Voiceless retroflex lateral approximant
The voiceless retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɭ̊⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`_0.
| Voiceless retroflex lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ɭ̊ | |
| IPA Number | 156 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | l`_0 |
It is found as a phoneme distinct from its voiced counterpart /ɭ/ in Iaai and Toda.[1] In both of these languages it also contrasts with more anterior /l̥, l/, which are dental in Iaai and alveolar in Toda.[1]
Features
Features of the voiceless retroflex lateral approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ɭ̺̊] and laminal [ɭ̻̊].
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iaai[1] | Contrasts with /ɭ/.[1] | ||||
| Toda[1] | [paɭ̊] | 'valley' | Contrasts with /ɭ/ (as in /paɭ/ 'bangle').[1] | ||
gollark: So you're just hoping that evil governments will also be incompetent?
gollark: Also, you live in Turkey, which has a kind of evil government, right? If Google cooperated with them, they could probably use that data to track down and/or identify dissidents.
gollark: I think they already use location data to "help" investigate crimes, in ways which tend to implicate innocent people randomly.
gollark: Giving one company access to people's accurate location history, conversations, emails and whatnot could probably lead to problems.
gollark: Presumably, somewhat creepy overtargeted advertising, spread it further (which I don't really like in itself), probably (if I was weird and still used Google stuff on my phone) listen into my conversations.
See also
Notes
- Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 198.
References
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
External links
- List of languages with [ɭ̥] on PHOIBLE
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