Yara International

Yara International ASA is a Norwegian chemical company. Its largest business area is the production of nitrogen fertilizer,[2][3] however it also encompasses the production of nitrates, ammonia, urea and other nitrogen-based chemicals.

Yara International ASA
Allmennaksjeselskap
Traded asOSE: YAR
ISINNO0010208051 
IndustryChemicals
Founded1905
HeadquartersOslo, Norway
Key people
Svein Tore Holsether (President and CEO), Leif Teksum (Chairman)
ProductsNitrogen fertilizers, nitrates
Revenue NOK 111.897 billion (2015)[1]
NOK 14.104 billion (2015)[1]
NOK 8.083 billion (2015)[1]
Total assets NOK 118.863 billion
(end 2015)[1]
Total equity NOK 75.727 billion
(end 2015)[1]
Number of employees
12,883 (end 2015)[1]
ParentNorsk Hydro 
Websitewww.yara.com
Svein Tore Holsether, President and CEO of Yara International ASA

The company was established in 1905 as Norsk Hydro – the world's first producer of mineral nitrogen fertilizers – and de-merged as Yara International ASA on March 25, 2004. Yara is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange and has its headquarters in Oslo. The company has around 13,000 employees, production sites on six continents, operations in more than 50 countries and sales to about 150 countries.[4]

The Norwegian government owns more than a third of Yara and is its largest shareholder.[5]

Business

The company has three primary areas of activity:

  • Industrial products: a wide range of nitrogen and specialty chemicals and civil explosive solutions
  • Environmental solutions: solutions for NOx abatement, odor control, water treatment and corrosion prevention
  • Agricultural products: complete portfolio of fertilizers and solutions, covering all necessary nutrients for any crop

History

1900–1919

The history of Yara dates back to the establishment of Norsk hydroelektiske kvelstoffaktieselskab, or Norsk Hydro, as it later became known, in December 1905 after nitrogen fertilizer was successfully produced at Notodden.[6] Norsk Hydro was founded by Sam Eyde, Kristian Birkeland, and Marcus Wallenberg.[7][8] In 1903, Birkeland and Eyde had developed direct nitrogen fixation, called the Birkeland-Eyde process,[9] based on a method used by Henry Cavendish in 1784.[10]

The company used Norway's large hydroelectric-energy resources to produce its first product. Between 1906 and 1919 Norsk Hydro built two hydroelectric power plants in Notodden and Rjukan.[11] The company sent its first shipment to China in 1913.

1960–1977

Following the successful production of mineral fertilizer, the company expanded into other businesses such as oil and metals. In 1969, Norsk Hydro entered into its first joint venture, with authorities in Qatar. With access to a competitive source of gas and a strategic location in the Middle East, the joint venture opened up a global market for the company.

Norsk Hydro was led by Johan Berthin Holte as CEO from 1967 until 1977.[12] By the 1970s, the company was established in Asia, the Middle East and North America. The late 1970s to the mid-1980s was a period of rapid growth, through the acquisition of major fertilizer companies in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. At the end of the 1990s, the company was also established in Brazil and South Africa.

2004–2008

In 2004, Hydro Agri de-merged from Norsk Hydro and became an independent company called Yara International ASA. The company was listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange on March 25, 2004 and is a leading producer of ammonia, nitrates, nitrogen products, and NPK specialty fertilizers.[13] Since then, Yara has continued to expand its global presence through investments in other countries, with many acquisitions, joint ventures, and new projects, primarily in Africa and North and South America.

