Lyon

Lyon or Lyons (UK: /ˈliːɒ̃/,[5][6] US: /liˈoʊn/,[7][8][lower-alpha 3] French: [ljɔ̃] (listen); Arpitan: Liyon, pronounced [ʎjɔ̃]; Italian: Lione, pronounced [liˈone]) is the third-largest city and second-largest urban area of France. It is located at the confluence of the rivers Rhône and Saône, about 470 km (292 mi) south of Paris, 320 km (199 mi) north of Marseille and 56 km (35 mi) northeast of Saint-Étienne. Inhabitants of the city are called Lyonnais.

"Lyons" redirects here. For other uses, see Lyon (disambiguation) and Lyons (disambiguation).

Lyon

Liyon  (Arpitan)
Prefecture and commune
Top: Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière, Place des Terreaux with Fontaine Bartholdi and Lyon City Hall at night. Centre: Parc de la Tête d'Or, Confluence district and the Vieux Lyon. Bottom: Pont Lafayette, La Part-Dieu Central Business District with the Place Bellecour in foreground during Festival of Lights.
Motto(s): 
Avant, avant, Lion le melhor
(Old Franco-Provençal for "Forward, forward, Lyon the best")[lower-alpha 1]
Virtute duce, comite fortuna
("With virtue as guide and fortune as companion")[lower-alpha 2]
Location of Lyon
Lyon
Lyon
Coordinates: 45°46′N 4°50′E
CountryFrance
RegionAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes
MetropolisMetropolis of Lyon
ArrondissementLyon
Subdivisions9 arrondissements
Government
 • Mayor (2020-2026) Grégory Doucet[2] (The Greens)
Area
1
47.87 km2 (18.48 sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2010)
6,018.62 km2 (2,323.80 sq mi)
Population
 (2017-01-01)[3]
516,092
 • Rank3rd in France
 • Density11,000/km2 (28,000/sq mi)
 • Metro
 (2014)
2,265,375[4]
(2nd in France)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
69123 /69001-69009
Elevation162–349 m (531–1,145 ft)
Websitewww.lyon-france.com
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Lyon had a population of 513,275 in 2015.[10] It is the capital of the Metropolis of Lyon and the region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The Lyon metropolitan area had a population of 2,265,375 in 2014. The city is recognized for its cuisine and gastronomy, and historical and architectural landmarks; part of it is registered as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Lyon was historically an important area for the production and weaving of silk. Lyon played a significant role in the history of cinema: it is where Auguste and Louis Lumière invented the cinematograph. It is also known for its light festival, the Fête des Lumières, which begins every 8 December and lasts for four days, earning Lyon the title of Capital of Lights.

Economically, Lyon is a major centre for banking, as well as for the chemical, pharmaceutical, and biotech industries. The city contains a significant software industry with a particular focus on video games, and in recent years has fostered a growing local start-up sector.[11] Lyon hosts the international headquarters of Interpol, the International Agency for Research on Cancer and Euronews. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute, Lyon is considered a Beta city, as of 2018.[12] It ranked second in France and 40th globally in Mercer's 2019 liveability rankings.[13]

History
Main articles: History of Lyon and Timeline of Lyon

Ancient Lyon
Main article: Lugdunum

According to the historian Dio Cassius, in 43 BC, the Roman Senate ordered the creation of a settlement for Roman refugees of war with the Allobroges. These refugees had been expelled from Vienne and were now encamped at the confluence of the Saône and Rhône rivers. The foundation was built on Fourvière hill and officially called Colonia Copia Felix Munatia, a name invoking prosperity and the blessing of the gods. The city became increasingly referred to as Lugdunum (and occasionally Lugudunum[14]).[15] The earliest translation of this Gaulish place-name as "Desired Mountain" is offered by the 9th-century Endlicher Glossary.[16] In contrast, some modern scholars have proposed a Gaulish hill-fort named Lug[o]dunon, after the Celtic god Lugus ('Light', cognate with Old Irish Lugh, Modern Irish Lú), and dúnon (hill-fort).

The Roman-era Theatre on the Fourvière Hill

The Romans recognised that Lugdunum's strategic location at the convergence of two navigable rivers made it a natural communications hub. The city became the starting point of main Roman roads in the area, and it quickly became the capital of the province, Gallia Lugdunensis. Two Emperors were born in this city: Claudius, whose speech is preserved in the Lyon Tablet in which he justifies the nomination of Gallic Senators, and Caracalla.

