Michael (archangel)

Michael (Hebrew pronunciation: [mixaˈʔel]; Hebrew: מִיכָאֵל‎, romanized: Mîkhā'ēl, lit. 'Who is like God?'; Greek: Μιχαήλ, romanized: Mikhaḗl; Latin: Michahel; Coptic: ⲙⲓⲭⲁⲏⲗ; Arabic: ميخائيل ، مِيكَالَ ، ميكائيل‎, romanized: Mīkā'īl, Mīkāl or Mīkhā'īl)[6] is an archangel in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and Lutheran systems of faith, he is called Saint Michael the Archangel and Saint Michael. In the Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox religions, he is called Saint Michael the Taxiarch.[7][8] In other Protestant churches, he is referred to as Archangel Michael.

"Saint Michael" redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Michael (disambiguation).
Saint Michael
Archangel, Prince of Heavenly Host
Venerated inAll Christian denominations which venerate saints
Judaism
Islam
CanonizedPre-Congregation
Feast
AttributesArchangel; Treading on a dragon; carrying a banner, scales, sword, and weighing souls
PatronageProtector of the Jewish people,[1] Guardian of the Catholic Church,[2] Vatican City,[3][4] sickness, police officers, military[5]

Michael is mentioned three times in the Book of Daniel. The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that, in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy.

In the New Testament, Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation, where during the war in heaven he defeats Satan. In the Epistle of Jude, Michael is specifically referred to as "the archangel Michael". Sanctuaries to Michael were built by Christians in the 4th century, when he was first seen as a healing angel. Over time his role became one of a protector and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil.

Scriptural references

Hebrew Bible
Guido Reni's Michael (in Santa Maria della Concezione church, Rome, 1636) tramples Satan. A mosaic of the same painting decorates St. Michael's Altar in St. Peter's Basilica.

Michael is mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible (the Old Testament), all in the Book of Daniel. The prophet Daniel has a vision after having undergone a period of fasting. Daniel 10:13-21 describes Daniel's vision of an angel who identifies Michael as the protector of Israelites.[9] At Daniel 12:1, Daniel is informed that Michael will arise during the "time of the end".[10]

New Testament
Saint Michael, Archangel es:Melchor Pérez de Holguín, Bolivia, (1708)

The Book of Revelation (12:7-9) describes a war in heaven in which Michael, being stronger, defeats Satan.[11] After the conflict, Satan is thrown to earth along with the fallen angels, where he ("that ancient serpent called the devil") still tries to "lead the whole world astray".[11]

In the Epistle of Jude 1:9, Michael is referred to as an "archangel" when he again confronts Satan.[12]

Quran

Michael (Arabic: ميخائيل Mīkhā‘īl, ميكائيل Mīkā‘īl ), is one of the two archangels mentioned in the Quran, alongside Jibrail (Gabriel). In non-Quranic sources, such as Sahih Muslim,[13] "Israfil" (sometimes spelled, "Israfel") is yet another Islamic 'archangel'.[14][15] In the Quran, Michael is mentioned once only, in Sura 2:98: "Whoever is an enemy to God, and His angels and His messengers, and Jibrail and Mikhail! Then, God (Himself) is an enemy to the disbelievers."[16] Some Muslims believe that the reference in Sura 11:69 is Michael, one of the three angels who visited Abraham.[16]

Religious faiths

Judaism

According to rabbinic Jewish tradition, Michael acted as the advocate of Israel, and sometimes had to fight with the princes of the other nations (cf. 10:13) and particularly with the angel Samael, Israel's accuser. Michael's enmity against Samael dates from the time when the latter was thrown down from heaven. Samael took hold of the wings of Michael, whom he wished to bring down with him in his fall; but Michael was saved by God.[17][18] Michael said, "May The Lord rebuke you" to Satan for attempting to claim the body of Moses.[19]

Michael in Hebrew

The idea that Michael was the advocate of the Jews became so prevalent that in spite of the rabbinical prohibition against appealing to angels as intermediaries between God and his people, Michael came to occupy a certain place in the Jewish liturgy: "When a man is in need he must pray directly to God, and neither to Michael nor to Gabriel."[20] Two prayers were written beseeching him as the prince of mercy to intercede in favor of Israel: one composed by Byzantine Jew Eliezer ha-Kalir (c. 570 – c. 640), and the other by Judah ben Samuel he-Hasid (1150 – 22 February 1217), a leader of the Chassidei Ashkenaz in Bavaria. But appeal to Michael seems to have been more common in ancient times . Jeremiah is said to have addressed a prayer to him.[21]

The rabbis declare that Michael entered upon his role of defender at the time of the biblical patriarchs. Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob said that Michael rescued Abraham from the furnace into which he had been thrown by Nimrod (Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16). It is claimed that it was Michael, the "one that had escaped" (Genesis 14:13), who told Abraham that Lot had been taken captive (Midrash Pirke R. El.), and who protected Sarah from being defiled by Abimelech.

It is also said that Michael prevented Isaac from being sacrificed by his father by substituting a ram in his place. He saved Jacob, while yet in his mother's womb, from being killed by Samael.[22] Later Michael prevented Laban from harming Jacob.(Pirke De-Rabbi Eliezer, xxxvi).

