Bursa

Bursa is a city in northwestern Turkey and the administrative center of the Bursa Province. The fourth most populous city in Turkey and second most populous in Marmara Region. Bursa is one of the industrial centers of the country. Most of the Turkey's automotive production takes place in Bursa.

This article is about the city. For bursas in the human body, see Synovial bursa. For other uses, see Bursa (disambiguation).
Bursa
City
Clockwise from top left: Bursa Clock Tower, Zafer Plaza, City centre, Botanik Park, Uludağ cable car
Bursa
Location of Bursa within the Region of Marmara
Bursa
Location of Bursa within Turkey
Bursa
Bursa (Europe)
Coordinates: 40°11′N 29°03′E
Country Turkey
RegionMarmara
ProvinceBursa
Government
 • MayorAlinur Aktaş (AKP)
Area
 • City1,036 km2 (400 sq mi)
Elevation
100 m (300 ft)
Population
 (2015)[1][2]
 • Density1,508.52/km2 (3,907.0/sq mi)
 • Urban
1,854,285
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code
16000
Area code(s)(+90) 224
Licence plate16
Websitewww.bursa.bel.tr
Official nameBursa and Cumalıkızık: the Birth of the Ottoman Empire
TypeCultural
Criteriai, ii, iv, vi
Designated2014 (38th session)
Reference no.1452
State Party Turkey
RegionEurope

Bursa (Ottoman Turkish: بُروسه‎) was the first major and second overall capital of the Ottoman State between 1335 and 1363. The city was referred to as Hüdavendigar (خداوندگار, meaning "God's gift" in Ottoman Turkish, a name of Persian origin) during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is Yeşil Bursa ("Green Bursa") in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban fabric, as well as to the vast and richly varied forests of the surrounding region. Mount Uludağ, the ancient Mysian Olympus, towers over it, and has a well-known ski resort. Bursa has rather orderly urban growth and borders a fertile plain. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa, and the city's main landmarks include numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period. Bursa also has thermal baths, old Ottoman mansions, palaces, and several museums.

The shadow-play characters Karagöz and Hacivat are based on historic personalities who lived and died in Bursa (in the 14th century).[3]

History
Historical population
YearPop.±%
148745,000—    
1927 61,451+36.6%
1955 128,875+109.7%
1980487,604+278.4%
2000 1,184,144+142.8%
20151,854,285+56.6%
Apollo, bronze, 2nd century AD, at Bursa Archaeological Museum

The earliest known human settlement near Bursa's current location was at Ilıpınar Höyüğü around 5200 BC.[4] It was followed by the ancient Greek city of Cius, which Philip V of Macedon granted to Prusias I, the King of Bithynia, in 202 BC. Prusias rebuilt the city and renamed it Prusa (Ancient Greek: Προῦσα; sometimes rendered as Prussa). After 128 years of Bithynian rule, Nicomedes IV, the last King of Bithynia, bequeathed the entire kingdom to the Roman Empire in 74 BC. An early Roman Treasure was found in the vicinity of Bursa in the early 20th century. Composed of a woman's silver toilet articles, it is now in the British Museum.[5]

Bursa (from the Greek "Prusa") became the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth throughout the 14th century. After conquering Edirne (Adrianople) in East Thrace, the Ottomans turned it into the new capital city in 1363, but Bursa retained its spiritual and commercial importance in the Ottoman Empire.[6] The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I built the Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395[7] and the Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) between 1396 and 1400.[8] After Bayezid was defeated in the Battle of Ankara by the forces Timur in 1402, the latter's grandson, Muhammad Sultan Mirza, had the city pillaged and burned.[9] Despite this, Bursa remained to be the most important administrative and commercial centre in the empire until Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453. The population of Bursa was 45,000 in 1487.[10]

During the Ottoman period, Bursa continued to be the source of most royal silk products. Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from Iran, and occasionally from China, and was the main production centre for the kaftans, pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century.

Following the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Bursa became one of the industrial centres of the country. The economic development of the city was followed by population growth and Bursa became the 4th most populous city in Turkey.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major centre for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of Balkan Turks took place in the 1940s until the 1990s, when the People's Republic of Bulgaria expelled approximately 150,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey.[11] About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa (especially in Hürriyet Neighborhood. With the building of new industrial zones in 1980-2000 lot of people from eastern part of the country came and settled in Bursa.