Early Christians in Lyon were martyred for their beliefs under the reigns of various Roman emperors, most notably Marcus Aurelius and Septimius Severus.[17] Local saints from this period include Blandina, Pothinus, and Epipodius, among others. The Greek Irenaeus was the second bishop of Lyon during the latter part of the second century.[18] To this day, the archbishop of Lyon is still referred to as "Primat des Gaules".[19]

Burgundians fleeing the destruction of Worms by the Huns in 437 were re-settled at Lugdunum. In 443 the Romans established the Kingdom of the Burgundians, and Lugdunum became its capital in 461. In 843, under the Treaty of Verdun, Lyon went to the Holy Roman Emperor Lothair I. It later was made part of the Kingdom of Arles. Lyon did not come under French control until the 14th century.

Modern Lyon

Fernand Braudel remarked, "Historians of Lyon are not sufficiently aware of the bi-polarity between Paris and Lyon, which is a constant structure in French development...from the late Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution".[20] In the late 15th century, the fairs introduced by Italian merchants made Lyon the economic counting house of France. Even the Bourse (treasury), built in 1749, resembled a public bazaar where accounts were settled in the open air. When international banking moved to Genoa, then Amsterdam, Lyon remained the banking centre of France.

During the Renaissance, the city's development was driven by the silk trade, which strengthened its ties to Italy. Italian influence on Lyon's architecture is still visible among historic buildings.[21] In the late 1400s and 1500s Lyon was also a key centre of literary activity and book publishing, both of French writers (such as Maurice Scève, Antoine Heroet, and Louise Labé) and of Italians in exile (such as Luigi Alamanni and Gian Giorgio Trissino).

Lyon under siege in 1793

In 1572, Lyon was a scene of mass violence by Catholics against Protestant Huguenots in the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Two centuries later, Lyon was again convulsed by violence during the French Revolution, when the citizenry rose up against the National Convention and supported the Girondins. The city was besieged by Revolutionary armies for over two months before it surrendered in October 1793. Many buildings were destroyed, especially around the Place Bellecour, and Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois and Joseph Fouché administered the execution of more than 2,000 people. The Convention ordered that its name be changed to "Liberated City", and a plaque was erected that proclaimed "Lyons made war on Liberty; Lyons no longer exists". A decade later, Napoleon ordered the reconstruction of all the buildings demolished during that period.

The Convention was not the only target within Lyon during the French Revolution. After the National Convention faded into history, the French Directory appeared and days after the September 4, 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor, a Directory's commissioner was assassinated in Lyon.

The city became an important industrial town in the 19th century. In 1831 and 1834, the canuts (silk workers) of Lyon staged two major uprisings for better working conditions and pay. In 1862, the first of Lyon's extensive network of funicular railways began operation.

During World War II, Lyon was a centre for the occupying Nazi forces, including Klaus Barbie, the infamous "Butcher of Lyon". However, the city was also a stronghold of the French Resistance, the many secret passages known as traboules, enabled people to escape Gestapo raids. On 3 September 1944, Lyon was liberated by the 1st Free French Division and the Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur. The city is now home to a Resistance museum.[22][23]

Geography
The Saône river in Lyon

The Rhône and Saône converge to the south of the historic city centre, forming a peninsula – the "Presqu'île" – bounded by two large hills to the west and north and a large plain eastward. Place Bellecour is located on the Presqu'île between the two rivers and is the third-largest public square in France. The broad, pedestrian-only Rue de la République leads north from Place Bellecour.

The northern hill is La Croix-Rousse, known as "the hill that works" because it is traditionally home to many small silk workshops, an industry for which the city has long been renowned.[24]

The western hill is Fourvière, known as "the hill that prays" because it is the location for Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière, several convents, and Archbishop residence. The district, Vieux Lyon, also hosts the Tour métallique (a highly visible TV tower, replicating the last stage of the Eiffel Tower) and one of the city's funicular railways.[25] Fourvière, along with portions of the Presqu'île and much of La Croix-Rousse, is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site.[26]

East of the Rhône from the Presqu'île is a large flat area upon which sits much of modern Lyon and contains most of the city's population. Situated in this area is La Part-Dieu urban centre, which clusters the landmark structures Tour Part-Dieu, Tour Oxygène, and Tour Swiss Life, as well as the city's primary railway station, Gare de Lyon-Part-Dieu.

North of this district lays the sixth arrondissement, which is home to one of Europe's largest urban parks, the Parc de la Tête d'or, as well as Lycée du Parc and Interpol's world headquarters.