The midrash Exodus Rabbah holds that Michael exercised his function of advocate of Israel at the time of the Exodus also. Satan (as an adversary) accused the Israelites of idolatry and said that they were consequently deserving of death by drowning in the Red Sea. Michael is also said to have destroyed the army of Sennacherib.[23]

Christianity

Early Christian views and devotions
Statue of Archangel Michael at the University of Bonn, slaying Satan as a dragon; Quis ut Deus is inscribed on his shield

Michael was venerated as a healer in Phrygia (modern-day Turkey).[24]

The earliest and most famous sanctuary to Michael in the ancient Near East was also associated with healing waters. It was the Michaelion built in the early 4th century by Emperor Constantine at Chalcedon, on the site of an earlier temple called Sosthenion.[25]

Epiphanius of Salamis (c. 310–320 – 403) referred in his Coptic-Arabic Hexaemeron to Michael as a replacement of Satan. Accordingly, after Satan fell, Michael was appointed to the function Satan served when he was still one of the noble angels.[26]

A painting of the Archangel slaying a serpent became a major art piece at the Michaelion after Constantine defeated Licinius near there in 324. This contributed to the standard iconography that developed of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint slaying a dragon.[25] The Michaelion was a magnificent church and in time became a model for hundreds of other churches in Eastern Christianity; these spread devotions to the Archangel.[27]

In the 4th century, Saint Basil the Great's homily (De Angelis) placed Saint Michael over all the angels. He was called "Archangel" because he heralds other angels, the title Ἀρχαγγέλος (archangelos) being used of him in Jude 1:9.[24] Into the 6th century, the view of Michael as a healer continued in Rome; after a plague, the sick slept at night in the church of Castel Sant'Angelo (dedicated to him for saving Rome), waiting for his manifestation.[28]

In the 6th century, the growth of devotions to Michael in the Western Church was expressed by the feasts dedicated to him, as recorded in the Leonine Sacramentary. The 7th-century Gelasian Sacramentary included the feast "S. Michaelis Archangeli", as did the 8th-century Gregorian Sacramentary. Some of these documents refer to a Basilica Archangeli (no longer extant) on via Salaria in Rome.[24]

The angelology of Pseudo-Dionysius, which was widely read as of the 6th century, gave Michael a rank in the celestial hierarchy. Later, in the 13th century, others such as Bonaventure believed that he is the prince of the Seraphim, the first of the nine angelic orders. According to Thomas Aquinas (Summa Ia. 113.3), he is the Prince of the last and lowest choir, the Angels.[24]

Catholicism
Archangel Michael reaching to save souls in purgatory, by Jacopo Vignali, 17th century

Catholics often refer to Michael as "Holy Michael, the Archangel"[29] or "Saint Michael", a title that does not indicate canonisation. He is generally referred to in Christian litanies as "Saint Michael", as in the Litany of the Saints. In the shortened version of this litany used in the Easter Vigil, he alone of the angels and archangels is mentioned by name, omitting saints Gabriel and Raphael.[30]

In Roman Catholic teachings, Saint Michael has four main roles or offices.[24] His first role is the leader of the Army of God and the leader of heaven's forces in their triumph over the powers of hell.[31] He is viewed as the angelic model for the virtues of the spiritual warrior, with the conflict against evil at times viewed as the battle within.[32]

St. Michael weighing souls during the Last Judgement, Antiphonale Cisterciense (15th century), Abbey Bibliotheca, Rein Abbey, Austria

The second and third roles of Michael in Catholic teachings deal with death. In his second role, Michael is the angel of death, carrying the souls of all the deceased to heaven. In this role Michael descends at the hour of death, and gives each soul the chance to redeem itself before passing; thus confusing and confronting the devil and his minions. Catholic prayers often refer to this role of Michael. In his third role, he weighs souls in his perfectly balanced scales. For this reason, Michael is often depicted holding scales.[33]

In his fourth role, Saint Michael, the special patron of the Chosen People in the Old Testament, is also the guardian of the Church. Saint Michael was revered by the military orders of knights during the Middle Ages. The names of villages around the Bay of Biscay express that history. This role also was why he was considered the patron saint of a number of cities and countries.[34][35]

Roman Catholicism includes traditions such as the Prayer to Saint Michael, which specifically asks for the faithful to be "defended" by the saint.[36][37][38] The Chaplet of Saint Michael consists of nine salutations, one for each choir of angels.[39][40]

Saint Michael the Archangel prayer
Main article: Prayer to Saint Michael § In the Leonine Prayers

St. Michael the Archangel, defend us in battle. Be our defense against the wickedness and snares of the Devil. May God rebuke him, we humbly pray, and do thou, O Prince of the heavenly hosts, by the power of God, thrust into hell Satan, and all the evil spirits, who prowl about the world seeking the ruin of souls. Amen.

Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox accord Michael the title Archistrategos, or "Supreme Commander of the Heavenly Hosts".[41] The Eastern Orthodox pray to their guardian angels and above all to Michael and Gabriel.[42]

The Eastern Orthodox have always had strong devotions to angels. In contemporary times they are referred to by the term of "Bodiless Powers".[43] A number of feasts dedicated to Archangel Michael are celebrated by the Eastern Orthodox throughout the year.[43]

Archangel Michael is mentioned in a number of Eastern Orthodox hymns and prayer, and his icons are widely used within Eastern Orthodox churches.[44] In many Eastern Orthodox icons, Christ is accompanied by a number of angels, Michael being a predominant figure among them.[44]

In Russia, many monasteries, cathedrals, court and merchant churches are dedicated to the Chief Commander Michael; most Russian cities have a church or chapel dedicated to the Archangel Michael.[45][46]

The place of Michael in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is as a saintly intercessor. He is the one who presents to God the prayers of the just, who accompanies the souls of the dead to heaven, who defeats the devil. He is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.[47] In Alexandria, a church was dedicated to him in the early fourth century on the 12th of the month of Paoni. The 12th of the month of Hathor is the celebration of Michael's appointment in heaven, where Michael became the chief of the angels.[48]

Protestant views
Statue at St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg

Some Protestant denominations recognize Michael as an archangel. Within Protestantism, the Anglican and Methodist tradition recognizes four angels as archangels: Michael, Raphael, Gabriel, and Uriel.[49][50] The American evangelist Billy Graham wrote that in Sacred Scripture, there is only one individual explicitly described as an archangel—Michael—in Jude 1:9.[51][52]

Citing Hengstenberg, John A. Lees, in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, states: "The earlier Protestant scholars usually identified Michael with the pre-incarnate Christ, finding support for their view, not only in the juxtaposition of the 'child' and the archangel in Rev 12:1-17, but also in the attributes ascribed to him in Daniel."[53]

Such scholars include but are not limited to:

  1. Martin Luther[54][55]
  2. Hengstenberg with others[56][57][58]
  3. Dr. W. L. Alexander [in Kitto], Prof. Douglas [in Fairbairn][59]
  4. Jacobus Ode, Campegius Vitringa, Sr.[60][61][62]
  5. Philip Melanchthon, Broughton, Junius, Calvin, Hävernick[63]
  6. Polanus, Genevens, Oecolampadius & others,[64] Adam Clarke[65]
  7. Samuel Horsley[66][67]
  8. Cloppenburgh, Vogelsangius, Pierce and others (Horsely)[68]
  9. John (Jean) Calvin[69][70]
  10. Isaac Watts, John Bunyan, Brown's Dictionary, James Wood's Spiritual Dictionary[71]
  11. and many others[72]
  12. for even before them, the Jewish commentators, such as Wetstein, Surenhusius, etc.[73]

In the 19th Century, Charles Haddon Spurgeon[74][75] stated that Jesus is "the true Michael" [76][77] and “the only Archangel”,[78] and that he is God the Son, and co-equal to the Father.[74]

Within Anglicanism, the controversial bishop Robert Clayton (died 1758) proposed that Michael was the Logos and Gabriel the Holy Spirit.[79] Controversy over Clayton's views led the government to order his prosecution, but he died before his scheduled examination.[80][81]

Michael continues to be recognized among Protestants by key churches dedicated to him, e.g., St. Michaelis Church, Hamburg and St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim, each of which is of the Lutheran Church and has appeared in the Bundesländer series of €2 commemorative coins for 2008 and 2014 respectively.

In Bach's time, the annual feast of Michael and All the Angels on 29 September was regularly celebrated with a festive service, for which Bach composed several cantatas, for example the chorale cantata Herr Gott, dich loben alle wir, BWV 130 in 1724, Es erhub sich ein Streit, BWV 19, in 1726 and Man singet mit Freuden vom Sieg, BWV 149, in 1728 or 1729.

Seventh-day Adventists
See also: Seventh-day Adventist, beliefs about Michael and Pre-existence of Christ
Le Grand Saint Michel, by Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio), Archangel Michael defeating evil

Seventh-day Adventists, believe that "Michael" is but one of the many titles applied to the Son of God, the second person of the Godhead. According to Adventists, such a view does not in any way conflict with the belief in his full deity and eternal preexistence, nor does it in the least disparage his person and work.[82] According to Adventist theology, Michael was considered the "eternal Word", and not a created being or created angel, and the one by whom all things were created. The Word was then born incarnate as Jesus.[83]

Seventh-day Adventists believe that name "Michael" signifies "One Who Is Like God" and that as the "Archangel" or "chief or head of the angels" he led the angels and thus the statement in Revelation 12:7-9 identifies Jesus as Michael.[84]

In the Seventh-day Adventist view, the statement in some translations of 1 Thessalonians 4:13-18 and John 5:25-29 confirm that Jesus and Michael are the same.[85]

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe Michael to be another name for Jesus in heaven, in his pre-human and post-resurrection existence.[86] They say the definite article at Jude 9—referring to "Michael the archangel"—identifies Michael as the only archangel. They consider Michael to be synonymous with Christ, described at 1 Thessalonians 4:16 as descending "with a cry of command, with the voice of an archangel, and with the sound of the trumpet".[87][88][89]

They believe the prominent roles assigned to Michael at Daniel 12:1 and Revelation 12:7, 19:14, 16, are identical to Jesus' roles, being the one chosen to lead God's people and as the only one who "stands up", identifying the two as the same spirit being. Because they identify Michael with Jesus, he is therefore considered the first and greatest of all God's heavenly sons, God's chief messenger, who takes the lead in vindicating God's sovereignty, sanctifying his name, fighting the wicked forces of Satan and protecting God's covenant people on earth.[90] Jehovah's Witnesses also identify Michael with the "Angel of the Lord" who led and protected the Israelites in the wilderness.[91]

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
See also: Beliefs and practices of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Latter-day Saints (also known informally as Mormons) believe that Michael is Adam, the Ancient of Days (Dan. 7), a prince, and the patriarch of the human family. Also, they hold that Michael assisted Jehovah (the heavenly form of Jesus) in the creation of the world under the direction of God the Father and cast Satan out of heaven.[92][93][94][95]

Islam
Mika'il's name in Arabic calligraphy

In Islam, Michael, also spelt Mika'il (ميكيل),[96] is one of the archangels and said to be responsible for the forces of nature.[97] From the tears of Michael, angels are created. Such angels are the helpers of Michael.[98]

The Quran mentions Michael together with Gabriel in the sura Al-Baqarah:

Whoever is an enemy to Allah and His angels and messengers, to Gabriel and Michael, – Lo! Allah is an enemy to those who reject Faith.

— Quran, chapter 2 (Al-Baqara) verse 98[99]

In Sunni Islam, Michael appears in the creation narrative of Adam. Accordingly, he was sent to bring a handful of earth, but the Earth did not yield a piece of itself, some of which will burn. This is articulated by Al-Tha'labi, whose narrative states that God tells Earth that some will obey him and others will not.[100]

In Shia Islam, in Dua Umm Dawood, a supplication reportedly handed down by the 6th Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq, the reciter sends blessing upon Michael (with his name spelled as Mīkā'īl):[101][102]

O Allah! Bestow your blessing on Michael-angel of Your mercy and created for kindness and seeker of pardon for and supporter of the obedient people.

Esoteric beliefs

The French occultist, Eliphas Levi, the German philosopher Franz von Baader, and the Theosophist Louis Claude de St. Martin spoke of 1879 as the year in which Michael overcame the dragon. In 1917, Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy, similarly stated, "in 1879, in November, a momentous event took place, a battle of the Powers of Darkness against the Powers of Light, ending in the image of Michael overcoming the Dragon".[103]

Archangel Michael was also mentioned in the older Greek Magical Papyri (circa 2nd century BC-400 AD), only in these set of texts he goes under the title of a deity.[104]

Feasts
Archangel Michael at a Portuguese feast in Cabeceiras de Basto

In the General Roman Calendar, the Anglican Calendar of Saints, and the Lutheran Calendar of Saints, the archangel's feast is celebrated on Michaelmas Day, 29 September. The day is also considered the feast of Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, in the General Roman Calendar and the Feast of Saint Michael and All Angels according to the Church of England.[105]

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Michael's principal feast day is 8 November (those that use the Julian calendar celebrate it on what in the Gregorian calendar is now 21 November), honouring him along with the rest of the "Bodiless Powers of Heaven" (i.e. angels) as their Supreme Commander, and the Miracle at Chonae is commemorated on 6 September.[106][107]

In the calendar of the Church of England diocese of Truro, 8 May is the feast of St. Michael, Protector of Cornwall. The archangel Michael is one of the three patron saints of Cornwall.[108]

In the Coptic Orthodox Church, the main feast day in 12 Hathor and 12 Paoni, and he is celebrated liturgically on the 12th of each Coptic month.