Geography
Balibey Han in Bursa
Botanical Park of Bursa

Bursa stands on the northwestern slopes of Mount Uludağ in the southern Marmara Region. It is the capital city of Bursa Province, which borders the Sea of Marmara and Yalova to the north; Kocaeli and Sakarya to the northeast; Bilecik to the east; and Kütahya and Balıkesir to the south.

Climate

Bursa has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) under the Köppen classification, and dry-hot summer temperate climate (Csa) Trewartha classification. The city has hot, dry summers that last from June until September. Winters are cold and damp, also containing the most rainfall. There can be snow on the ground which will last for a week or two.

Climate data for Bursa (1926–2017)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 25.2
(77.4)		 26.9
(80.4)		 32.5
(90.5)		 36.2
(97.2)		 38.2
(100.8)		 41.3
(106.3)		 43.8
(110.8)		 42.6
(108.7)		 40.3
(104.5)		 37.3
(99.1)		 34.0
(93.2)		 27.3
(81.1)		 43.8
(110.8)
Average high °C (°F) 9.4
(48.9)		 10.4
(50.7)		 13.7
(56.7)		 18.9
(66.0)		 23.8
(74.8)		 28.3
(82.9)		 30.8
(87.4)		 30.9
(87.6)		 27.2
(81.0)		 21.9
(71.4)		 16.5
(61.7)		 11.5
(52.7)		 20.3
(68.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.3
(41.5)		 6.2
(43.2)		 8.3
(46.9)		 12.9
(55.2)		 17.6
(63.7)		 22.0
(71.6)		 24.5
(76.1)		 24.2
(75.6)		 20.1
(68.2)		 15.4
(59.7)		 10.9
(51.6)		 7.3
(45.1)		 14.6
(58.3)
Average low °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9)		 2.1
(35.8)		 3.5
(38.3)		 7.1
(44.8)		 11.3
(52.3)		 14.8
(58.6)		 17.1
(62.8)		 17.1
(62.8)		 13.6
(56.5)		 10.1
(50.2)		 6.3
(43.3)		 3.4
(38.1)		 9.0
(48.2)
Record low °C (°F) −20.5
(−4.9)		 −25.7
(−14.3)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −4.2
(24.4)		 0.8
(33.4)		 4.0
(39.2)		 8.3
(46.9)		 7.6
(45.7)		 3.3
(37.9)		 −1.0
(30.2)		 −8.4
(16.9)		 −17.9
(−0.2)		 −25.7
(−14.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 89.3
(3.52)		 76.1
(3.00)		 69.6
(2.74)		 62.9
(2.48)		 49.6
(1.95)		 33.8
(1.33)		 21.6
(0.85)		 16.5
(0.65)		 41.7
(1.64)		 66.8
(2.63)		 78.0
(3.07)		 101.0
(3.98)		 706.9
(27.83)
Average precipitation days 14.5 13.2 12.2 11.1 8.7 5.8 2.9 2.8 5.0 9.0 11.0 14.1 110.3
Average relative humidity (%) 77 76 75 72 71 65 62 64 67 75 78 78 72
Mean monthly sunshine hours 86.8 96.1 130.2 174.0 241.8 297.0 334.8 313.1 237.0 173.6 123.0 89.9 2,297.3
Mean daily sunshine hours 2.8 3.4 4.2 5.8 7.8 9.9 10.8 10.1 7.9 5.6 4.1 2.9 6.3
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[12]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity 1973–1993)[13]

Health

Air pollution in Turkey is a chronic problem here.[14]

Economy
Tram type "Silkworm" is produced in Bursa by the Turkish manufacturer Durmazlar
Irgandı Bridge is a popular tourism destination

Bursa is the centre of the Turkish automotive industry.[15][16] Factories of motor vehicle producers like Fiat, Renault and Karsan, as well as automotive parts producers like Bosch, Mako, Valeo, Johnson Controls, Delphi have been active in the city for decades. The textile and food industries are equally strong, with Coca-Cola, Pepsi Cola and other beverage brands, as well as fresh and canned food industries being present in the city's organized industrial zones.

