Chasicoan

The Chasicoan (Spanish: Chasiquense or Spanish: Chasicoense) age is a period of geologic time from 10–9 Ma within the Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Mayoan and precedes the Huayquerian age.[1]

Etymology

The Chasicoan is named after the Arroyo Chasicó Formation of the Colorado Basin in northeastern Argentina.

Formations

Locations of Chasicoan formations

Formation bold is type	Country	Basin	Notes
Arroyo Chasicó Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[2]
Bahía Inglesa Formation	Chile	Caldera Basin	[3]
Caujarao Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[4]
Cerro Azul Formation	Argentina	Colorado Basin	[2][5][6]
Coquimbo Formation	Chile	Tongoy Bay	[7]
Loma de Las Tapias Formation	Argentina	Tulum Valley	[8]
Madre de Dios Formation	Peru	Madre de Dios Basin	[9]
Mauri Formation	Bolivia	Altiplano Basin	[10]
Navidad Formation	Chile	Chilean Coast Range	[11]
Puerto Madryn Formation	Argentina	Valdés Basin	[12]
Paraná Formation	Argentina	Paraná Basin	[13]
Pebas Formation	Brazil  Colombia  Ecuador  Peru	Amazon Basin	[14][15]
Pisco Formation	Peru	Pisco Basin	[16]
Urumaco Formation	Venezuela	Falcón Basin	[17]

Fossil content

Group	Fossils	Formation	Notes
Mammals	Cardiatherium chasicoense, Cardiomys leufuensis, Chasicobradys intermedius, Chasicostylus castroi, Chasicotatus ameghinoi, Epipeltephilus kanti, Lagostomus telenkechanum, Lycopsis viverensis, Paedotherium minor, Pisanodon nazari, Protomegalonyx chasicoensis, Pseudolycopsis cabrerai, Vetelia perforata, Kraglievichia sp., Orthomyctera sp., ?Parodimys sp., Proeuphractus sp., ?Tetrastylus sp., Typotheriopsis sp., Hegetotheriinae indet., Hoplophorini indet., Palaehoplophorini indet., Plohophorini indet., Proterotheriinae indet.	Arroyo Chasicó	[18][19] [20] [21][22] [23][24]
	Chasichimys bonaerense, Chasicotatus ameghinoi, Macrochorobates scalabrinii	Cerro Azul	[25]
	Cardiatherium chasicoense, Contrerascynus borhyaenoides	Loma de las Tapias	[26] [27][28]
	Amahuacatherium peruvium	Madre de Dios	[29]
	Bolivartherium urumaquensis, Bounodus enigmaticus, Ischyrorhynchus cf. vanbenedeni, Mirandabradys urumaquensis, Urumaquia robusta, Gyrinodon sp., Neoepiblema sp., Potamarchus sp., Ribodon sp., Saurocetes sp.	Urumaco	[30][31] [32][33] [34][35] [36]
Birds	Psilopterus colzecus	Arroyo Chasicó	[24]
	Leptoptilos patagonicus	Puerto Madryn	[37]
Reptiles & amphibians	Carlesia cf. pendolai, Anura indet., Testudines indet.	Arroyo Chasicó	[24]
	Bairdemys venezuelensis, Caiman brevirostris, C. wannlangstoni, Charactosuchus mendesi, Globidentosuchus brachyrostris, Gryposuchus croizati, G. jessei, G. cf. pachakamue, Hesperogavialis cruxenti, Ikanogavialis gameroi, Melanosuchus fisheri, Mourasuchus arendsi, Purussaurus mirandai, Boinae indet.	Urumaco	[30][35] [36][38] [39][40] [41]
Fishes	Megalodon, Hemipristis serra, Carcharhinus sp., Galeocerdo sp., Rhinoptera sp., Sphyrna sp.	Caujarao	[42]
	Ariidae indet., Carcharhinidae indet., Dasyatidae indet., Hemigaleidae indet., Heterodontidae indet., Lamnidae indet., Myliobatidae indet., Odontaspididae indet., Otodontidae indet., Physeteroidea indet., Rajidae indet., Sciaenidae indet., Sparidae indet., Sphyrnidae indet., Squatinidae indet.	Paraná	[43]
	Megalodon, Arius couma, A. dowii, A. herzbergii, A. kessleri, A. quadriscutis, A. rugispinis, Bagre marinus, Carcharhinus caquetius, Epinephelus itajara, Galeocerdo cuvier, Hemipristis serra, Larimus henrii, L. steurbautti, Micropogonias coatesi, Phractocephalus nassi, Pristis pectinata, Carcharhinus sp., Cynoscion sp., Dasyatis sp., Equetus sp., Haemulon sp., Nebris sp., Rhinoptera sp., Sphyrna sp.	Urumaco	[44][30]