Patronages and orders

In late medieval Christianity, Michael, together with Saint George, became the patron saint of chivalry and is now also considered the patron saint of police officers, paramedics and the military.[35][109]

Since the victorious Battle of Lechfeld against the Hungarians in 955, Michael was the patron saint of the Holy Roman Empire and still is the patron saint of modern Germany and other German-speaking regions formerly covered by the realm.

Coat of arms of Kiev
Coat of arms of Brussels

In mid to late 15th century, France was one of only four courts in Western Christendom without an order of knighthood.[110] Later in the 15th century, Jean Molinet glorified the primordial feat of arms of the archangel as "the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever achieved."[111] Thus Michael was the natural patron of the first chivalric order of France, the Order of Saint Michael of 1469.[110] In the British honours system, a chivalric order founded in 1818 is also named for these two saints, the Order of St Michael and St George.[112] The Order of Michael the Brave is Romania's highest military decoration.

Prior to 1878, the Scapular of St. Michael the Archangel could be worn as part of a Roman Catholic Archconfraternity. Presently, enrollment is authorized as this holy scapular remains as one of the 18 approved by the Church.

Apart from his being a patron of warriors, the sick and the suffering also consider Archangel Michael their patron saint.[113] Based on the legend of his 8th-century apparition at Mont-Saint-Michel, France, the Archangel is the patron of mariners in this famous sanctuary.[24] After the evangelisation of Germany, where mountains were often dedicated to pagan gods, Christians placed many mountains under the patronage of the Archangel, and numerous mountain chapels of St. Michael appeared all over Germany.[24]

Similarly, the Sanctuary of St. Michel (San Migel Aralarkoa), the oldest Christian building in Navarre (Spain), lies at the top of a hill on the Aralar Range, and harbours Carolingian remains. St. Michel is an ancient devotion of Navarre and eastern Gipuzkoa, revered by the Basques, shrouded in legend, and held as a champion against paganism and heresy. It came to symbolize the defense of Catholicism, as well as Basque tradition and values during the early 20th century.[114]

He has been the patron saint of Brussels since the Middle Ages.[115] The city of Arkhangelsk in Russia is named for the Archangel. Ukraine and its capital Kiev also consider Michael their patron saint and protector.[116] Since the 14th century, Saint Michael has been the patron saint of Dumfries in Scotland, where a church dedicated to him was built at the southern end of the town, on a mound overlooking the River Nith.[117]

An Anglican sisterhood dedicated to Saint Michael under the title of the Community of St Michael and All Angels was founded in 1851.[118] The Congregation of Saint Michael the Archangel (CSMA), also known as the Michaelite Fathers, is a religious order of the Roman Catholic Church founded in 1897. The Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel (OSM) are an Order of professed religious within the Anglican Church in North America, the North American component of the Anglican realignment movement.[119]

In the United States military Saint Michael is considered to be a patron of paratroopers and, in particular, the 82nd Airborne Division.[120] One of the first battles where the unit first was combat christened is the Battle of Saint-Mihiel during the World War I.

Legends

Judaism

There is a legend which seems to be of Jewish origin, and which was adopted by the Copts, to the effect that Michael was first sent by God to bring Nebuchadnezzar (c. 600 BC) against Jerusalem, and that Michael was afterward very active in freeing his nation from Babylonian captivity.[121] According to midrash Genesis Rabbah, Michael saved Hananiah and his companions from the Fiery furnace though the verse states that the person in the fire was the Son of God (not an angel).[122] Michael was active in the time of Esther: "The more Haman accused Israel on earth, the more Michael defended Israel in heaven".[123] It was Michael who reminded Ahasuerus that he was Mordecai's debtor;[124] and there is a legend that Michael appeared to the high priest Hyrcanus, promising him assistance.[125]

According to Legends of the Jews, archangel Michael was the chief of a band of angels who questioned God's decision to create man on earth.[126] The entire band of angels, except for Michael, was then consumed by fire.[126]

Christianity
A 12th-century icon of the Miracle at Chonae, from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai.
The Portuguese Carmelite nun, Antónia d'Astónaco, reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael.

The Orthodox Church celebrates the Miracle at Chonae on September 6.[127] The pious legend surrounding the event states that John the Apostle, when preaching nearby, foretold the appearance of Michael at Cheretopa near Lake Salda, where a healing spring appeared soon after the Apostle left; in gratitude for the healing of his daughter, one pilgrim built a church on the site.[128] Local pagans, who are described as jealous of the healing power of the spring and the church, attempt to drown the church by redirecting the river, but the Archangel, "in the likeness of a column of fire", split the bedrock to open up a new bed for the stream, directing the flow away from the church.[129] The legend is supposed to have predated the actual events, but the 5th – 7th-century texts that refer to the miracle at Chonae formed the basis of specific paradigms for "properly approaching" angelic intermediaries for more effective prayers within the Christian culture.[130]

There is a late-5th-century legend in Cornwall, UK that the Archangel appeared to fishermen on St Michael's Mount.[131] According to author Richard Freeman Johnson this legend is likely a nationalistic twist to a myth.[131] Cornish legends also hold that the mount itself was constructed by giants[132] and that King Arthur battled a giant there.[133]

The legend of the apparition of the Archangel at around 490 AD at a secluded hilltop cave on Monte Gargano in Italy gained a following among the Lombards in the immediate period thereafter, and by the 8th century pilgrims arrived from as far away as England.[134] The Tridentine Calendar included a feast of the apparition on 8 May, the date of the 663 victory over the Greek Neapolitans that the Lombards of Manfredonia attributed to Saint Michael.[24] The feast remained in the Roman liturgical calendar until removed in the revision of Pope John XXIII. The Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo at Gargano is a major Catholic pilgrimage site.