In July 2006 Yara paid $126 million for a controlling share in Fertibras. This acquisition gave Yara more than 99% of the voting stock in Fertibras[14] and 15% of Fosfertil, the largest producer in Brazil of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers.[14]

2008–2014

In 2008, Thorleif Enger retired, and Jørgen Ole Haslestad became CEO. On his appointment, Haslestad stated: "Yara must continue its growth strategy. The company has many exciting opportunities to pursue, for instance when it comes to the environment, where we contribute to better balance in agricultural development and deliver some interesting industrial solutions to environmental problems."[15] Haslestad held the office until 2014, when the company fired him, saying they needed someone who could complete the upcoming merger negotiations and that Haslestad had been on the point of retiring.[5] Svein Richard Brandtzaeg ten days earlier had decided not to leave Hydro to take over the helm of Yara,[16] after contract negotiations were leaked and charges were laid against Enger, the prior CEO.[17] In January Yara reached an agreement with Vale to sell its Brazilian shares of Fosfertil for $785 million US.[18] Also in 2010, ANZ Bank called in the receivers on the 65% share of Burrup owned by, which was later sold to Yara and to Apache Corporation of New York, which had a gas supply agreement with Burrup.[19] In 2016 the Oswal couple was still litigating the fairness of the proceedings, alleging coercion.[19] Radhika has also been accused of dodging a $186 million tax bill. Also in separate proceedings, her husband is alleged to have taken more than $150 million from entities associated with the fertiliser plant and to have spent the money on private planes and other luxury goods. The two left Perth for Dubai in 2010.[19]

On February 25, 2011 the US Treasury Department lifted sanctions that had been in place against Yara subsidiary Libyan Norwegian Fertilizer because of its affiliation with the Libyan government.[20][21]

In March 2011 the Dutch government froze about €3 billion in Libyan assets, including Yara's Sluiskil joint venture, half-owned by the LIA and the NOCL[22] On August 3, 2011 Yara announced that it was selling its share in its Russian Rossosh NPK plant for $390 million US, or 2.1 billion kroner (NOK)[23]

In 2013 Yara was enmeshed in a scandal that involved many companies and transactions that may not have taken place, Dagens Næringsliv. Norway's business daily, reported that Yara had paid over eight million Norwegian krone to Shukri Ghanem, formerly Libya's prime minister, oil minister, and senior commander of the state oil company. Ghanem had been found dead in the Austrian Danube in 2012.[24] Yara issued fictitious invoices to account for the money transfers, which were deposited in the bank account of a relative of Ghanem in the UBS Bank in Switzerland.[24] The Norwegian (Økokrim) anti-corruption agency noticed the payments in 2011. The head of the upstream segment, Tor Halba, had warned of possible corrupt practices in a 2008 internal email. Investigators came across the payments when they seized business records for two Swiss-based businesses, one of them Yara's fertilizer trading subsidiary, Balderton. Yara's own investigation uncovered additional corruption in India.[24] Økokrim charged the company with gross corruption in both cases.[24]

On October 26, 2013 Yara acquired OFD Holding Inc.(OFD) from Omimex Resources Inc. for US$425 million, gaining production facilities in Colombia and distribution companies across Latin America.[25]

2014

Norwegian authorities had been informed by the company in 2011 that it might have been involved in corruption in connection with 2008 negotiations leading to 2009's investment of 1.5 billion Norwegian kroner into a 50% share of Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company,[26] or LIFECO.[27]

In January 2014, the corporation agreed to pay a $48 million fine in a case involving corruption between 2004 and 2009. The company admitted bribing senior government officials in India and Libya, as well as to suppliers in Russia and India.[28] The fine was the largest ever of its kind in Norway.[29] The case puts two cohorts of Yara executives up against each other.[30]

On 10 January 2014 the Norwegian Cabinet approved the indictment of former deputy CEO Daniel Clauw in connection with Norway's investigation of Yara.[31] Three other Yara executives were also indicted in the case.[32] They were sentenced July 7, 2015. Enger, the former CEO, received the harshest sentence, three years. The former chief legal officer, Kendrick Wallace, was given a 2½-year sentence, and Clauw and former upstream coordinator Tor Halba were given two-year sentences.[33] Yara International announced in September 2014 that it was in talks with CF Industries about a possible merger of equals, a deal worth over $27 billion.[34][35]

2015–

In Zambia, Yara acquired Greenbelt Fertilizers, a company with a strong footprint in Zambia, Mozambique and Malawi. In September 2015, Svein Tore Holsether joined Yara as the company's new President and CEO. In 2015, the last Yara Prize was awarded before it was turned into the Africa Food Prize. The prize was launched back in 2005. From 2016 and onwards, the Yara Prize has been turned into the Africa Food Prize, in collaboration with Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA).