References

1. Chasicoan at Fossilworks.org
2. Pérez, 2012, p.11
3. Le Roux et al., 2006, p.46
4. Quijano Ballesteros, 2005, p.19
5. Goin et al., 2000, p.101
6. Verzi et al., 2008, p.146
7. Le Roux et al., 2006, p.49
8. Deschamps et al., 2009, p.296
9. Romero et al., 1998, p.60
10. Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
11. Finger et al., 2007, p.13
12. Noriega & Cladera, 2008, p.594
13. Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
14. Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
15. Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
16. Brand et al., 2011
17. Linares, 2004, p.16
18. Pérez et al., 2018
19. Rasia & Candela, 2016
20. González Ruiz et al., 2012
21. Ribera del Arroyo Chasicó at Fossilworks.org
22. Barrancas del Arroyo Chasicó at Fossilworks.org
23. Las Barrancas at Fossilworks.org
24. Arroyo Chasicó at Fossilworks.org
25. Cerro La Bota at Fossilworks.org
26. Mones, 2014
27. Quebrada Ullum at Fossilworks.org
28. Loma de Las Tapias Localidad Nº 4 at Fossilworks.org
29. Aurinsa at Fossilworks.org
30. Urumaco Formation at Fossilworks.org
31. Urumaco, Biozona 2 Loc 01-FU at Fossilworks.org
32. Urumaco at Fossilworks.org
33. Urumaco, Biozona 2 Loc 46-FU at Fossilworks.org
34. Tío Gregorio - brown shales at Fossilworks.org
35. Tío Gregorio at Fossilworks.org
36. Northwest of San Rafael at Fossilworks.org
37. Punta Buenos Aires at Fossilworks.org
38. El Hatillo at Fossilworks.org
39. Corralito Locality at Fossilworks.org
40. Domo de Agua Blanca at Fossilworks.org
41. Cerro Jose la Paz site, El Picache at Fossilworks.org
42. Caujarao at Fossilworks.org
43. Cantera del Puerto Viejo at Fossilworks.org
44. Carrillo Briceño et al., 2015

Bibliography

Arroyo Chasicó Formation

• González Ruiz, Laureano R.; Gustavo J. Scillato Yané; Cecilia M. Krmpotic, and Alfredo A. Carlini. 2012. A new species of Peltephilidae (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Cingulata) from the late Miocene (Chasicoan SALMA) of Argentina. Zootaxa 3359. 55–64. Accessed 2019-02-15.
• Pérez, María Encarnación; Cecilia M. Deschamps, and María Guiomar Vucetich. 2018. Diversity, phylogeny and biogeography of the South American 'cardiomyine' rodents (Hystricognathi, Cavioidea) with a description of two new species. Papers in Palaeontology 4. 1–19. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Rasia, Luciano L., and Adriana M. Candela. 2016. Lagostomus telenkechanum, sp. nov., a new lagostomine rodent (Caviomorpha, Chinchillidae) from the Arroyo Chasicó Formation (late Miocene; Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37. e1239205. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Bahía Inglesa Formation