Panorama of the inner city of Lyon, taken from the basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière's roof

Climate

Lyon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa), bordering on an oceanic climate (Cfb) due to the higher average temperature being around 22 °C.[27] But in modified classifications such as that of Trewartha, France's third largest city has an oceanic climate (Do). The mean temperature in Lyon in the coldest month is 3.2 °C (37.8 °F) in January and in the warmest month in July is 22 °C (71.6 °F). Precipitation is adequate year-round, at an average of 830 mm (32.7 in), but the winter months are the driest. The highest recorded temperature was 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) on 13 August 2003 while the lowest recorded temperature was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 22 December 1938.[28]

Climate data for Lyon (LYN), elevation: 197 m (646 ft), 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1920–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4)		 21.9
(71.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 30.1
(86.2)		 34.2
(93.6)		 38.4
(101.1)		 40.4
(104.7)		 40.5
(104.9)		 35.8
(96.4)		 28.4
(83.1)		 23.0
(73.4)		 20.2
(68.4)		 40.5
(104.9)
Average high °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5)		 8.4
(47.1)		 13.0
(55.4)		 16.3
(61.3)		 20.8
(69.4)		 24.6
(76.3)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.2
(81.0)		 22.7
(72.9)		 17.4
(63.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 7.1
(44.8)		 16.9
(62.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)		 4.8
(40.6)		 8.4
(47.1)		 11.4
(52.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 19.4
(66.9)		 22.1
(71.8)		 21.6
(70.9)		 17.6
(63.7)		 13.4
(56.1)		 7.5
(45.5)		 4.3
(39.7)		 12.5
(54.5)
Average low °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5)		 1.1
(34.0)		 3.8
(38.8)		 6.5
(43.7)		 10.7
(51.3)		 14.1
(57.4)		 16.6
(61.9)		 16.0
(60.8)		 12.5
(54.5)		 9.3
(48.7)		 4.3
(39.7)		 1.6
(34.9)		 8.1
(46.6)
Record low °C (°F) −23.0
(−9.4)		 −22.5
(−8.5)		 −10.5
(13.1)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −3.8
(25.2)		 2.3
(36.1)		 6.1
(43.0)		 4.6
(40.3)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −9.4
(15.1)		 −24.6
(−12.3)		 −24.6
(−12.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 47.2
(1.86)		 44.1
(1.74)		 50.4
(1.98)		 74.9
(2.95)		 90.8
(3.57)		 75.6
(2.98)		 63.7
(2.51)		 62.0
(2.44)		 87.5
(3.44)		 98.6
(3.88)		 81.9
(3.22)		 55.2
(2.17)		 831.9
(32.75)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.0 7.8 8.4 9.3 11.3 8.4 6.9 7.1 7.6 10.2 9.0 9.1 104.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours 73.9 101.2 170.2 190.5 221.4 254.3 283.0 252.7 194.8 129.6 75.9 54.5 2,001.9
Source: Meteo France,[29][30]

Administration
Main article: Arrondissements of Lyon
Map of the City of Lyon divided into 9 arrondissements
Map of the Metropolis of Lyon (the city of Lyon is in red)

Like Paris and Marseille, the city of Lyon is divided into a number of municipal arrondissements, each of which is identified by a number and has its own council and town hall. Five arrondissements were originally created in 1852, when three neighbouring communes (La Croix-Rousse, La Guillotière, and Vaise) were annexed by Lyon. Between 1867 and 1959, the third arrondissement (which originally covered the whole of the Left Bank of the Rhône) was split three times, creating a new arrondissement in each case. Then, in 1963, the commune of Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe was annexed to Lyon's fifth arrondissement. A year later, in 1964, the fifth was split to create Lyon's 9th – and, to date, final – arrondissement. Within each arrondissement, the recognisable quartiers or neighbourhoods are:

Geographically, Lyon's two main rivers, the Saône and the Rhône, divide the arrondissements into three groups:

  • To the west of the Saône, the fifth arrondissement covers the old city (Vieux Lyon), Fourvière hill and the plateau beyond. The 9th is immediately to the north, and stretches from Gorge de Loup, through Vaise to the neighbouring suburbs of Écully, Champagne-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Didier-au-Mont-d'Or, Saint-Cyr-au-Mont-d'Or and Collonges-au-Mont-d'Or.
  • Between the two rivers, on the Presqu'île, are the second, first, and fourth arrondissements. The second includes most of the city centre, Bellecour and Perrache railway station, and reaches as far as the confluence of the two rivers. The first is directly to the north of the second and covers part of the city centre (including the Hôtel de Ville) and the slopes of La Croix-Rousse. To the north of the Boulevard is the fourth arrondissement, which covers the Plateau of La Croix-Rousse, up to its boundary with the commune of Caluire-et-Cuire.
  • To the east of the Rhône, are the third, sixth, seventh, and eighth arrondissements.