Apart from its large automotive industry, Bursa also produces a substantial amount of dairy products (by Sütaş'),[17] processed food (by Tat),[18] and beverages (by Uludağ).[19]

Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest centre of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road. The city is still a major centre for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Centre (Bursa Uluslararası Tekstil ve Ticaret Merkezi, or BUTTIM). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in the recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city.

Bursa is a major centre for tourism. One of the most popular skiing resorts of Turkey is located at Mount Uludağ, just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since Roman times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a physical therapy centre which also makes use of thermal water.

Transportation
Bursa – Mt. Uludağ gondola lift

Bursa has a metro (Bursaray), trams[20] and bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's Yenişehir Airport is 20 mi (32 km) away from the city centre. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as Istanbul Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's proximity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between the two cities.

The 8.8 km (5.5 mi) long Bursa Uludağ Gondola (Turkish: Teleferik) connects Bursa with the ski resort areas 1,870 m (6,140 ft) high on the mountain Uludağ.[21]

The only railway station in Bursa is the Harmancık station on the Balıkesir-Kütahya railway, which was opened in 1930.

Bursa Public Transportation Statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bursa, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 62 min. 12% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 18 min, while 31% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 8.1 km (5.0 mi), while 17% travel for over 12 km (7.5 mi) in a single direction.[22]

Education
Bursa Technical University campus

Bursa has two public universities and one private university. Uludağ University, founded in 1975 in Görükle, is the oldest institution of higher education in the city. Founded first as the Bursa University then renamed Uludağ University in 1982,[23] the university has a student body of 47,000, one of the largest in Turkey. Bursa Technical University[24] is the second public university of Bursa and was established in 2010, beginning education in the 2011–2012 academic year.

The first private university of Bursa was the Bursa Orhangazi University,[25] which started education in the 2012–2013 academic year. However, Orhangazi University was shut down by the Turkish Government after the failed coup attempt of July 2016. Istanbul Commerce University has opened graduate programs in Bursa in 2013.[26]

Sports
Timsah Arena

The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor, which competes in the Turkish Super League, the top-tier of Turkish football. As of December 21, the team plays their home games at The Timsah Arena stadium (literally meaning Crocodile Arena), which has a sitting capacity of 45,000. Bursaspor has won its first league title in the 2009–10 Turkish Super League season, becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the league title after Trabzonspor. Today Bursaspor is considered one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey along with Galatasaray SK, Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, and Trabzonspor.

The city has a professional basketball team in the Turkish Basketball League, Tofaş S.K., which was among the most successful teams.

Main sights
Bursa Atatürk Museum
Yeşil Mosque

Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque)

Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture, which incorporated many elements from Seljuk architecture. Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I, the mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan Bayezid I had promised for winning the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two minarets.

Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain (şadırvan) where worshipers can perform ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building.

The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of Suleiman the Magnificent's chief architect Mimar Sinan.) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.

Places of interest

A brief list of places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For a longer list, see places of interest in Bursa.

Mosques and külliye complexes

Bazaars and caravanserais
  • Yıldırım Bazaar
  • Koza Han
  • Pirinç Han
  • İpek Han

Other historic monuments

Museums

Parks and gardens
  • Uludağ National Park
  • Bursa Zoo and Botanical Garden

Hot springs and thermal baths
  • Keramet hot spring
  • Çekirge hot spring
  • Armutlu hot spring
  • Oylat hot spring
  • Gemlik hot spring
  • Çelik Palas thermal bath

Beaches
  • Armutlu beach
  • Kumla beach
  • Kurşunlu beach
  • Orhangazi beach
  • Mudanya beach
  • Bursa Citadel Main Gate
  • Orhan Gazi Mosque
  • Emir Sultan Mosque
  • Koza Han (Silk Bazaar) in Bursa
  • Entrance of the Yeşil Cami (Green Mosque)
  • Muradiye Mosque and Külliye in Bursa
  • Governorate of Bursa
  • Mt. Uludağ is a popular ski destination
  • Statue of Atatürk and the Governorate of Bursa
  • Statue of Atatürk in Bursa
  • Şehreküstü Mosque
  • Interior of Yeşil Mosque
  • Bursa French Catholic Church
  • Saltanatkapı (Citadel Main Gate)
  • Old City Hall
  • Tophane Clocktower
  • Tomb of Osman Bey
  • Tomb of Orhan Bey
  • Interior of Ulu Camii
  • Koza Han (Silk Bazaar)
  • Atatürk delivering a speech in Bursa (1924)
  • A view of Bursa in the late 19th century
  • Bursa, circa 1895
  • A view of Bursa from the foothills of Mt. Uludağ