• Achurra, L.E.; J.P. Lacassie; J.P. Le Roux; C. Marquadt; M. Belmar; J. Ruiz Del Solar, and S.E. Ishman. 2009. Manganese nodules in the Miocene Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile: Petrography, geochemistry, genesis and palaeoceanographic significance. Sedimentary Geology 217. 128–139. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Achurra, L.; C. Marquadt; J.P. Lacassie, and J.P. Le Roux. 2003. Nódulos de Mn de la Formación Bahía Inglesa: geoquímica, génesis e implicancias paleoambientales, 1–10. X Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Acosta Hospitaleche, Carolina, and Jhoann Canto. 2005. Primer registro de cráneos asignados a Palaeospheniscus (Aves, Spheniscidae) procedentes de la Formación Bahía Inglesa (Mioceno Medio-Tardío), Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78. 489–495. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Benson, Richard D. 2015. A new species of penguin from the late Miocene of Chile, with comments on the stratigraphic range of Palaeospheniscus. Scientific Publications of the Science Museum of Minnesota. New Series 8. 5–22. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Chávez Hoffmeister, Martín Felipe. 2008. La ornitofauna de la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Caldera, Chile (MSc. thesis), 1–165. Universidad Austral de Chile. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Chávez, Martín F. 2007. Sobre la presencia de Paraptenodytes y Palaeospheniscus (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 80. 255–259. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Chávez, Martín. 2007. Spheniscus megaramphus Stucchi et al. 2003 (Aves: Sphenisciformes) en la Formación Bahía Inglesa, Chile. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica del Perú 102. 101–107. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Luciano Achurra; Álvaro Henríquez; Catalina Carreño; Huber Rivera; Mario E. Suárez; Scott E. Ishman; Nicholas D. Pyenson, and Carolina S. Gutstein. 2016. Oroclinal bending of the Juan Fernández Ridge suggested by geohistory analysis of the Bahía Inglesa Formation, north-central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 333. 32–49. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Le Roux, Jacobus P.; Luciano Achurra; Álvaro Henríquez; Catalina Carreño, and Huber Rivera. 2015. Lithostratigraphy, depositional environments and tectonic setting of the Bahía Inglesa Formation west of Copiapó, north-central Chile, 821–824. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Oyanadel Urbina, Pablo; Jorge Carrillo Briceño; Jaime Villafaña; Victor Castelleto; Cristian Varas; Alex Alballay, and Marcelo Rivadeneira. 2015. Nuevo registro de familias de peces óseos en Formación Bahía Inglesa, 1–4. XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Staig, Felipe; Sebastián Hernández; Patricio López; Jaime A. Villafaña; Cristian Varas; Luis Patricio Soto, and Jorge D. Carrillo Briceño. 2015. Late Neogene Elasmobranch fauna from the Coquimbo Formation, Chile. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 18. 261–272. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Suárez, Mario E. 2011. Línea de base paleontológica proyecto Puerto Santa Fe, 1–29. Comuna de Caldera Región de Atacama. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Valenzuela Toro, Ana, and Carolina S. Gutstein. s.a. Mamíferos marinos fósiles (excepto Cetacea) de Formación Bahía Inglesa: Registro, implicancias paleoambientales y perspectivas de estudio. . .. 770–772. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Caujarao Formation

• Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard. 2005. Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis), 1–92. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-10-27.

Cerro Azul Formation

• Goin, F.J.; C. Montalvo, and G. Visconti. 2000. Los marsupiales (Mammalia) del Mioceno superior de la Formación Cerro Azul (Provincia de La Pampa, Argentina). Estudios Geológicos 56. 101–126. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Madozzo Jaén, M. Carolina; M. Encarnación Pérez; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Rodrigo L. Tomassini. 2018. Systematic review of Neocavia from the Neogene of Argentina: Phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63. 241–260. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Sostillo, Renata; Claudia I. Montalvo, and Diego H. Verzi. 2014. A new species of Reigechimys (Rodentia, Echimyidae) from the Late Miocene of central Argentina and the evolutionary pattern of the lineage. Ameghiniana 51. 284–294. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Coquimbo Formation

• Le Roux, J.P.; Danisa M. Olivares; Sven N. Nielsen; Norman D. Smith; Heather Middleton; Juliane Fenner, and Scott E. Ishman. 2006. Bay sedimentation as controlled by regional crustal behaviour, local tectonics and eustatic sea-level changes: Coquimbo Formation (Miocene–Pliocene), Bay of Tongoy, central Chile. Sedimentary Geology 184. 133–153. Accessed 2018-05-20.