Mayors
The lion, symbol of the city, on display at Maison des avocats
Mayor Term start Term end   Party
Antoine Gailleton 1881 1900
Victor Augagneur 1900 30 October 1905 PRS
Édouard Herriot 30 October 1905 20 September 1940 Radical
Georges Cohendy 20 September 1940 1941 Nominated and dismissed by Vichy
Georges Villiers 1941 1942 Nominated and dismissed by Vichy
Pierre-Louis-André Bertrand 1942 1944 Nominated by Vichy
Justin Godart 1944 18 May 1945 Radical
Édouard Herriot 18 May 1945 26 March 1957 Radical
Pierre Montel, ad interim 26 March 1957 14 April 1957 Radical
Louis Pradel 14 April 1957 27 November 1976 DVD
Armand Tapernoux, ad interim 27 November 1976 5 December 1976 DVD
Francisque Collomb 5 December 1976 24 March 1989 DVD
Michel Noir 24 March 1989 25 June 1995 RPR
Raymond Barre 25 June 1995 25 March 2001 DVD
Gérard Collomb 25 March 2001 17 July 2017 PS
Georges Képénékian 17 July 2017 5 November 2018 LREM
Gérard Collomb 5 November 2018 Incumbent LREM

Main sights

Antiquity

Middle Ages and Renaissance
  • Cathedral of St. John, a medieval church with architectural elements of the 13th, 14th and 15th centuries, also the principal religious structure in the city and the seat of the Archbishop of Lyon;
  • Basilica of St-Martin-d'Ainay, one of the rare surviving Romanesque basilica-style churches in Lyon;
  • Église Saint-Paul, Romanesque (12th and 13th century) and Gothic (15th–16th century) church;
  • Église Saint-Bonaventure, 14th- and 15th-century Gothic church;
  • Église Saint-Nizier, Gothic church from the 15th century, having a doorway carved in the 16th century by Philibert Delorme;
  • Vieux Lyon (English: Old Lyon) area, Medieval and Renaissance quarter of the town, with shops, dining and cobbled streets;
  • The many Renaissance hôtels particuliers of the Old Lyon quarter, such as the Hôtel de Bullioud, were also built by Philibert Delorme.

17th and 18th centuries

19th century and modern city

Museums
  • Musée des beaux-arts de Lyon (Fine Arts Museum), main museum of the city and one of the largest art galleries in France. Housed in the "Palais Saint Pierre", a former 17th-century convent, it displays a major collection of paintings by artists (including Tintoretto; Paolo Veronese; Nicolas Poussin; Rubens; Rembrandt; Zurbaran; Canaletto; Delacroix; Monet; Gauguin; Van Gogh; Cézanne; Matisse; Picasso; Francis Bacon...); collections of sculptures, drawings and printings, decorative arts, Roman and Greek antiquities; the second largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in France after that of the Louvre; and a medal cabinet of 50.000 medals and coins.
  • The Gallo-Roman Museum displaying many valuable objects and artworks found on the site of Roman Lyon (Lugdunum) such as Circus Games Mosaic, Coligny calendar and the Taurobolic Altar;
  • Centre d'histoire de la résistance et de la déportation;
  • Musée des Confluences, new museum of sciences and anthropology which opened its doors on 20 December 2014.
  • La Sucrière, contemporary art centre;
  • Hôtel-Dieu de Lyon houses the "Musée des Hospices Civils", a permanent exhibit tracing the history and practice of medicine from the Middle Ages to modern times;
  • Musée des Tissus et des Arts décoratifs, decorative arts and textile museum. It holds one of the world's largest textile collections with 2,500,000 works;
  • Musée d'art contemporain de Lyon, contemporary art museum;
  • Musée de L'imprimerie, printing museum;
  • Musée Gadagne, museum of the history of Lyon housed in a historic building in Vieux Lyon. Also includes a large collection of marionettes;
  • Musée des Automates, museum of automated puppets in Vieux Lyon, open since 1991.
  • Musée Miniature & Cinéma, museum featuring miniature movie sets, movie props, and special effects.[34]

Parks and gardens
Main article: Parks in Lyon
The lake in the Parc de la Tête d'or
  • Parc de la Tête d'or, (literally, Golden Head Park), in central Lyon is the largest urban park in France at 117 hectares. Located in the 6th arrondissement, it features a large lake on which boating takes place during the summer months.
  • Jardin botanique de Lyon (8 hectares), included in the Parc de la Tête d'Or, is a municipal botanical garden and is open weekdays without charge. The garden was established in 1857 as a successor to earlier botanical gardens dating to 1796, and now describes itself as France's largest municipal botanical garden.
  • Parc de Gerland, in the south of the city (80 hectares);
  • Parc des hauteurs, in Fourvières;
  • Parc de Miribel-Jonage (2200 hectares);
  • Parc de Lacroix-Laval (115 hectares);
  • Parc de Parilly (178 hectares).