According to Roman legends, Archangel Michael appeared with a sword over the mausoleum of Hadrian while a devastating plague persisted in Rome, in apparent answer to the prayers of Pope Gregory I the Great (c. 590–604) that the plague should cease. After the plague ended, in honor of the occasion, the pope called the mausoleum "Castel Sant'Angelo" (Castle of the Holy Angel), the name by which it is still known.[28]

According to Norman legend, Michael is said to have appeared to St Aubert, Bishop of Avranches, in 708, giving instruction to build a church on the rocky islet now known as Mont Saint-Michel.[135][136][137] In 960 the Duke of Normandy commissioned a Benedictine abbey on the mount, and it remains a major pilgrimage site.[137]

A Portuguese Carmelite nun, Antónia d'Astónaco, reported an apparition and private revelation of the Archangel Michael who had told to this devoted Servant of God, in 1751, that he would like to be honored, and God glorified, by the praying of nine special invocations. These nine invocations correspond to invocations to the nine choirs of angels and origins the famous Chaplet of Saint Michael. This private revelation and prayers were approved by Pope Pius IX in 1851.[138][139]

From 1961 to 1965, four young schoolgirls had reported several apparitions of Archangel Michael in the small village of Garabandal, Spain. At Garabandal, the apparitions of the Archangel Michael were mainly reported as announcing the arrivals of the Virgin Mary. The Catholic Church has neither approved nor condemned the Garabandal apparitions.[140]

Islam

In Islam,[141] Mikail (Michael) is one of the four archangels along with Jibrail, Israfil and Azrail. The Quran mentions him in 2:98. He provides nourishments for bodies and souls and is also responsible for nature events. Mikail is often depicted as the archangel of mercy. Therefore, he is said to be friendly, asking God for mercy for humans and is said to be one of the first who bowed down before Adam.[142] Furthermore, he is responsible for the rewards doled out to good persons in this life.

Art and literature

In literature

In the English epic poem Paradise Lost by John Milton, Michael commands the army of angels loyal to God against the rebel forces of Satan. Armed with a sword from God's armory, he bests Satan in personal combat, wounding his side.[143]

In Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's translation of The Golden Legend, Michael is one of the angels of the seven planets. He is the angel of Mercury.[144]

Artistic depictions
Main article: Archangel Michael in Christian art
10th-century gold and enamel Byzantine icon of St Michael, in the treasury of the St Mark's Basilica

In Christian art, Archangel Michael may be depicted alone or with other angels such as Gabriel. Some depictions with Gabriel date back to the 8th century, e.g. the stone casket at Notre Dame de Mortain church in France.[145]

The widely reproduced image of Our Mother of Perpetual Help, an icon of the Cretan school, depicts Michael on the left carrying the lance and sponge of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Gabriel on the right side of Mary and Jesus.[146]

In many depictions Michael is represented as an angelic warrior, fully armed with helmet, sword, and shield.[24] The shield may bear the Latin inscription Quis ut Deus or the Greek inscription Christos Dikaios Krites or its initials.[147] He may be standing over a serpent, a dragon, or the defeated figure of Satan, whom he sometimes pierces with a lance.[24] The iconography of Michael slaying a serpent goes back to the early 4th century, when Emperor Constantine defeated Licinius at the Battle of Adrianople in 324 AD, not far from the Michaelion a church dedicated to Archangel Michael.[25]

Constantine felt that Licinius was an agent of Satan, and associated him with the serpent described in the Book of Revelation (12:9).[148] After the victory, Constantine commissioned a depiction of himself and his sons slaying Licinius represented as a serpent - a symbolism borrowed from the Christian teachings on the Archangel to whom he attributed the victory. A similar painting, this time with the Archangel Michael himself slaying a serpent then became a major art piece at the Michaelion and eventually lead to the standard iconography of Archangel Michael as a warrior saint.[25]

In other depictions Michael may be holding a pair of scales in which he weighs the souls of the departed and may hold the book of life (as in the Book of Revelation), to show that he takes part in the judgment.[145] However this form of depiction is less common than the slaying of the dragon.[145] Michelangelo depicted this scene on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel.[149]

In Byzantine art Michael was often shown as a princely court dignitary, rather than a warrior who battled Satan or with scales for weighing souls on the Day of Judgement.[150]

Churches named after Michael
The Mont-Saint-Michel in Normandy, France
St. Michael's Jesuit church, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
gollark: 8 seconds a day isn't great. My regular unsmart watch manages about ~30 a month.
gollark: You'll mostly be carrying your phone anyway.
gollark: I do kind of wonder why people want the independent device kind, honestly.
gollark: Oh, and a user-replaceable battery so that you can explode it multiple times.
gollark: Don't forget a laser on the PineTime Pro.