Loma de Las Tapias Formation

• Deschamps, Cecilia M.; Emma C. Vieytes; A. Itatí Olivares, and María G. Vucetich. 2009. Primer registro de Cardiatherium chasicoense (Rodentia, Hydrochoeridae) fuera del área pampeana (Argentina) y su valor bioestratigráfico. Ameghiniana 46. 295–305. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Mones, Álvaro. 2014. Contrerascynus, new name for Simpsonia Contreras, 1990 (Mammalia, Sparassodonta, Hathlyacynidae), non Rochebrune, 1904 (Bivalvia, Unionidae), non Baker, 1911 (Gastropoda, Lymnaeidae). Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 17. 435–436. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Olivares, A. Itatí; Diego H. Verzi; Victor H. Contreras, and Leila Pessôa. 2016. A new Echimyidae (Rodentia, Hystricomorpha) from the late Miocene of southern South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 37. e1239204. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Madre de Dios Formation

• Frailey, Carl David, and Kenneth E. Campbell Jr.. 2012. Two New Genera of Peccaries (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae) from Upper Miocene Deposits of the Amazon Basin. Journal of Paleontology 86. 852–877. Accessed 2019-02-15.
• Prothero, Donald R.; Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr; Brian L. Beatty, and Carl D. Frailey. 2014. New late Miocene dromomerycine artiodactyl from the Amazon Basin: implications for interchange dynamics. Journal of Paleontology 88. 434–443. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Romero P., Lidia; María del Carmen Morales R., and Mario Carpio R. 1998. Geología de los cuadrángulos de Río Acre 22-v, Iñapari 22-x, Qda. Mala 23-v, Iberia 23-x, San Lorenzo 23-y, Puerto Lidia 24-v, Río Manuripe 24-x, Mavila 24-y, Santa María 24-z, Valencia 25-z, Palma Real 26-z y Río Heath 27-z, 1–201. INGEMMET. Accessed 2019-02-12.

Mauri Formation

• Marshall, Larry G., and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Navidad Formation

• Finger, Kenneth L.; Sven N. Nielsen; Thomas J. DeVries; Alfonso Encinas, and Dawn E. Peterson. 2007. Paleontologic evidence for sedimentary displacement in Neogene forearc basins of central Chile. PALAIOS 22. 3–16. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Palo Pintado Formation

• Anzótegui, Luisa M., and Maricel Yarina Horn. 2011. Megaflora de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno Superior) Salta, Argentina Parte II. Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 14. 239–254. Accessed 2017-10-22.
• Galli, Claudia Inés; Luisa Matilde Anzótegui; Maricel Yanina Horn, and Lourdes Susana Morton. 2011. Paleoambiente y paleocomunidades de la Formación Palo Pintado (Mioceno-Plioceno), Provincia de Salta, Argentina. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 28. 161–174. Accessed 2017-10-22.
• Reguero, Marcelo A.; Adriana M. Candela; Claudia I. Galli; Ricardo Bonini, and Damián Voglino. 2015. A new Hypsodont Notoungulate (Hegetotheriidae, Pachyrukhinae) from the late Miocene of the Eastern Cordillera, Salta province, Northwest of Argentina. Andean Geology 42. 56–70. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Paraná Formation

• Cione, Alberto Luis; Daniel Alfredo Cabrera, and María Julia Barla. 2012. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22.
• Martín Pérez, Leandro. 2013. Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Pebas Formation

• Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; M. Alejandra Abello; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Patrice Baby; Guillaume Billet; Myriam Boivin; Ysabel Calderón, and Adriana Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Wesselingh, F.P.; M.C. Hoorn; J. Guerrero; M.E. Räsänen; L. Romero Pittmann, and J. Salo. 2006. The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution. Scripta Geologica 133. 291–322. Accessed 2017-08-15.