Economy
La Part-Dieu, the city's central business district

The GDP of Lyon was 74 billion euro in 2012,[35] making it the second richest city in France after Paris. Lyon and its region Rhône-Alpes represent one of the most important economies in Europe and, according to Loughborough University, can be compared to Philadelphia, Mumbai or Athens with regard to its international position. The city of Lyon is working in partnership to more easily enable the establishment of new headquarters in the territory (ADERLY, Chambre du commerce et d'industrie, Grand Lyon...). High-tech industries such as biotechnology, software development, video game (Arkane Studios, Ivory Tower, Eden Games, EA France, Bandai Namco Entertainment Europe), and internet services are also growing. Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Lyon is home to the P4-Inserm–ean Merieux Laboratory which conducts top-level vaccine research.[36]

The city is home to the headquarters of many large companies such as Groupe SEB, Sanofi Pasteur, Renault Trucks, Norbert Dentressangle, LCL S.A., Descours & Cabaud, Merial, Point S, BioMérieux, Iveco Bus, Compagnie Nationale du Rhône, GL Events, April Group, Boiron, Feu Vert, Panzani, Babolat, Euronews, Lyon Airports, LVL Medical, and inter-governmental agencies IARC, Interpol. The specialisation of some sectors of activities has led to the creation of many main business centres: La Part-Dieu, located in the 3rd arrondissement is the second biggest business quarter after La Défense in Paris with over 1,600,000 m2 (17,222,256.67 sq ft) of office space and services and more than 55,000 jobs.[37] Cité Internationale, created by the architect Renzo Piano is located in the border of the Parc de la Tête d'Or in the 6th arrondissement. The worldwide headquarters of Interpol is located there. The district of Confluence, in the south of the historic centre, is a new pole of economical and cultural development.

Tourism is an important part of the Lyon economy, with one billion euros in 2007 and 3.5 million hotel-nights in 2006 provided by non-residents. Approximately 60% of tourists visit for business, with the rest for leisure. In January 2009, Lyon ranked first in France for hostels business. The festivals most important for attracting tourists are the Fête des lumières, the Nuits de Fourvière every summer, the Biennale d'art contemporain and the Nuits Sonores.

Culture
Historic Site of Lyon
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Basilica Notre-Dame de Fourvière
CriteriaCultural: (ii)(iv)
Reference872
Inscription1998 (22nd session)
Area427 ha (1,060 acres)
Buffer zone323 ha (800 acres)

Since the Middle Ages, the region residents have spoken several dialects of Franco-Provençal. The Lyonnais dialect was replaced by the French language as the importance of the city grew. However some "frenchified" Franco-Provençal words can also be heard in the French of the Lyonnais, who call their little boys and girls "gones" and "fenottes" for example.[38]

  • The Lumière brothers pioneered cinema in the town in 1895. The Institut Lumière, built as Auguste Lumiere's house, and a fascinating piece of architecture in its own right, holds many of their first inventions and other early cinematic and photographic artifacts.
  • 8 December each year is marked by the Festival of Lights (la Fête des lumières), a celebration of thanks to the Virgin Mary, who purportedly saved the city from a deadly plague in the Middle Ages. During the event, the local population places candles (lumignons) at their windows and the city of Lyon organizes impressive large-scale light shows onto the sides of important Lyonnais monuments, such as the medieval Cathédrale St-Jean.
  • The Saint Francis of Sales church is famous for its large and unaltered Cavaillé-Coll pipe organ, attracting audiences from around the world.
  • The Opéra Nouvel (New Opera House) is the home of the Opéra National de Lyon. The original opera house was re-designed by the distinguished French architect Jean Nouvel between 1985 and 1993 and is named after him.
  • Lyon is also the French capital of "trompe l'œil" walls, a very ancient tradition. Many are to be seen around the city. This old tradition is now finding a contemporary expression, for example in the art of Guillaume Bottazzi.[39][40]
  • The Brothers of the Sacred Heart, a Roman Catholic congregation that operates schools in Europe and North America, was founded in Lyon in 1821.
  • The African Museum of Lyon is one of the oldest museums situated in Lyon.[41]
  • The Museum of Resistance and Deportation looks at the various individuals prominent in the Resistance movement in World War II. The building is strongly linked to Klaus Barbie. Lyon sees itself as the center of the French resistance and many members were shot in Place Bellecour in the town center. The exhibition is largely a series of mini-biographies of those involved.
  • The unusual project Lyon Dubai City, a reproduction of some districts of Lyon in Dubai, is a major point for tourism in Lyon.
  • Lyon is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission Intercultural cities program.