See also

References
  1. "Bible gateway, Daniel 12:1". Biblegateway.com. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  2. Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821; p. 117
  3. "Benedict XVI joins Pope Francis in consecrating Vatican to St Michael Archangel". news.va. Retrieved 2013-07-05.
  4. Finley, Mitch (2011). The Patron Saints Handbook. The Word Among Us Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-59325403-2. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  5. "St. Michael, the Archangel - Saints & Angels - Catholic Online". Catholic.org. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  6. "Surah Al-Baqarah [2:98]".
  7. "List of books attesting the title of "Saint Michael the Taxiarch"" (in English and German).
  8. B. Osswald (PhD) (2008). From Lieux de Pouvoir to Lieux de Mémoire: The Monuments of the Medieval Castle of Ioannina through the Centuries. Edizioni Plus-Pisa University Press. ISBN 978-88-8492-558-9. Archived from the original on 2 August 2018.
  9. Who's who in the Jewish Bible by David Mandel 2007 ISBN 0-8276-0863-2 page 270
  10. Daniel: Wisdom to the Wise: Commentary on the Book of Daniel by Zdravko Stefanovic 2007 ISBN 0-8163-2212-0 page 391
  11. Revelation 12-22 by John MacArthur 2000 ISBN 0-8024-0774-9 pages 13-14
  12. The Encyclopedia of Angels, by Rosemary Guiley, 2004 ISBN 0-8160-5023-6, page 49
  13. Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Chapter 118 (supplication in the night prayer), Number 1694, page 441/1800
  14. Dictionary of Angels, by Gustav Davidson, page 152 - https://books.google.as/books?id=kGXelGEMdWgC&pg=PA152&dq=Israfel&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiPo-udw-LhAhXHITQIHSiVAAYQ6AEIOTAE#v=onepage&q=Israfel&f=false
  15. Angels, A to Z: Who's Who of the Heavenly Host, by Matthew Bunson, page 145 - https://books.google.as/books?id=9hzyxbMUqHoC&pg=PA145&dq=Israfel+muhammad&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjfnfuPxOLhAhV4JzQIHbi4BsgQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Israfel%20muhammad&f=false
  16. Quran, sura 2 (Al-Baqara), ayat 98 Quran 2:98
  17. Midrash Pirke R. El. xxvi
  18. "Jewish Encyclopedia - Michael". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  19. Midrash Deut. Rabbah xi. 6
  20. Yer. Ber. ix. 13a
  21. Baruch Apoc. Ethiopic, ix. 5
  22. Midrash Abkir, in Yalḳ., Gen. 110
  23. Midrash Exodus Rabbah xviii. 5
  24. Holweck, Frederick. "St. Michael the Archangel." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 29 Dec. 2014
  25. Richard Freeman Johnson (2005), Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend ISBN 1-84383-128-7; pp. 33-34
  26. Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). "One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs", Studia Orientalia Electronica, 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526
  27. Anna Jameson (2004), Sacred and Legendary Art ISBN 0-7661-8144-8; p. 92
  28. Alban Butler, The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. Dublin: James Duffy, 1866; p. 320
  29. Catholic Online, Prayers
  30. Cadwallader, Alan H.; Michael Trainor (2011). Colossae in Space and Time. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 323. ISBN 978-3-525-53397-0. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  31. Donna-Marie O'Boyle, Catholic Saints Prayer Book OSV Publishing, 2008 ISBN 1-59276-285-9 page 60
  32. Starr, Mirabai. Saint Michael: The Archangel, Sounds True, 2007 ISBN 1-59179-627-X page 2
  33. Starr, p. 39.
  34. Butler 1821, p. 117.
  35. Michael McGrath, Patrons and Protectors. Liturgy Training, 2001. ISBN 1-56854-109-0.
  36. "Prayer to St Michael". EWTN.
  37. Matthew Bunson, The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church, OSV Publishing, 2001 ISBN 0-87973-914-2 page 315
  38. Amy Welborn, The Words We Pray. Loyola Press, 2004. ISBN 0-8294-1956-X, page 101.
  39. Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 123
  40. EWTN "The Chaplet of St. Michael the Archangel"
  41. Baun, Jane (2007). Tales from Another Byzantium. Cambridge University Press. p. 391 et passim. ISBN 978-0-521-82395-1. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  42. Eastern Orthodox Theology: A Contemporary Reader by Daniel B. Clendenin (2003) ISBN 0801026512, page 75
  43. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, by John Anthony McGuckin (2011) ISBN 1405185392 page 30
  44. The Eastern Orthodox Church: Its Thought and Life, by Ernst Benz (2008) ISBN 0202362981, page 16
  45. A Geography of Russia and Its Neighbors, by Mikhail S. Blinnikov (2010) ISBN, page 203
  46. Architectures of Russian Identity, 1500 to the Present, by James Cracraft (2003) ISBN 0801488281, page 42
  47. Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity, by Otto Friedrich August Meinardus (2010) ISBN 977-424-757-4 pages 27, 117, 147
  48. Money, Land and Trade: An Economic History of the Muslim Mediterranean, by Nelly Hanna (2002) ISBN 1-86064-699-9, page 226
  49. Armentrout, Don S. (1 January 2000). An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 14. ISBN 9780898697018.
  50. The Methodist New Connexion Magazine and Evangelical Repository, Volume XXXV, Third Series. London: William Cooke. 1867. p. 493.
  51. Graham, Billy (1995). Angels. Thomas Nelson. ISBN 9780849938719. p. PT31.
  52. Graham (1995) p. PT32
  53. "John A. Lees, "Michael" in James Orr (editor), The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia(Eerdmans 1939)". Internationalstandardbible.com. 2007-07-06. Retrieved 2012-12-27.
  54. "The Angels of Michael; Revelation 12:7-12," by Robert W. Bertram, published in Cresset 21, No. 9 (September, 1958): 12-14, page 2 - http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/sermons/TheAngelsofMichael.pdf
  55. "Spirituality is for Angels - The Angels of Michael", by Robert W. Bertram, in Ecumenism, The Spirit and Worship, 126-169. Edited by Leonard J. Swindler. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1967, page 4 - http://www.crossings.org/archive/bob/SPIRITUALITYISFORANGELS.pdf
  56. The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia; James Orr, M.A., D.D., General Editor; John L. Nuelsen, D.D., LL.D.; Edgar Y. Mullins, D.D., LL.D. Assistant Editors; Morris O. Evans, D.D., Ph.D., Managing Editor; Volume III. Heresy-Naarah; Chicago, The Howard-Severance Company, 1915., PDF page 693; Internally Page 2048 - https://archive.org/stream/cu31924095207126#page/n693/mode/1up
