Voiced alveolar affricate

A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge (gum line) just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

• The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate [d͡z] is the most common type, as in the ds in English lads.
• The voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate [dð̠], or [dð͇] using the alveolar diacritic from the Extended IPA, is found for example in some dialects of English and Italian
• The voiced alveolar lateral affricate [d͡ɮ] is found for example in Xhosa
• The voiced alveolar retracted sibilant affricate [d͡z̺]

This article discusses the first two.

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate

Voiced alveolar sibilant affricate
dz
IPA Number	104 133
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʣ
Unicode (hex)	U+02A3
X-SAMPA	dz
Audio sample
source · help

The voiced alveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡z⟩ or ⟨d͜z⟩ (formerly ⟨ʣ⟩).

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar sibilant affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• The stop component of this affricate is laminal alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge. For simplicity, this affricate is usually called after the sibilant fricative component.
• There are at least three specific variants of the fricative component:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.[1]
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

The following sections are named after the fricative component.

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Armenian	Eastern[2]	ձուկ	[d̻͡z̪uk]	'fish'
Belarusian[3]		дзеканне/dzekannje	[ˈd̻͡z̪ekän̪ʲe]	'dzekanye'	Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Czech[4]		Afgánec byl	[ˈävɡäːnɛd̻͡z̪ bɪɫ̪]	'an Afghan was'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Czech phonology
Hungarian[5]		bodza	[ˈbod̻͡z̪ːɒ]	'elderberry'	See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian[6]
Latvian[7]		drudzis	[ˈd̪rud̻͡z̪is̪]	'fever'	See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[8]		ѕвезда/dzvezda	[ˈd̻͡z̪ve̞z̪d̪ä]	'star'	See Macedonian phonology
Pashto		ځوان	[d͡zwɑn]	'youth' 'young'	See Pashto phonology
Polish[9]		dzwon	[d̻͡z̪vɔn̪]	'bell'	See Polish phonology
Russian[10]		плацдарм/platsdarm	[pɫ̪ɐd̻͡z̪ˈd̪är̠m]	'bridgehead'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[11]		otac bi	[ǒ̞t̪äd̻͡z̪ bi]	'father would'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[11] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene[12]		brivec brije	[ˈbríːʋəd̻͡z̪ bríjɛ]	'barber shaves'	Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.
Ukrainian[13]		дзвін/dzvin	[d̻͡z̪ʋin̪]	'bell'	See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[14]					Allophone of /t͡s/ before voiced consonants.[14] See Upper Sorbian phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Najdi[15]	قـليب	[d͡zɛ̝lib]	'well'	Corresponds to /q/, /ɡ/, or /dʒ/ in other dialects.
Catalan[16]		dotze	[ˈd̪odd̻͡z̺ə]	'twelve'	The fricative component is apical. See Catalan phonology
Dutch	Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[17]	zèèg	[d͡zɛːx]	'saw'	Occasional allophone of /z/; distribution unclear.[17]
English	Broad Cockney[18]	day	[ˈd͡zæˑɪ̯]	'day'	Possible word-initial, intervocalic and word-final allophone of /d/.[19][20] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[20]		[ˈd͡zeˑɪ̯]
	New York[21]				Possible syllable-initial and sometimes also utterance-final allophone of /d/.[21] See English phonology
	Scouse[22]				Possible syllable-initial and word-final allophone of /d/.[22] See English phonology
Georgian[23]		ძვალი	[d͡zvɑli]	'bone'
Hebrew		תזונה	[d͡zuna]	'nutrition'
Luxembourgish[24]		spadséieren	[ʃpɑˈd͡zɜ̝ɪ̯əʀən]	'to go for a walk'	Marginal phoneme that occurs only in a few words.[24] See Luxembourgish phonology
Marathi		जोर	[d͡zorə]	'force'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by ज, which also represents [d͡ʒ]. The aspirated sound is represented by झ, which also represents [d͡ʒʱ]. There is no marked difference for either one.
Nepali		आज	[äd͡zʌ]	'today'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated versions. The unaspirated is represented by /ज/. The aspirated sound is represented by /झ/. See Nepali phonology
Portuguese	European[25]	desafio	[d͡zəˈfi.u]	'challenge'	Allophone of /d/ before /i, ĩ/, or assimilation due to the deletion of /i ~ ɨ ~ e/. Increasingly used in Brazil.[26]
	Brazilian[25][26]	aprendizado	[apɾẽ̞ˈd͡zadu]	'learning'
	Many speakers	mezzosoprano	[me̞d͡zo̞so̞ˈpɾɐ̃nu]	'mezzo-soprano'	Marginal sound. Some might instead use spelling pronunciations.[27] See Portuguese phonology
Romanian	Moldavian dialects[28]	zic	[d͡zɨk]	'say'	Corresponds to [z] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Spanish	Some Rioplatense dialects	día	['d͡zia̞]	'day'	Corresponds to either [ð] or [d] in standard Spanish. See Spanish phonology.
Chinese	Swatow	日本	[d͡zit̚˨˩.pʊn˥˧]	'Japan'