Pisco Formation

• Altamirano Sierra, Alí J. 2013. Primer registro de pelicano (Aves: Pelecanidae) para el Mioceno tardio de la formacion Pisco, Peru. Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines 42. 1–12. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Báez Gómez, Diego A. 2006. Estudio paleoambiental de la formación Pisco:: Localidad Ocucaje. Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG 9. 64–69. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Bianucci, Giovanni; Claudio Di Celma; Mario Urbina, and Olivier Lambert. 2016. New beaked whales from the late Miocene of Peru and evidence for convergent evolution in stem and crown Ziphiidae (Cetacea, Odontoceti). PeerJ 4. e2479. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Brand, Leonard; Mario Urbina; Arthur Chadwick; Thomas J. DeVries, and Raul Esperante. 2011. A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31. 414–425.
• Collareta, Alberto; Olivier Lambert; Christian De Muizon; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2017. Koristocetus pescei gen. et sp. nov., a diminutive sperm whale (Cetacea: Odontoceti: Kogiidae) from the late Miocene of Peru. Fossil Record 20. 259–278. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Lambert, Olivier; Giovanni Bianucci; Mario Urbina, and Jonathan H. Geisler. 2017. A new inioid (Cetacea, Odontoceti, Delphinida) from the Miocene of Peru and the origin of modern dolphin and porpoise families. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179. 919–946. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Marx, Felix G.; Olivier Lambert, and Christian De Muizon. 2017. A new Miocene baleen whale from Peru deciphers the dawn of cetotheriids. Royal Society Open Science 4. 170560. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Marx, Felix G., and Naoki Kohno. 2016. A new Miocene baleen whale from the Peruvian desert. Royal Society Open Science 3. 160542. Accessed 2019-02-12.
• Poma Porras, Orlando; Edgard Horna Santillán, and Raúl Esperante. 2009. Baleen Fósil (Cetacea: mysticeti) en Sedimentos de la Cuenca Marina del Neógeno en la Formación Pisco, al Sur del Perú. Revista de Investigación Universitaria 1. 84–97. Accessed 2017-09-04.
• Ramassamy, Benjamin; Olivier Lambert; Alberto Collareta; Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci. 2018. Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities. Fossil Record 21. 11–32. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Solís Mundaca, Flavio Alejandro. 2018. Bioestratigrafía e implicancias paleoceanográficas de las diatomeas de la sección Cerro Caucato, Formación Pisco, Ica, Peru (MSc. thesis), 1–158. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia. Accessed 2018-09-10.
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Steven D. Emslie; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015a. A new late Miocene condor (Aves, Cathartidae) from Peru and the origin of South American condors. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35. e972507. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Stucchi, Marcelo; Rafael M. Varas Malca, and Mario Urbina Schmitt. 2015b. New Miocene sulid birds from Peru and considerations on their Neogene fossil record in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 61. 417–427. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Stucchi, M. 2007. Los pingüinos de la Formación Pisco (Neógeno), Perú. 4th European Meeting on the Palaeontology and Stratigraphy of Latin America, Cuadernos del Museo Geominero 8. 367–373. Accessed 2017-09-04.

Puerto Madryn Formation

• Noriega, J.I., and G. Cladera. 2008. First record of an extinct marabou stork in the Neogene of South America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53. 593–600. Accessed 2019-03-06.

Urumaco Formation

• Carrillo Briceño, Jorge D.; Erin Maxwell; Órangel A. Aguilera; Rodolfo Sánchez, and Marcelo R. Sánchez Villagra. 2015. Sawfishes and Other Elasmobranch Assemblages from the Mio-Pliocene of the South Caribbean (Urumaco Sequence, Northwestern Venezuela). PLoS ONE 10. e0139230. Accessed 2019-02-13.
• Linares, Omar J. 2004. Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela. Paleobiología Neotropical 1. 1–26. Accessed 2017-08-15.
• Quijano Ballesteros, Jhon Richard. 2005. Estudio magnetoestratigráfico en la sección de El Mamón (miembro medio de la Formación Urumaco, Estado Falcón) (MSc. thesis), 1–92. Universidad Simón Bolívar. Accessed 2017-10-27.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; Andrés Solórzano; H. Gregory McDonald, and Marisol Montellano Ballesteros. 2018. Two new megalonychid sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from the Urumaco Formation (late Miocene), and their phylogenetic affinities. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 17. 409–421. Accessed 2019-02-11.
• Rincón, Ascanio D.; H. Gregory McDonald; Andrés Solórzano; Mónica Núñez Flores, and Damián Ruiz Ramoni. 2015. A new enigmatic Late Miocene mylodontoid sloth from northern South America. Royal Society Open Science 2. 140256. Accessed 2019-02-13.