Case variants of IPA letters

With the adoption of letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in various national alphabets, letter case forms have been developed. This usually means capital (uppercase) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop ʔ, both uppercase ⟨Ɂ⟩ and lowercase ⟨ɂ⟩ are used.

Capital variants of the IPA letters used in English, as designed by Michael Everson.[1]

The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, in languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala. The most common are open o ⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩, open e ⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩, and eng ⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩, but several others are found. Kabiyé of northern Togo, for example, has ⟨Ɔ ɔ, Ɛ ɛ, Ɖ ɖ, Ŋ ŋ, Ɣ ɣ, Ʃ ʃ, Ʊ ʊ⟩ (or ⟨Ʋ ʋ⟩), as in this newspaper headline:

MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.

Some of the IPA letters that were adopted into language orthographies have since become obsolete in the IPA itself.

Chart
IPAUppercaseLowercase
ɑⱭ
ɒⱰ
ɐⱯ
ɓƁ, Ƃ
βꞴꞵ (IPA uses Greek beta still[2])
ɔƆ
ƈƇ
ðÐ
ɖƉ, Ɗ
ɗƊ
əƏ, Ǝ
ɛƐ
ɜꞫ[3]
ɡꞬ[3], G
ɠƓ
ɣƔ
ħĦ
ɦꞪ
ɥꞍ
ɨƗ
ɪꞮ[4]
ɩƖ
ʝꞲ
ƙƘ
ʞꞰ
ɫⱢ
ɬꞭ[5]
ɱⱮ
ɯƜ
ŋŊ
ɲƝ
ƞȠ
ɵƟ
ƥƤ
ɋɊ
ɽⱤ
ʀƦ
ʂꟅ
ʃƩ (Σ, ꚃ)
ʈƮ, Ŧ[6]
ƭƬ
ʇꞱ
ʉɄ
ʊƱ
ɷ[7]
ʋƲ
ʌɅ
χꞳꭓ
ʐꟆ
ʒƷ, reversed Ʃ[4]
θΘ[4][6]
ɸΦ
ʔɁɂ

Others letters are the graphic equivalent of IPA capitals, but are not identified with the IPA. Examples are ɟ Ɉ (the capital of ɉ), ʎ (⅄) (the capital of λ in Americanist usage; similarly ƛ ),[6] ɹ ꓤ.

gollark: Who wants THE ENTIRE osmarks.tk ACCESS LOG?
gollark: https://osmarks.tk/errors/403.html
gollark: Oh, well, apparently that module isn't in the version I have installed, but I can still do it.
gollark: I can even do it automatically if I find the nginx module for it.
gollark: Yes, well, so can osmarks.tk!

References
  1. Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: an edition printed in the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cathair na Mart: Evertype, 2014.
  2. Michael Everson, 2012-07-26, Proposal for the addition of ten Latin characters to the UCS
  3. Michael Everson, 2012-02-08, Proposal for the addition of five Latin characters to the UCS
  5. Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.