In February 2016 the two urea and two ammonia plants Yara has in Brega were operating at less than 50% of their capacity.[36]

In 2017, Yara ordered the Yara Birkeland, which will be the world's first autonomous ship. Entering service in 2018, it will be fully autonomous by 2020.[37]

Acquisitions, joint ventures and expansions
  • 30% of the Russian fertilizer producer OAO Minudobreniya ("Rossosh"), bought in February 2005.[38]
  • In April 2006, an ammonia plant opened in Burrup, Australia. Yara presently holds a 35% stake and is involved in litigation with the other share-holder, Pankaj Oswal.
  • In July 2006, Yara bought a controlling interest in the Brazilian fertilizer distribution and marketing company Fertibras.[39]
  • In September 2006, Yara bought 50% of the Geneva-based trading company Balderton Fertilisers SA.
  • In May 2007, Yara bought 30.05% of Finnish fertilizer company Kemira GrowHow and successfully tendered an offer to buy the rest.[40] s
  • In August 2007, Yara entered into a joint venture with Wilhelmsen Maritime Services that owned 50% of the Norwegian-registered company Yarwil, which provides emission reduction systems for NOx emissions from ship engines.[41]
  • In July 2008, Yara entered into an agreement to acquire Canadian nitrogen producer SaskFerco, completing the deal in October 2008. Afterwards the fertilizer plant located in Belle Plaine began to operate as Yara Belle Plaine Inc.[42]
  • 50% of a fertiliser factory in Brega, owned by Yara as a result of its 50% stake in Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company (LIFECO).[43] The co-owners of LIFECO are the National Oil Corporation of Libya (NOC) and the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) — each with 25%.[43]
  • In September 2009, Yara began construction of a new Urea7 factory at Sluiskil, in the Netherlands.
  • In October 2009, Qafco, in which Yara has 25% equity interest, signed a letter of intent to build the Qafco-6 expansion project. The project included construction of an urea plant with a total daily production capacity of 3,850 tons.[44]
  • In January 2010, Yara acquired the remaining 50% of Balderton Fertilisers.[45]
  • In December 2012, Yara acquired Bunge Limited´s fertilizer blending facilities, brands, and warehouses in Brazil. Brazilian antitrust authorities, the Administrative Council for Economic Defense or Conselho Administrativo de Defesa Econômica in Portuguese (CADE), approved the acquisition in May 2013. Yara and Bunge completed the transaction in August 2013.[46]
  • In October 2013, Yara acquired the remaining 50% of Yarwil, previously owned by Wilhelmsen Maritime Services through a joint venture with Yara.[47]
  • In November 2013, Yara acquired OFD Holding from Omimex Resources Inc. for fertilizer production facilities in Colombia and distribution companies in Colombia, Peru, Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama, and Bolivia. This transaction further strengthened Yara's downstream footprint and growth platform in Latin America and was highly complementary to its recent acquisition of Bunge's fertilizer business in Brazil.[25]

Libyan Norwegian Fertiliser Company B.V.,[48] registered in the Netherlands, is co-owned by Yara and "Libyan partners ... with close ties to Muammar Gaddafi and his clan" according to Dagens Næringsliv.[49] Authorities have frozen the joint venture's bank accounts in the Netherlands.[50]