UNESCO World Heritage Site

The Historic Site of Lyon was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. In its designation, UNESCO cited the "exceptional testimony to the continuity of urban settlement over more than two millennia on a site of great commercial and strategic significance."[42] The specific regions comprising the Historic Site include the Roman district and Fourvière, the Renaissance district (Vieux Lyon), the silk district (slopes of Croix-Rousse), and the Presqu'île, which features architecture from the 12th century to modern times.[43] Both Vieux Lyon and the slopes of Croix-Rousse are known for their narrow passageways (named traboules) that pass through buildings and link streets on either side. The first examples of traboules are thought to have been built in Lyon in the 4th century.[44] The traboules allowed the inhabitants to get from their homes to the Saône quickly and allowed the canuts on the Croix-Rousse hill to get from their workshops to the textile merchants at the foot of the hill.

Gastronomy
Main article: Lyonnaise cuisine
Lyonnaise potatoes

Lyon has a long and chronicled culinary arts tradition. The noted food critic Curnonsky referred to the city as "the gastronomic capital of the world",[45] a claim repeated by later writers such as Bill Buford.[46] Renowned 3-star Michelin chefs such as Marie Bourgeois[47] and Eugénie Brazier[48] developed Lyonnaise cuisine into a national phenomenon favoured by the French elite; a tradition which Paul Bocuse later turned into a worldwide success.[49]

The bouchon is a traditional Lyonnais restaurant that serves local fare such as sausages, duck pâté or roast pork, along with local wines. Two of France's best known wine-growing regions are located near the city: the Beaujolais region to the north and the Côtes du Rhône region to the south. Another Lyon tradition is a type of brunch food called "mâchons", made of local charcuterie and usually accompanied by Beaujolais red wine. Mâchons were the customary meal of the canuts, the city's silk workers, who ate a late-morning meal after they finished their shifts in the factories.[50]

Other traditional local dishes include coq au vin; quenelle; gras double; salade lyonnaise (lettuce with bacon, croûtons and a poached egg); and the sausage-based rosette lyonnaise and andouillette. Popular local confections include marron glacé and coussin de Lyon. Cervelle de canut (literally, "silk worker's brains") is a cheese spread/dip made of a base of fromage blanc, seasoned with chopped herbs, shallots, salt, pepper, olive oil and vinegar.

More recently, the french tacos was invented in Lyon suburbs in the early 2000s and is now worldwide famous.

Sport
Parc Olympique Lyonnais

Lyon is home to the football club Olympique Lyonnais (OL), whose men's team plays in Ligue 1 and has won the championship of that competition seven times, all consecutively from 2002 to 2008).[51] OL played until December 2015 at the 43,000-seat Stade de Gerland, which also hosted matches of the 1998 FIFA World Cup. Since 2016, the team has played at the Parc Olympique Lyonnais, a 59,000-seat stadium located in the eastern suburb of Décines-Charpieu.[52] OL operates a women's team, Olympique Lyonnais Féminin, which competes in and dominates Division 1 Féminine. They are on a streak of 13 top-flight championships (2007–present), and additionally claim the four titles won by the original incarnation of FC Lyon, a women's football club that merged into OL in 2004 (the current FC Lyon was founded in 2009). The OL women have also won the UEFA Women's Champions League six times, including the two most recent editions in 2018 and 2019. Lyon will host the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup Semi-Finals as well as the 7 July Final at Stade de Lyon.

Stade de Gerland

Lyon has a rugby union team, Lyon OU, in the Top 14, which moved into Stade de Gerland full-time in 2017–18. In addition, Lyon has a rugby league side called Lyon Villeurbanne that plays in the French rugby league championship. The club's home is the Stade Georges Lyvet in Villeurbanne.

Lyon is also home to the Lyon Hockey Club, an ice hockey team that competes in France's national ice hockey league. The Patinoire Charlemagne is the seat of Club des Sports de Glace de Lyon, the club of Olympic ice dancing champions Marina Anissina and Gwendal Peizerat, and world champions Isabelle Delobel and Olivier Shoenfelder.[53] Lyon-Villeurbanne also has a basketball team, ASVEL, that plays at the Astroballe arena.

