,[28] and, according to INEGI, the number of atheists grows annually by 5.2%, while the number of Catholics grows by 1.7%.[29][30]
Census information
| Religion | Numbers | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Catholic | 92,924,489 | 82.72 |
| Anabaptist/Mennonites[table 1] | 10,753 | 0.01 |
| Baptist[table 1] | 252,874 | 0.23 |
| Church of the Nazarene[table 1] | 40,225 | 0.04 |
| Methodist[table 1] | 25,370 | 0.02 |
| Presbyterian[table 1] | 437,690 | 0.39 |
| Other historic Protestant[table 1] | 53.832 | 0.05 |
| Pentecostal[table 2] | 1,782,021 | 1.59 |
| Other Christian Evangelical[table 2] | 5,783,442 | 5.15 |
| Seventh day Adventist[table 3] | 661,878 | 0.59 |
| Mormons[table 3] | 314,932 | 0.28 |
| Jehovah's Witnesses[table 3] | 1,561,086 | 1.39 |
| Eastern religions | 18,185 | 0.02 |
| Judaism | 67,476 | 0.06 |
| Islam | 3,760 | < 0.01 |
| Native religions | 27,839 | 0.02 |
| Spiritualism | 35,995 | 0.03 |
| Other religions | 19,636 | 0.02 |
| No religion | 5,262,546 | 4.68 |
| Not specified | 3,052,509 | 2.72 |
Notes
| ||
| State | Catholic | Protestant and Evangelical | Other Christian | Jewish | Other | None | Not specified |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aguascalientes | 95.6% | 1.9% | 0.7% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 0.7% |
| Baja California | 81.4% | 7.9% | 2.7% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 6.2% | 1.6% |
| Baja California Sur | 89.0% | 4.0% | 1.9% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 3.6% | 0.1% |
| Campeche | 71.3% | 13.2% | 4.7% | <0.1% | 1.7% | 9.9% | 0.8% |
| Chiapas | 63.8% | 13.9% | 9.0% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 13.1% | 1.2% |
| Chihuahua | 84.6% | 7.1% | 2.0% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 5.1% | 1.1% |
| Coahuila | 86.4% | 6.8% | 1.8% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 3.8% | 1.1% |
| Colima | 93.0% | 2.9% | 1.4% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 1.8% | 0.8% |
| Durango | 90.4% | 3.9% | 1.8% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 2.9% | 0.9% |
| Federal District | 90.5% | 3.6% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 0.8% | 2.9% | 0.7% |
| Guanajuato | 96.4% | 1.3% | 0.7% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 0.7% | 0.7% |
| Guerrero | 89.2% | 4.4% | 2.0% | <0.1% | 0.4% | 3.1% | 0.9% |
| Hidalgo | 90.1% | 5.2% | 1.3% | <0.1% | 0.4% | 1.6% | 0.7% |
| Jalisco | 95.4% | 2.0% | 0.9% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 0.9% | 0.7% |
| Mexico | 91.2% | 3.8% | 1.6% | 0.1% | 0.7% | 1.8% | 0.8% |
| Michoacán | 94.8% | 1.9% | 1.1% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 1.3% | 0.8% |
| Morelos | 83.6% | 7.3% | 3.1% | 0.1% | 0.5% | 4.3% | 1.0% |
| Nayarit | 91.8% | 3.0% | 1.3% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 2.9% | 0.7% |
| Nuevo León | 87.9% | 6.2% | 2.0% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 2.8% | 0.9% |
| Oaxaca | 84.8% | 7.8% | 2.3% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 4.0% | 0.9% |
| Puebla | 91.6% | 4.3% | 1.4% | <0.1% | 0.4% | 1.4% | 0.8% |
| Querétaro | 95.3% | 1.9% | 0.9% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 0.9% | 0.8% |
| Quintana Roo | 73.2% | 11.2% | 4.6% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 9.6% | 1.1% |
| San Luis Potosí | 92.0% | 4.6% | 1.0% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 1.5% | 0.7% |
| Sinaloa | 86.8% | 2.9% | 2.0% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 7.1% | 1.0% |
| Sonora | 87.9% | 4.8% | 1.8% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 4.4% | 1.1% |
| Tabasco | 70.4% | 13.6% | 5.0% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 10.0% | 0.8% |
| Tamaulipas | 82.9% | 8.7% | 2.4% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 4.9% | 1.0% |
| Tlaxcala | 93.4% | 2.9% | 1.4% | <0.1% | 0.4% | 1.0% | 0.9% |
| Veracruz | 82.9% | 6.9% | 3.3% | <0.1% | 0.2% | 5.9% | 0.8% |
| Yucatán | 84.3% | 8.4% | 3.0% | <0.1% | 0.1% | 3.5% | 0.8% |
| Zacatecas | 95.1% | 1.9% | 1.0% | <0.1% | <0.1% | 1.1% | 0.8% |
| Mexico total | 87.99% | 5.20% | 2.07% | 0.05% | 0.31% | 3.52% | 0.86% |
Notes
- "Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010 – Cuestionario básico". INEGI. Retrieved March 4, 2011.
- "CIA – The World Factbook – Mexico". Cia.gov. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- Yolotl González Torres. The Revival of Mexican Religions: The Impact of Nativism. Numen. Vol. 43, No. 1 (Jan. 1996), pp. 1–31
- Zotero Citlalcoatl. AMOXTLI YAOXOCHIMEH.
- "Mexico". International Religious Report. U.S. Department of State. 2003. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
- "Religion" (PDF). Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2000. INEGI. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2007. Retrieved 4 October 2007.
- "Church attendance". World Values Survey. 1997.
- “Religion in Mexico: Where angels fear to tread: Evangelicals are swooping on long-ignored regions”, The Economist, dated 24 March 2012.
- "Religión". INEGI.org (in Spanish). 2010. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- "The Largest Catholic Communities". Adherents.com. Retrieved 10 November 2007.
- "RITOS" [Rites]. Misas.org (in Spanish). Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- Latinobarometro, religious stats on Mexico, 2017
- "Religion in Mexico: Staying alive, Mexicans are increasingly turning away from the Catholic church". The Economist. Mexico City. 25 July 2002. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- 2015 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses. Watch Tower Society. p. 182.
- Panorama de las religiones en México 2010 (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2015. Retrieved 28 December 2014.
- LDS Newsroom (Statistical Information), see also The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints membership statistics#North America
- "Table: Muslim Population by Country". Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- "Mexican Catholics find God in Islam". Public Radio International. 13 February 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- "Indígenas musulmanes abren plática sobre el Islam en San Cristóbal". quadratin.com. 22 August 2015. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- Fitra Ismu Kusumo. Islam en el Mexico Contemporaneo. Retrieved 8 November 2014.
- Lamb, Artemus (November 1995). The Beginnings of the Bahá'í Faith in Latin America:Some Remembrances, English Revised and Amplified Edition. West Linn, OR: M L VanOrman Enterprises.
- Abbas, `Abdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation. Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, trans. and comments.
- "Comunidad Bahá'í de México". National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Mexico. 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- Hassall, Graham; Universal House of Justice. "National Spiritual Assemblies statistics 1923–1999". Assorted Resource Tools. Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
- Jodorowsky, Alejandro. The Spiritual Journey of Alejandro Jodorowsky The Creator of El Topo, Rochester, Vermont: (Park Street Press, 2005)
- Thlate 1960s.City Paper – Jodorowsky
- Aciprensa
- Catholic News Agency
Further reading
- Dow, James W. "The Expansion of Protestantism in Mexico: An Anthropological View." Anthropological Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 4 (Autumn, 2005), pp. 827–851