  57. The Imperial Bible-Dictionary, by the Rev. Patrick Fairbairn, D.D (1866), page 234 - https://archive.org/stream/theimperialbible02unknuoft#page/234/mode/1up
  58. The Zondervan Encyclopedia of the Bible; Volume 4; M-P, Revised, Full-Color Edition; Merrill C. Tenney, General Editor/Moises Silva, Revision Editor. 2010 - https://books.google.com/books?id=S4MZREX03u0C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  59. A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Bible (1868), by Sir William Smith, pages 645-646 - https://archive.org/stream/comprehensivedic00smituoft#page/646/mode/1up
  60. Prophecy viewed in respect to its distinctive nature, its special function, and proper interpretation. by Patrick Fairbairn, D.D. (1865), PDF page 344; Internally Page 325 - https://archive.org/stream/prophecyviewedi00fairgoog#page/n344/mode/1up
  61. The Revelation of St. John, expounded for those who search the Scriptures. by E. W. Hengstenberg (1851), page 474-475; Internally Page 466-467, with notations - https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n474/mode/1up https://archive.org/stream/revelationstjoh01fairgoog#page/n475/mode/1up
  62. A Commentary Of The Holy Scriptures: Critical, Doctrinal And Homiletical, With Special Reference To Ministers And Students, By John Peter Lange, D.D. (1874), page 248 - https://books.google.com/books?id=g5tBAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  63. The Preacher's Complete Homiletical Commentary on the Old Testament (1892), page 227,274 - https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/227/mode/1up https://archive.org/stream/homileticalcomme27robi#page/274/mode/1up
  64. Andrew Willet, Sixfold Commentary (Hexapla in Danielem) (1610), Page 384 - http://rarebooks.dts.edu/viewbook.aspx?bookid=1422
  65. William Baxter Godbey's Commentary on the New Testament; Revelation 12, page 62 - http://www.studylight.org/commentaries/ges/view.cgi?bk=65&ch=12 http://www.enterhisrest.org/history/wg-rev.pdf
  66. The London Encyclopedia, or Universal Dictionary, Volume. XIV. Medicine to Mithridates; Edited by Thomas Curtis, of Grove House School, Islington. 1839., page 483 - https://books.google.com/books?id=5eQqJ-AGK-YC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  67. The Monthly Review for January, 1806. By Ralph Griffiths., page 333 - https://books.google.com/books?id=Ff7kAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  68. Sacred Dissertations, on what is commonly called the Apostles' Creed. By Herman Witsius, D.D. Professor of Divinity in the Universities of Franeker, Utrecht, and Leyden. Translated from the Latin, and followed with Notes, Critical and Explanatory, by Donald Fraser, Minister of the Gospel, Kennoway. In Two Volumes. Volume II. 1823., page 538 - https://books.google.com/books?id=DKQPAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  69. Who is “The (Arch)angel of the Lord”?; Posted September 6, 2014 by Website Admin, by Francis Nigel Lee, page 3, Web page 2 - http://www.dr-fnlee.org/who-is-the-archangel-of-the-lord/2/
  70. The Days of Vengeance, An Exposition of the Book of Revelation, by David Chilton, copyright 1987., page 312 Notes, No. 27 - https://archive.org/stream/DaysOfVengeance-DavidChilton/Days of Vengeance David Chilton#page/n337/mode/1up
  71. The Bible Doctrine of God, Jesus Christ, The Holy Spirit, Atonement, Faith, And Election; to which is prefixed some Thoughts of Natural Theology and the Truth of Revelation; by William Kinkade, page 152-154 - http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/152/mode/1up http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/153/mode/1up http://www.archive.org/stream/bibledoctrineofg00kink#page/154/mode/1up
  72. "Ezekiel, Daniel" edited by Carl L. Beckwith, page 405 - https://books.google.com/books?id=gSMDd60ohdkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  73. A Cyclopaedia of Biblical literature; Volume III, by John Kitto, D.D., F.S.A. Third Edition (1876), page 158 - https://books.google.com/books?id=7DAHAQAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  74. The Baptist Confession of Faith (1689) - With slight revisions by C. H. Spurgeon Archived 2010-04-07 at the Wayback Machine - spurgeon.org - Phillip R. Johnson - 2001 - Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  75. Morning and Evening - Charles Haddon Spurgeon - Devotionals by Spurgeon Sermons - Spurgeon Sermons with C.H. Spurgeon - Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  76. Charles Spurgeon; Morning and Evening Daily Readings; Complete and Unabridged Classic KJV Edition; Morning Devotion; October 3 on Hebrews 1:14; 1991., page 554 - https://books.google.com/books?id=w0pqbDq4F-AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  77. Charles Spurgeon; Morning by Morning; or, Daily Readings for the Family or the Closet; New York and Sheldon Company 498 and 500 Broadway. 1866, page 227 - https://books.google.com/books?id=0SAeAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www.heartlight.org/spurgeon/1003-am.html
  78. The Angelic Life - Charles Haddon Spurgeon - Sermon No. 842.
  79. Robert Clayton, An Essay on Spirit 1751
  80. Dictionary of National Biography: Clayton, Robert
  81. John Walsh, Colin Haydon & Stephen Taylor, eds. (1993) The Church of England c. 1689 - c. 1833: from Toleration to Tractarianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-41732-5; p. 47
  82. Seventh-day Adventists Answer Questions on Doctrine, Review and Herald Publishing Association, Washington, D.C., 1957. Chapter 8 "Christ, and Michael the Archangel".
  83. Seventh Day Adventists: What do they believe? by Val Waldeck Pilgrim Publications (April 5, 2005) page 16
  84. "The Remnant". Adventist World. Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2011-12-05.
  85. Bible readings for the home by 7th Day Adventists. London. 1949. p. 266.
  86. Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, p. 218
  87. Insight on the Scriptures. 2. Watch Tower Society. pp. 393–394. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  88. What Does the Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Society. pp. 218–219. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  89. "Angels—How They Affect Mankind". The Watchtower. Watch Tower Society: 21–25. March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  90. What Does The Bible Really Teach?. Watch Tower Society. p. 87.
  91. "Your Leader Is One, the Christ". The Watchtower: 21. September 15, 2010.