Street art

Since 2000, Birdy Kids, a group of graffiti artists from the city, has decorated several random buildings and walls along the Lyon ring road. In 2012, the artist collective has been chosen to represent the city as its cultural ambassadors.[54]

Demographics

The population of the city of Lyon proper was 491,268 at the January 2011 census,[10] 14% of whom were born outside Metropolitan France.[55]


Education

Universities and tertiary education
Lumière University
Jean Moulin University
IPSA Lyon Campus

Primary and secondary schools

There are some international private schools in the Lyon area, including:

Supplementary education

Other Japanese supplementary schools:

  • The Association Pour le Developpement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises (ADLCJ; リヨン補習授業校 Riyon Hoshū Jugyō Kō) is held in the Maison Berty Albrecht in Villeurbanne, near Lyon.[56] It was formed in 1987.[57] It serves Japanese expatriate children who wish to continue their Japanese education whilst abroad.

Transport
Further information: Lyon Metro, Lyon tramway, Trolleybuses in Lyon, Buses in Lyon, Transport in Rhône-Alpes, and TER Rhône Alpes
Network of highways around Lyon

Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport, located east of Lyon, serves as a base for domestic and international flights. It is a key transport facility for the entire Rhône-Alpes region, with coach links to other cities in the area. The in-house train station Gare de Lyon Saint-Exupéry connects the airport to the nationwide TGV network. The Rhônexpress tram monopoly links the airport with the business quarter of La Part Dieu in less than 30 minutes, and offers connections with Underground A & B, Tramway T1, T3 & T4, and bus lines. Lyon public transport Sytral offers a bus service, Route 47, that links the airport to Meyzieu[58] where passengers can change onto Tram T3. The regular price of public transport is €1.90, as opposed to €15 one way for the Rhonexpress. In the suburb of Bron, the smaller Lyon-Bron Airport provides an alternative for domestic aviation.

Lyon has two major railway stations: Lyon Part-Dieu, which was built to accommodate the TGV, and Lyon Perrache, an older station that now provides mostly regional service. Smaller railway stations include Gorge-de-Loup, Vaise, Vénissieux, Saint-Paul and Jean Macé. Lyon was the first city to be connected to Paris by the TGV in 1981. Since that time the TGV train network has expanded and links Lyon directly to Perpignan, Toulouse, Nice, Marseille, Strasbourg, Nantes and Lille. International trains operate directly to Madrid, Barcelona, Milan, Turin, Geneva, Frankfurt, Luxembourg, Brussels and London.

The city is at the heart of a dense road network and is located at the meeting point of several highways: A6 (to Paris); A7 (to Marseille); A42 (to Geneva); and A43 (to Grenoble). The city is now bypassed by the A46. A double motorway tunnel passes under Fourvière, connecting the A6 and the A7 autoroutes, both forming the "Autoroute du Soleil".

Lyon is served by the Eurolines intercity coach organisation. Its Lyon terminal is located at the city's Perrache railway station, which serves as an intermodal transportation hub for tramways, local and regional trains and buses, the terminus of Metro line A, of the Tramway T2, the bicycle service Vélo'v, and taxis.

Public transport map

The Transports en commun lyonnais (TCL), Lyon's public transit system, consisting of metro, tramways and buses, serves 62 communes of the Lyon metropolis. The metro network has four lines ( A   B   C   D ), 42 stations, and runs with a frequency of up to a train every 2 minutes. There are five Lyon tram lines ( T1  T2  T3  T4  T5) since April 2009: T1 from Debourg in the south to IUT-Feyssine in the north, Tram T2 from Perrache railway station to Saint-Priest in the south-east, Tram T3 from Part-Dieu to Meyzieu, Tram T4 from 'Hôptial Feyzin Venissieux' to Gaston Berger. Tram T5 from Grange Blanche, in the south-east to Eurexpo in the south-wast. The Lyon bus network consists of the Lyon trolleybus system, motorbuses, and coaches for areas outside the centre. There are also two funicular lines from Vieux Lyon to Saint-Just and Fourvière. The ticketing system is relatively simple as the city has only one public transport operator, the SYTRAL.

The public transit system has been complemented since 2005 by Vélo'v, a bicycle network providing a low-cost service where bicycles can be hired and returned at any of 340 stations throughout the city. Borrowing a bicycle for less than 30 minutes is free. Free rental time can be extended for another 30 minutes at any station. Lyon was the first city in France to introduce this bicycle renting system. In 2011 the Auto'lib car rental service was introduced; it works much the same way as the Velo'v but for cars.

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lyon on a weekday is 45 minutes. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 11 min, while 17% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.7 km, while 4% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[59]

International relations

Lyon is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission "Intercultural cities" program.[60]

Twin towns - sister cities
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Lyon is twinned with:[61]

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gollark: Worded what?
gollark: With stock limit, you'd end up with people stalking the market constantly getting a significant advantage, but casual players not being able to, and them probably selling out in minutes.
gollark: Stock-limited prizes? Even more ***utterly stupid***.
gollark: Hmm...

