Swartkrans

Swartkrans is a fossil-bearing cave designated as a South African National Heritage Site, located about 32 km (20 mi) from Johannesburg.[1] It is located in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and is notable for being extremely rich in archaeological material, particularly hominin remains.[2] Fossils discovered in the limestone of Swartkrans include Homo ergaster (a variety of Homo erectus), Paranthropus and Homo habilis. The oldest deposits present at the site are believed to be between 1.9 and 2.1 million years old.[3]

Swartkrans
UNESCO World Heritage Site
LocationGauteng, South Africa
Part ofSterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs part of Fossil Hominid Sites of South Africa
CriteriaCultural: (iii)(vi)
Reference915bis-001
Inscription1999 (23rd session)
Extensions2005
Coordinates25°55′45″S 27°47′20″E
Location of Swartkrans in Gauteng
Swartkrans (South Africa)

Noted paleontologist Robert Broom was a frequent digger. He was followed by C. K. 'Bob' Brain, whose excavations at the site inspired his book The Hunters or the Hunted? in which he demonstrated that instead of being bloodthirsty killer apes, the hominin fossils found at the site were themselves victims of predation by big cats.[4] Originally, it was believed that Dinofelis was responsible for such killings, though recent evidence suggests that hominids were likely the victims of Megantereon or leopards based on carbon isotope ratios taken from each predator.[5]

History of investigations

Swartkrans is located on the Blaauwbank River in the Cradle of Humankind, which has a long record of some of the oldest hominin remain discoveries in the world. It is located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Sterkfontein, a site that has yielded similar discoveries of the same era.[2] The private farmland the cave was originally on was purchased by the University of the Witwatersrand in 1968.[4]:221

The cave was discovered in 1948, and initial excavations were carried out by paleontologist Robert Broom. His team uncovered several remains of Paranthropus robustus and early Homo species. It was the first site at which both Paranthropus and Homo had been found together, indicating that they were contemporary.[3]

Excavation then halted until the mid-1960s and continued until the 1980s, when C. K. Brain brought a team to Swartkrans. Thousands of artifacts and faunal remains were uncovered, 415 of which are considered to be hominin. Brain expanded upon the site's stratigraphy, which was more complex than previously thought.[3]

Discoveries
A 1979 plan of the cave showing the 1979 excavation grid of C. K. Brain.

Some of the earliest evidence of controlled use of fire by humans can be found at Swartkrans, up to 1.5 million years ago.[6][7]

In addition, some of the earliest evidence of modified bone tools has also been found at Swartkrans and Sterkfontein, with the oldest at Swartkrans dating to about 1.8 million years ago. These tools may have been made by Australopithecus robustus or an early species of Homo, which both inhabited the cave around the same time.[8]

These early tools were first speculated to have been used to dig up tubers, but they may instead have been used to harvest termites, which were present during Swartkrans's occupation; many of these tools may have been multipurpose. Re-evaluation of wear on stone and bone tools uncovered by Brain in earlier excavations and experiments by researchers have led to the conclusion that termites, a high source of nutrients, were a supplementary food source for early hominids. Bone tools would have allowed for easier extraction of the insects than stones would have.[2][8]

In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known evidence of cancer in hominins was announced. An osteosarcoma was found on a partial left fifth metatarsal from an unclassified hominin.[3]

Geology

Swartkrans is a limestone cave and has been divided geologically into five members. Member 1 consists of two large masses, named the Hanging Remnant and Lower Bank. Homo ergaster and Paranthropus robustus remains have been found in Member 1, and Member 2 has yielded the same genera.[3]

Stages of Swartkrans Cave site formation - A - Dolomite; B - Water; C - Travertine; D - Member 1 (Lower Bank); E - Member 1 (Hanging Remnant); F - Member 2; G - Member 3; H - Stratified Member 2
gollark: Wait, *only* a day?
gollark: The electron.
gollark: He's probably a µHt at absolute most.
gollark: 17 YHt seems unlikely.
gollark: this scam email is so vaguely stupid.

References
  1. "9/2/233/0012 - Swartkrans Palaeontological Site, Zwartkrans 172, Krugersdorp District". South African Heritage Resources Agency. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  2. Lesnik, J.; Thackeray, J. F. (1 September 2007). "The efficiency of stone and bone tools for opening termite mounds: implications for hominid tool use at Swartkrans". South African Journal of Science. 103 (9/10): 354–356.
  3. Odes, Edward J.; Randolph-Quinney, Patrick S.; Steyn, Maryna; Throckmorton, Zach; Smilg, Jacqueline S.; Zipfel, Bernhard; Augustine, Tanya N.; de Beer, Frikkie; Hoffman, Jakobus W. (1 July 2016). "Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year-old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa". South African Journal of Science. 112 (7/8). doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150471.
  4. Brain, C. K. (1981). The Hunters or the Hunted?: An Introduction to African Cave Taphonomy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226070902.
  5. Piegl, Linda; Bothma, Bianca (20 December 2011). "Dinofelis – Hominid Hunter or Misunderstood Feline?". Maropeng. Maropeng – Official Visitor Centre. Retrieved 15 July 2017.
  6. Brain, C. K.; Sillent, A. (12 January 1988). "Evidence from the Swartkrans cave for the earliest use of fire". Nature. 336 (6198): 464–466. Bibcode:1988Natur.336..464B. doi:10.1038/336464a0.
  7. Rincon, Paul (22 March 2004). "Bones hint at first use of fire". BBC. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
  8. Backwell, Lucinda R.; d'Errico, Francesco (13 February 2001). "Evidence of termite foraging by Swartkrans early hominids". PNAS. 98 (4): 1358–1363. doi:10.1073/pnas.021551598. PMC 29261. PMID 11171955.
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