  • In 2018, Yara opened a logistics-focused European Business Centre in Vilnius, Lithuania.[51]
  • In 2018, Yara opened its Myanmar office, hiring agronomists and commercial employees for its local operations.[52]

Chairmen
  • Leif Teksum (2014-incumbent). Replaced Bernt Reitan after the annual general meeting on May 5, 2014.[53] Teksum oversaw DNB's Swedish and Norwegian portfolio, and headed DNB's Norwegian business market and international operations before becoming Yara's chairman.[54]
  • Bernt Reitan ( 2012–2014) announced in April 2014 he that he would not seek another term after May 2014.[55][56] In September 2012 the election committee of Yara announced that they were unaware that Reitan's former employer, ALCOA was under investigated for corruption by the United States.[54][57]
  • Øivind Lund (2004–2012)

CEOs
  • Thorleif Enger 2004–2008
  • Jørgen Ole Haslestad
  • Torgeir Kvidal 2014–2015
  • Svein Tore Holsether 2015–
gollark: That's not an excuse for their government entirely messing up everything.
gollark: So what?
gollark: So did the UK!
gollark: Also disappearing dissidents.
gollark: Also coverups.

References
  1. "Financial Report 2015" (PDF). Yara International. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  2. "Mergers in the fertiliser industry". The Economist. 18 February 2010. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
  3. Stigset, Marianne (15 July 2008). "Yara Quarterly Profit Gains Threefold; Buys Plant". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2009-03-25.
  4. "Company overview". Investor Relations.
  5. Richard Milne (October 7, 2014). "Yara ousts chief amid $27bn merger talks with CF: Chairman of Norwegian fertiliser company rejects image of chaos". Financial Times. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  6. "1900–1905". yara.com.
  7. "That I can get for you!". yara.com.
  8. "Three remarkable men". yara.com.
  9. Eyde, Sam (1909). "The Manufacture of Nitrates from the Atmosphere by the Electric Arc—Birkeland-Eyde Process". Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. 57 (2949): 568–576. JSTOR 41338647.
  10. Aaron John Ihde (1984). The development of modern chemistry. Courier Dover Publications. p. 678. ISBN 0-486-64235-6.
  11. "1906–1919". yara.com.
  12. "A dynamic and visionary leader". yara.com.
  13. "Yara at a Glance(press release)". Yara Media Relations. March 2014.
  14. "Yara buys controlling stake in Fertibras for $126m". ICIS News. 18 July 2006. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  15. "2008: Yara appoints new CEO". yara.com.
  16. Balazs Koranyi; Joachim Dagenborg (September 26, 2014). "UPDATE 2-New Yara CEO quits before he starts after merger talks announcement". Reuters.
  17. Richard Milne (October 7, 2014). "Yara ousts chief amid $27bn merger talks with CF: Chairman of Norwegian fertiliser company rejects image of chaos". Financial Times.
  18. "Yara to Sell Fosfertil Shareso". January 10, 2010.
  19. Sarah Danckert (May 31, 2016). "PPB ran 'flawed' process for sale of Oswals' Burrup Fertiliser shares, court told". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
  20. Office of Foreign Assets Control (February 25, 2011). "Executive Order 13566 of February 25, 2011: Blocking Property and Prohibiting Certain Transactions Related to Libya: GENERAL LICENSE NO. 8A: General License with Respect to the Government of Libya, its Agencies, Instrumentalities, and Controlled Entities, and the Central Bank of Libya" (PDF). Libyan Sanctions Regulations: 31 C.F.R. Part 570. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  21. Office of Foreign Assets Control (November 18, 2011). "Specially Designated Nationals Update". Libya Designations Removals. US Department of the Treasury. Retrieved July 6, 2011.
  22. "Dutch freeze Libyan assets". Dutch News. March 30, 2011.