See also

Notes
  1. A war cry from 1269, spelt in modern Franco-Provençal as Avant, Avant, Liyon lo mèlyor.
  2. Quote from a letter of Cicero to Lucius Munatius Plancus, founder of the city.[1]
  3. Traditionally spelled in English Lyons and in this case alternatively pronounced /ˈlaɪənz/.[8][9]

References
  1. "Cicero". Epistulae ad familiares, X.3. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TPnpdE9IA-w
  3. "Populations légales 2017". INSEE. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
  4. "Dossier complet - Aire urbaine de Lyon". INSEE. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  5. Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  6. "Lyons". Oxford Dictionaries UK Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  7. Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  8. "Lyon". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  9. "Lyons". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
  10. "Séries historiques des résultats du recensement – Commune de Lyon (69123)". INSEE.
  11. "Lyon entrepreneurship, Lyon company, Invest Lyon – Greater Lyon". Business.greaterlyon.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
  12. "The World According to GaWC 2018".
  13. https://mobilityexchange.mercer.com/Insights/quality-of-living-rankings
  14. Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book 46: Lepidus and Lucius Plancus [...] founded the town called Lugudunum, now known as Lugdunum
  15. Louis, Jaucourt de chevalier (1765). Lyon. hdl:2027/spo.did2222.0000.159.
  16. Lugduno – desiderato monte: dunum enim montem Lugduno: "mountain of yearning"; dunum of course is mountain. www.maryjones.us/ctexts/endlicher_glossary.html
  17. Patrick Boucheron, et al., eds. France in the World: A New Global History (2019) pp 63-68.
  18. "Saint Irenaeus". Sanctoral.com. Magnificat.
  19. "2847-Primat des Gaules". France-catholique.fr. 13 September 2002.
  20. Braudel 1984 p. 327
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  23. Cosgrove, Michael (4 June 2009). "Lyon: The Resistance and Deportation Museum". Digitaljournal.com.
  24. (in French) Georges Duby (ed), Histoire de la France : Dynasties et révolutions, de 1348 à 1852 (vol. 2), Larousse, 1999 p. 53 ISBN 2-03-505047-2
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  27. Gregory, Stanley. “Climatic Classification and Climatic Change (Klimaklassifikation Und Klimaänderung).” Erdkunde, vol. 8, no. 4, 1954, pp. 246–252. JSTOR.
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  31. "Lyon–Bron (07480) - WMO Weather Station". NOAA. Retrieved 8 February 2019. Archived February 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
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  33. "St-Irénée – France". sacred-destinations.com.
  34. https://www.museeminiatureetcinema.fr/en/
  35. www.lyon-business.org. "Chiffres-clés Lyon & sa région" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2010.
  36. "Le laboratoire P4, ménagerie virale". Le Monde. France. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
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  38. Jean-Baptiste Onofrio : Essai d'un glossaire des patois de Lyonnais, Forez et Beaujolais, Lyon 1864
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  40. "Bottazzi fait le mur". Brefonline.Com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
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  45. Curnonsky, Marcel E. Grancher (1935). Lyon, capitale mondiale de la gastronomie. Editions Lugdunum. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  46. Buford, Bill (12 February 2011). "Why Lyon is food capital of the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  47. "Priay Il y a 80 ans " La mère Bourgeois " obtenait 3 étoiles". leprogres.fr. Le Progres. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  48. "Histoire de la gastronomie 2/4". franceculture.fr. Radio France. Archived from the original on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  49. Gaudry, François-Régis. "Paul Bocuse: derniers secrets du "pape" de la gastronomie française". lexpress.fr. Groupe Express-Roularta. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  50. "Cuisine et boissons Lyon et ses environs". routard.com. Cyberterre / Hachette tourisme. Retrieved 30 July 2015.
  51. "Avant d'être une compétition, le Trophée des champions est une vitrine pour la Ligue 1". webfootballclub.fr. Web Football Club. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  52. Joly, Maxime. "Le Grand Stade de Lyon pourrait rapporter 70 millions d'euros par an à l'OL". lefigaro.fr. Le Figaro. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
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  57. Home page. Association Pour le Developpement de la Langue et de la Culture Japonaises. Retrieved on 12 May 2006.
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  61. "Jumelage". economie.grandlyon.com (in French). Grand Lyon économie. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  62. "World Trade Center Saint Louis". worldtradecenter-stl.com. World Trade Center Saint Louis. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
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