Voiced retroflex stop

The voiced retroflex stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɖ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) [ɖ].

Voiced retroflex stop
ɖ
IPA Number	106
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɖ
Unicode (hex)	U+0256
X-SAMPA	d`
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Features

Features of the voiced retroflex stop:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.

• Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Asturian	Astierna dialect	ḷḷingua	[ɖiŋɡwä]	'tongue'	Corresponds to /ʎ/ in other dialects. See Che Vaqueira
Bengali[1]		ডাকাত	[ɖäkät̪]	'robber'	Apical postalveolar.[1] See Bengali phonology
English	Indian dialects	dine	[ɖaɪn]	'to eat'	Corresponds to /d/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Gujarati[2]		ડ	[ɖə]	(name of a letter)	Subapical.[2] See Gujarati phonology
Hindustani[3][4]		डालना/ڈالنا‎	[ɖäːlnäː]	'to put'	Apical postalveolar.[4] See Hindustani phonology
Javanese		ꦣꦲꦂ/dhahar	[ɖahaɽ]	'to eat'
Kannada		ಅಡಸು	[ʌɖʌsu]	'to join'
Malayalam		പാണ്ഡവര്	[ˈpäːɳɖäʋər]	'Pandavas'
Marathi[2]		हाड	[häːɖ]	'bone'	Subapical.[2] See Marathi phonology
Nepali		डर	[ɖʌr]	'fear'	Apical postalveolar. See Nepali phonology
Nihali		[biɖum]		'one'
Norwegian		varde	[ˈʋɑɖːə]	'beacon'	See Norwegian phonology
Pashto		ډﻙ	[ɖak]	'full'
Punjabi		ਡੱਡੂ	[ɖəɖːu]	'frog'
Sardinian		cherveddu	[keɾˈveɖːu]	'brain'
Sicilian		coḍḍu	[kɔɖːu]	'neck'
Somali		dhul	[ɖul]	'earth, land, ground'	See Somali phonology
Swedish		nord	[nuːɖ]	'north'	See Swedish phonology
Tamil[2][5]		வண்டி	[ʋəɳɖi]	'cart'	Subapical;[2] allophone of /ʈ/.[5] See Tamil phonology
Telugu		అఢరు	[ʌɖʌru]	'to arise'
Torwali[6]		ڈىغو	[ɖiɣu]	'late afternoon'	Realised as [ɽ] between vowels.

See also

• African D
• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. Mazumdar (2000:57)
2. Khatiwada (2009:374)
3. Ladefoged (2005:141)
4. Tiwari (2004:?)
5. Keane (2004:111)
6. Lunsford (2001:11–16)

References

• Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
• Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
• Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
• Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
• Masica, Colin P. (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-29944-6
• Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
• Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X

External links

• List of languages with [ɖ] on PHOIBLE