  92. Millet, Robert L. (February 1998), "The Man Adam", Liahona
  93. Doctrine and Covenants 27:11
  94. Doctrine and Covenants 107:53–56
  95. Doctrine and Covenants 128:21
  96. "King, Daniel "A Christian Qur'an? A Study in the Syriac Background of the Qur'an as Presented in the Work of Christoph Luxenberg," JLARC 3, 44-71 (2009)" (PDF). School of History, Archaeology and Religion. Retrieved 2015-12-17.
  97. Richard Webster Michael: Communicating with the Archangel for Guidance & Protection Llewellyn Worldwide 2012 ISBN 978-0-738-71716-6
  98. MacDonald, John (1964). "The Creation of Man and Angels in the Eschatological Literature: [Translated Excerpts from an Unpublished Collection of Traditions]". Islamic Studies. 3 (3): 285–308. JSTOR 20832755.
  99. Quran 2:98
  100. The Birth of the Prophet Muḥammad: Devotional Piety in Sunni Islam – Page 21, Marion Holmes Katz – 2007
  101. "Aamal e Umme Dawood".
  102. http://www.wilayatmission.org/Duas/UmmDawood.pdf
  103. Steiner, Rudolf (1994) [1917]. Christopher Bamford (ed.). The Archangel Michael. Hudson, NY: Anthroposophic Press. ISBN 0-88010-378-7.
  104. Betz, Hans (1996). The Greek Magical Papyri In Translation. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226044477. Entries: "Introduction to the Greek Magical Papyri" and "PGM III. 1-164".
  105. Saint Michael the Archangel in Medieval English Legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 page 105
  106. Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0-89236-845-4 page 46
  107. The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity 2010 by Ken Parry ISBN 1-4443-3361-5 page 242
  108. "The Legend of St Piran", BBC
  109. Ball, p. 586.
  110. The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe 1325-1520 by D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Boulton 2000 ISBN 0-85115-795-5 pages 427-428
  111. Noted by Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, 1924:56.
  112. Angels in the early modern world By Alexandra Walsham, Cambridge University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-521-84332-4 page 2008
  113. Patron Saints by Michael Freze 1992 ISBN 0-87973-464-7 page 170
  114. Dronda, Javier (2013). Con Cristo o contra Cristo: Religión y movilización antirrepublicana en Navarra (1931-1936). Tafalla: Txalaparta. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-84-15313-31-1.
  115. Netherlandish sculpture 1450-1550 by Paul Williamson 2002 ISBN 0-8109-6602-6 page 42
  116. Eastern Orthodoxy through Western eyes by Donald Fairbairn 2002 ISBN 0-664-22497-0 page 148
  117. "History of Dumfries". loreburne.co.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  118. All Saints Sisters of the Poor: An Anglican Sisterhood in the Nineteenth Century (Church of England Record Society) by Susan Mumm 200 ISBN 0-85115-728-9 page 48
  119. Canons Regular of the Order of St Michael the Archangel
  120. Chaplain's Corner: Saint Michael, patron saint of the airborne, military. Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson Alaska.
  121. Amélineau, "Contes et Romans de l'Egypte Chrétienne", ii. 142 et seq
  122. Midrash Genesis Rabbah xliv. 16
  123. Midrash Esther Rabbah iii. 8
  124. Targum to Esther, vi. 1
  125. comp. Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 10, § 3
  126. Ginzberg, Louis, The Legends of the Jews, Vol. I: The Angels and The Creation of Man Archived 2017-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, (Translated by Henrietta Szold), Johns Hopkins University Press: 1998, ISBN 0-8018-5890-9
  127. Makarios of Simonos Petra, The Synaxarion: the Lives of the Saints of the Orthodox Church, trans. Christopher Hookway (Holy Convent of the Annunciation of Our Lady 1998 ISBN 960-85603-7-3), p. 47.
  128. Synaxarion, p. 47.
  129. Synaxarion, p. 48.
  130. Peers, Glenn (2001). Subtle bodies: representing angels in Byzantium. University of California Press. p. 144. ISBN 0-520-22405-1.
  131. Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 page 68
  132. Popular Romances of the West of England by Robert Hunt 2009 ISBN 0-559-12999-8 page 238
  133. Myths and Legends of Britain and Ireland by Richard Jones 2006 ISBN 1-84537-594-7 page 17
  134. The Medieval state: essays presented to James Campbell by John Robert Maddicott, David Michael Palliser, James Campbell 2003 ISBN 1-85285-195-3 pages 10–11
  135. Mont-Saint-Michel: a monk talks about his abbey by Jean-Pierre Mouton, Olivier Mignon 1998 ISBN 2-7082-3351-3 pages 55-56
  136. Huddleston, Gilbert. "Mont-St-Michel." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 10. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 29 Dec. 2014
  137. Pilgrimage: from the Ganges to Graceland : an encyclopedia, Volume 1 by Linda Kay Davidson, David Martin Gitlitz 2002 ISBN 1-57607-004-2 page 398
  138. Ball, p. 123.
  139. EWTN The Chaplet of Saint Michael the Archangel
  140. Michael Freze, 1993, Voices, Visions, and Apparitions, OSV Publishing ISBN 0-87973-454-X page 267
  141. "Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement". Usc.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-02. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
  142. John L. Esposito Oxford Dictionary of Islam Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-195-12559-7 page 200
  143. John Milton, Paradise Lost 1674 Book VI line 320
  144. Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1851). The Golden Legend. Boston: Ticknor, Reed and Fields.
  145. Saint Michael the Archangel in medieval English legend by Richard Freeman Johnson 2005 ISBN 1-84383-128-7 pages 141-147
  146. Icons and saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church by Alfredo Tradigo 2006 ISBN 0-89236-845-4 page 188
  147. Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 520
  148. Constantine and the Christian empire by Charles Matson Odahl 2004 ISBN 0-415-17485-6 page 315
  149. "Vatican website: Sistine Chapel". Vaticanstate.va. Archived from the original on 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-07-21.
  150. Saints in art by Rosa Giorgi, Stefano Zuffi 2003 ISBN 0-89236-717-2 pages 274-276

Sources
  • Ball, Ann. 2003 Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X
  • Butler, Alban. The Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs, and other Principal Saints. 12 vols. B. Dornin, 1821
  • Starr, Mirabai. Saint Michael: The Archangel, Sounds True, 2007 ISBN 1-59179-627-X
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.