  23. "Yara to sell its minority position in Rossosh".
  24. "A top Norwegian fertilizer company, Yara embroiled in corruption scandal in Libya". Companies News. 26 March 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  25. "New Yara acquisition in Latin America(press release)". Yara Media Relations. November 26, 2013.
  26. "Yara completes $225 mln Libya fertiliser deal". Reuters. February 9, 2009.
  27. Dagens Næringsliv, 2011-04-16, p.4
  28. "Norway's Yara fined $48 mln after cross-border bribery probe". Reuters. January 15, 2014.
  29. "Avslører en ukultur". VG.
  30. "Yara corruption trial set for early next year". News in English.no. April 3, 2014.
  31. Line Dugstad (2014-01-18). "Tiltale ble godkjent i statsråd". Dagens Næringsliv. p. 10.
  32. Line Dugstad; Morten Ånestad (2014-01-18). "Direktører peker på hverandre". Dagens Næringsliv. pp. 8–9.
  33. "Former Yara executives sentenced to prison in corruption case". World. Reuters. July 7, 2015.
  34. Yara, CF in talks to create $27 billion fertilizer giant. Reuters, 23 September 2014
  35. David Gelles; Chad Bray (September 23, 2014). "Fertilizer Makers Yara and CF Industries Discussing 'Merger of Equals'". DealB%k. New York Times. p. B9. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  36. Natasha Alperowicz (February 22, 2016). "Libyan fertilizer complex running at less than 50% of capacity". Retrieved July 6, 2016.
  37. Haridy, Rich (10 May 2017). "World's first all-electric autonomous container ship to set sail in 2018". Newatlas. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  38. "Yara acquires the minority stake in Russian fertiliser plant". Gasworld.com. February 10, 2005.
  39. "Timeline: Fertilizer maker Yara's ambitious expansion". Reuters. February 16, 2010.
  40. "2007:Yara announces Kemira GrowHow takeover". Yara. 2007.
  41. Wilhelmsen Maritime Services (August 22, 2007). "Press release – Yara and Wilhelmsen enter innovative environmental collaboration". wilhelmsen.com. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  42. "Sale of Saskferco is finalized (press release)". Government of Saskatchewan. October 1, 2008.
  43. "Yara completes $225 mln Libya fertiliser deal". Reuters. February 9, 2009.
  44. "Yara JV Qafco signs letter of intent for expansion". Yara.com.
  45. "Yara acquires remaining 50% of Balderton Fertiliser (press release)". Cisionwire. January 28, 2010.
  46. "Yara to Buy Bunge Brazil Fertilizer Assets for $750 Million (press release)". Bloomberg. December 7, 2012.
  47. Yara International (October 21, 2013). "Yara and Wilhelmsen strengthen collaboration in maritime emissions reduction market". yara.com. Retrieved 2013-01-13.
  48. "Nederland bevriest Libische tegoeden". nos.nl.
  49. Dagens Næringsliv, DN Magasinet, 2011-04-16, p.53: "Det har opprettet et selskap i Nederland sammen med libyske partnere som skulle vise seg å ha tette forbindelser til Muammar Gadaffi og hans klan."
  50. Dagens Næringsliv, DN Magasinet, 2011-04-16, p.53
  51. "Norway's fertilizer producer Yara opens business service center in Vilnius". l24.lt. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  52. "Yara Expecting Strong Growth in Myanmar". Myanmar Business Today. Retrieved 2019-02-06.
  53. Yara International (May 6, 2014). "Yara approves dividend and share buy-back program and elects new chairperson". yara.com.
  54. "Reitan stands down as Yara chairman". newsinenglish.no.
  55. Tone Iren Sørheim; Andreas Wolden Fredriksen; Sophie Lorch-Falch. "Reitan: – Ønsker mer tid med familien". E24.
  56. Johnsrud, Ingar (2 June 2012). "Slik skjules lønnshoppene" [Hidden Salaries] (in Norwegian). E24. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  57. E24. "Yaras ryddegutt kommer fra korrupsjonsetterforsket selskap". E24.

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