Alderman

An alderman is a member of a municipal assembly or council in many jurisdictions founded upon English law. The term may be titular, denoting a high-ranking member of a borough or county council, a council member chosen by the elected members themselves rather than by popular vote, or a council member elected by voters.[1]

This article is about a member of an assembly or of a council. For people with the surname, see Alderman (surname). For other uses, see Alderman (disambiguation).

The title is derived from the Old English title of ealdorman, literally meaning "elder man", and was used by the chief nobles presiding over shires.

Similar titles exist in some Germanic countries, such as the Swedish Ålderman, the Danish and West Frisian Olderman, the Dutch Ouderman, the (non-Germanic) Finnish Oltermanni (a borrowing from the Germanic Swedes next door) and the German Ältester, which all mean "elder man" or "wise man".

Usage by country

Australia

Many local government bodies used the term "alderman" in Australia. As in the way local councils have been modernised in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the term alderman has been discontinued in a number of places. For example, in the state of Queensland before 1994, rural "shires" elected "councillors" and a "chairman", while "cities" elected a "mayor" and "aldermen". Since 1994, all local and regional government areas in Queensland elect a "mayor" and "councillors." (Australian capital cities usually have a Lord Mayor). An example of the use of the term alderman is evident in the City of Adelaide.[2] Aldermen were elected from the electors in all the wards.[3]

Canada

Historically, in Canada, the term "alderman" was used for those persons elected to a municipal council to represent the wards. As women were increasingly elected to municipal office, the term "councillor" slowly replaced "alderman", although there was some use of the term "alderperson". Today, the title of "alderman" is rarely used except in some cities in Alberta and Ontario, as well as some smaller municipalities elsewhere in the country, that retain the title for historical reasons.

Ireland

The title "alderman" was abolished for local authorities in the Republic of Ireland by the Local Government Act 2001, with effect from the 2004 local elections.[4] Early usage of the term mirrored that of England and Wales. Local elections since the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919 have used the single transferable vote in multiple-member electoral areas.[5][6] In each electoral area of a borough or county borough, the first several candidates elected were styled "alderman" and the rest "councillor".[7] Someone co-opted to fill a seat vacated by an alderman would be styled "councillor".[8]

South Africa

In South Africa the term "alderman" refers to senior members of municipal assemblies.[9] They are distinguished from ordinary councillors for their "long and distinguished service as a councillor".[10] This can be achieved either via long term of service, or through alternative means such as 'point' systems.[11]

United Kingdom

England, Northern Ireland and Wales

Although the term originated in England (for example, the alderman Eadric Streona), it had no single definition there until the 19th century, as each municipal corporation had its own constitution. It was used in England, Wales and Ireland/Northern Ireland (all of Ireland being part of the United Kingdom from January 1801 until December 1922), but was not used in Scotland. Under the Municipal Reform Act 1835, municipal borough corporations consisted of councillors and aldermen. Aldermen would be elected not by the electorate, but by the council (including the outgoing aldermen), for a term of six years, which allowed a party that narrowly lost an election to retain control by choosing aldermen. This was changed by the Municipal Corporations Amendment Act 1910, so that outgoing aldermen were no longer allowed to vote.[12][13] Aldermen with voting rights were finally abolished under the Local Government Act 1972 in 1974, except for the Greater London Council and the London borough councils, where they remained a possibility until 1977/1978.[14] County councils also elected aldermen, but not rural district and urban district councils.

Honorary alderman

Councils in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland still have the power to create honorary aldermen, as a reward for their services as a councillor, doing so at a special meeting to pass the title approved by two-thirds of those attending.[15] This power is used much more often in Northern Ireland than in England or Wales, where councils may additionally designate up to a quarter of their elected councillors as aldermen.

City of London

In the City of London, but nowhere else, aldermen are still elected for each of the wards of the City, by the regular electorate, and until 2004 could hold office for life, but now have a term of not more than six years. They form the Court of Aldermen. To be a candidate to be Lord Mayor of the City of London, it is necessary to be an alderman and to have been a sheriff of the City of London.

"Alderman" is used for both men and women and may be prefixed to a person's name (e.g., Alderman John Smith, Alderman Smith, or for women; Alderman Mrs (or Miss) Smith).

Scotland

In Scotland, the office of "baillie" bore some similarities to that of Alderman in England and Wales.

United States

Depending on the jurisdiction, an alderman could have been part of the legislative or judicial local government.

A "board of aldermen" is the governing executive or legislative body of many cities and towns in the United States. Boards of aldermen are used in many rural areas of the United States as opposed to a larger city council or city commission; its members are typically called "alderman." The two terms may be intermixed, such as in Chicago, which has a city council (rather than a board of aldermen) composed of fifty aldermen (not councilors). The term is sometimes used instead of city council, but it can also refer to an executive board independent of the council, or to what is essentially an upper house of a bicameral legislature (as it was in New York City until the 20th century).

Some cities such as, Kenosha, Wisconsin identify aldermen as 'alderpersons'. Others, including New Haven, Connecticut, use the term "alders."[16]

Historically the term could also refer to local municipal judges in small legal proceedings (as in Pennsylvania[17] and Delaware). Pennsylvania's aldermen were phased out in the early 20th century.

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See also

References
  1. "Alderman". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2010. 2010. Archived from the original on 21 February 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2010.
  2. "Adelaide – City Council, Town Hall and Allied Matters". Slsa.sa.gov.au. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  3. "Microsoft Word - 7540 ACC Rep Review Stage 1 Consultants Report FINAL - Volume 2.doc" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  4. O'Sullivan, Terry (2003). "Local Areas and Structures". In Callanan, Mark; Keogan, Justin F. (eds.). Local Government in Ireland: Inside Out. Institute of Public Administration. p. 49. ISBN 9781902448930.
  5. Deignan, Patrick (May–June 2009). "PR & the Sligo borough election of 1919". History Ireland. 17 (3). Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  6. "Local Elections in Ireland". Ireland: Citizens Information Board. 23 January 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2017. The electoral system is based on proportional representation with single transferable vote.
  7. Originally "Local Government (Ireland) Act 1919". Wikisource. 3 June 1919. Section 4 (2). Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  8. "Local Government Act, 1941, Section 42". Irish Statute Book. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  9. Policy: Conferment of Aldermanship on Councillors of the West Coast District Municipality. West Coast District Municipality.
  10. Policy Relating to the Conferment of Civic Honours. Sedibeng Municipality.
  11. "Councillor made alderman | IOL". Retrieved 4 June 2017.
  12. kclancy. "Stoke-on-Trent memories of politician Terry Crowe". Thisisstaffordshire.co.uk. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  13. "Aldermen in Municipal Boroughs Bill (Hansard, 20 July 1910)". Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 20 July 1910. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  14. Minors, Michael; Grenham, Dennis (March 2007). "London Borough Council Elections 4 May 2006". Greater London Authority. ISBN 9781852612320. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  15. Local Government Act 1972 Part XII Section 249 (1)
  16. "Board of Alders".
  17. "Have Pittsburgh city councilors ever been called "aldermen"? I used to see "alderman" signs on an old building". Pittsburghcitypaper.ws. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
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