Twin towns—sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey

Bursa is twinned with:[29]

gollark: Apparently, a correct thing I said "is like saying that QM is predictable because you can just calculate the position of a molecule in ALL space at the same time".
gollark: I don't see how that actually fixes the problem.
gollark: Yes, but I don't think it runs on discretized space and time.
gollark: The Planck units don't imply that stuff is quantized as much as vaguely suggest it sometimes.
gollark: Of mass.

See also

References
  1. "Turkey: Major cities and provinces". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
  3. http://www.karagoz.org.tr/tr/karagoz-blog/karagoz-tarihcesi
  4. Roodenberg, J. J. (1995). The Ilıpınar Excavations I. the University of Michigan: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Institut in het Nabije Oosten te Istanbul. ISBN 9062580734.
  5. "British Museum - Collection search: You searched for Bursa, tomb". British Museum. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  6. "In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." Ottoman Capital Bursa. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  7. "Bayezid I Complex". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  8. "Great Mosque of Bursa". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2011-09-19. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  9. Mohammad Habib, Khaliq Ahmad Nizami, A Comprehensive History Of India Vol.-V: The Delhi Sultanat (1970), p. 128
  10. The city in the Islamic world, Volume 1, ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi, Renata Holod, Attilio Petruccioli, André Raymond, page 362.
  11. Eminov, Ali, Turks and Other Muslim Minorities in Bulgaria, New York, Routledge, 1997, Höpken, W., "Modernisierung und Nationalismus: Sozialgeschichtliche Aspekte der bulgarischen Minderheitenpolitik gegenüber den Türken" in: SOE 7-8 (1986), Schönfeld, R., ed, Nationalitätenprobleme in Südosteuropa, Munich, Oldenbourg, 1997, p. 255-303, Erdinç, Didar, "Bulgaristan'daki Değişim Sürecinde Türk Azınlığın Ekonomik Durumu", Türkler, Ankara, 2002, s.394–400.
  12. "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Genel İstatistik Verileri" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  13. "Klimatafel von Bursa / Türkei" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  14. Kara Rapor 2020: Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri [Black Report 2020: Air Pollution and Heath Effects] (Report) (in Turkish). Right to Clean Air Platform Turkey. August 2020.
  15. "Turkey's automotive industry going nonstop". Today's Zaman. 2007-05-05. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  16. "TAYSAD met its members from Bursa". TAYSAD. 2008-02-08. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
  17. "Sütaş Süt Ürünleri A.Ş." Sütaş Süt Ürünleri A.Ş. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  18. "Tat". Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  19. Uludağ Beverages
  20. DVV Media UK. "Bursa circular tramway opens". Railway Gazette. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
  21. "GD8 Bursa I + II + III - References - Company - LEITNER ropeways". www.leitner-ropeways.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-09-14.
  22. "Bursa Public Transportation Statistics". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  23. "Uludağ Üniversitesi Hakkında". Uludağ Üniversitesi Resmi Websitesi.
  24. "Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi". Btu.edu.tr. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  25. "Bursa Orhangazi Üniversitesi". Bou.edu.tr. Archived from the original on 2013-03-18. Retrieved 2013-03-26.
  26. "Istanbul Commerce University at Bursa" (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 2012-08-27.
  27. http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN-103965/bursa---ataturk-museum.html
  28. http://ndr.com.tr/en/museum/detail/bursa-city-museum
  29. "Kardeş Şehirler". bursa.bel.tr (in Turkish). Bursa. Retrieved 2020-01-16.

Further reading
See also: Bibliography of the history of Bursa
  1. http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/UstMenu.do?metod=temelist
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