Variable

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Italian[29]		zero	[ˈd͡zɛːɾo]	'zero'	The fricative component varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. In the latter case, the stop component is laminal denti-alveolar.[29] See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate
dɹ̝
dð̠
dð͇

Features

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.

• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.

• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.

• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.

• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.

• The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	General American[30]	dream	[d͡ɹ̝ʷɪi̯m]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/; more commonly postalveolar [d̠͡ɹ̠˔].[30] See English phonology
	Received Pronunciation[30]
Italian	Sicily[31]	Adriatico	[äd͡ɹ̝iˈäːt̪iko]	'the Adriatic Sea'	Apical. It is a regional realization of the sequence /dr/, and can be realized as the sequence [dɹ̝] instead.[32] See Italian phonology

See also

• Voiced dental affricate
• List of phonetics topics

Notes

1. Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
2. Kozintseva (1995:6)
3. Padluzhny (1989:48–49)
4. Palková (1994:234–235)
5. Szende (1999:104)
6. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
7. Nau (1998:6)
8. Lunt (1952:1)
9. Rocławski (1976:162)
10. Chew (2003:67 and 103)
11. Landau et al. (1999:67)
12. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
13. S. Buk; J. Mačutek; A. Rovenchak (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16: 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198.
14. Šewc-Schuster (1984:22, 38))
15. Lewis jr. (2013), p. 5.
16. Hualde (1992:370)
17. Peters (2010), p. 240.
18. Wells (1982), pp. 322-323.
19. Wells (1982), p. 323.
20. Gimson (2014), p. 172.
21. Wells (1982), p. 515.
22. Wells (1982), p. 372.
23. Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
24. Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
25. (in Portuguese) Palatalization of dental occlusives /t/ and /d/ in the bilingual communities of Taquara and Panambi, RS – Alice Telles de Paula Page 14
26. Seqüências de (oclusiva alveolar + sibilante alveolar) como um padrão inovador no português de Belo Horizonte – Camila Tavares Leite
27. Adaptações fonológicas na pronúncia de estrangeirismos do Inglês por falantes de Português Brasileiro – Ana Beatriz Gonçalves de Assis
28. Pop (1938), p. 29.
29. Canepari (1992), pp. 75–76.
30. Gimson (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.
31. Canepari (1992), p. 64.
32. Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.

References

• Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana [Handbook of Italian Pronunciation] (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8
• Chew, Peter A. (2003), A computational phonology of Russian, Universal Publishers
• Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
• Gimson, Alfred Charles (2014), Cruttenden, Alan (ed.), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN 9781444183092
• Hualde, José (1992), Catalan, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05498-2
• Kozintseva, Natalia (1995), Modern Eastern Armenian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3895860352
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
• Landau, Ernestina; Lončarić, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Lewis jr., Robert Eugene (2013), Complementizer Agreement in Najdi Arabic (PDF)
• Lunt, Horace G. (1952), Grammar of the Macedonian Literary Language, Skopje
• Nau, Nicole (1998), Latvian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 3-89586-228-2
• Padluzhny, Ped (1989), Fanetyka belaruskai litaraturnai movy, ISBN 5-343-00292-7
• Palková, Zdena (1994), Fonetika a fonologie češtiny, ISBN 978-8070668436
• Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083
• Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
• Pretnar, Tone; Tokarz, Emil (1980), Slovenščina za Poljake: Kurs podstawowy języka słoweńskiego, Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski
• Puppel, Stanisław; Nawrocka-Fisiak, Jadwiga; Krassowska, Halina (1977), A handbook of Polish pronunciation for English learners, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
• Rocławski, Bronisław (1976), Zarys fonologii, fonetyki, fonotaktyki i fonostatystyki współczesnego języka polskiego, Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uczelniane Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
• Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina
• Szende, Tamás (1999), "Hungarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 104–107, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
• Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128540-2, 0-52128541-0.

External links

• List of languages with [dz] on PHOIBLE