Aveyron

Aveyron (French: [avɛʁɔ̃] (listen); Occitan: Avairon; [aβajˈɾu]) is a department located in Occitanie region of Southern France. Named after the Aveyron River, it had a population of 278,697 in 2016. Its inhabitants are known as Aveyronnais or Aveyronnaises in French.[1] The inhabitants of Rodez are called Ruthénois, based on the first Celtic settlers in the area, the Ruteni.

This article is about the French department. For other uses, see Aveyron (disambiguation).

Aveyron

Avairon  (Occitan)
Department of France
From top down, left to right: Conques, prefecture building in Rodez, Castle of Belcastel, Aveyron River in Villefranche-de-Rouergue and Peyre
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Aveyron in France
Coordinates: 44°15′N 02°42′E
CountryFrance
RegionOccitanie
PrefectureRodez
SubprefecturesMillau
Villefranche-de-Rouergue
Government
 • President of the Departmental CouncilJean-François Galliard (UDI)
Area
 • Total8,735 km2 (3,373 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)
 • Total278,697
 • Rank78th
 • Density32/km2 (83/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number12
Arrondissements3
Cantons23
Communes285
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

History
Ruteni coin, 5th–1st century BCE

Aveyron is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. The first known historical inhabitants of the region were the Rutenii tribe, but the area was inhabited previously to this, boasting many prehistoric ruins including over 1,000 dolmens, more than any other department in France.

Victor of Aveyron in 1800

During the medieval and early modern periods, and until the 1790s, the territory covered by Aveyron was a province known as Rouergue. In 1797, Victor of Aveyron (the Feral child of Aveyron) was found wandering the woods in the area. The story of Victor is told in the film The Wild Child.

In 1817, a local prosecutor, Antoine Bernardin Fualdès, was assassinated. The sordid circumstances of his death, following which his body was found floating in the Aveyron River, led to the matter becoming publicised as a cause célèbre. Recent studies have indicated that he met his end at the initiative of a right-wing royalist organisation known as the Chevaliers de la Foi (Knights of Faith).

Heraldry
Arms of Aveyron
 The Arms of Aveyron are those of the province of Rouergue and are blazoned as follows:

Blazon:
Gules, a lion rampant gardant in Or.

Geography

Aveyron is the centre of a triangle formed by the cities of Toulouse, Clermont-Ferrand, and Montpellier. The department approximately follows the outline of the former province of Rouergue. It is the 5th largest department in metropolitan France in terms of area (8,735 km2 (3,373 sq mi)). Its prefecture is Rodez.

The department comes under the jurisdiction of the Academy of Toulouse and the Montpellier Court of Appeal. The INSEE and Post Code is 12. Aveyron is located in the south of the Massif Central. The highest point in the department is the summit of Le Signal de Mailhebiau at 1469m on the Plateau of Aubrac. The Aveyron department is divided into several natural regions such as the Grand Causses and Rougiers.

Aveyron department consists of an ancient high rocky plateau of great geological diversity. The Truyère, Lot, Aveyron, and Tarn rivers have carved a lot of deep gorges. The department is surrounded by the departments of Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne, Lot, Hérault, Gard, Lozère and Cantal. The Lac de Villefranche-de-Panat is used as a reservoir to provide drinking water supplies for the region.

Climate
Town Sunshine

(hours/yr)		 Rain

(mm/yr)		Snow

(days/yr)		Storm

(days/yr)		Fog

(days/yr)
National Average 1,973770142240
Millau[3] 2,146732252559
Paris 1,661637121810
Nice 2,7247671291
Strasbourg 1,693665292956
Brest 1,6051,21171275
Climate data for Millau
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.6
(63.7)		 21.8
(71.2)		 23.9
(75.0)		 27.0
(80.6)		 29.2
(84.6)		 35.1
(95.2)		 37.5
(99.5)		 38.0
(100.4)		 34.1
(93.4)		 28.9
(84.0)		 23.9
(75.0)		 19.1
(66.4)		 38.0
(100.4)
Average high °C (°F) 6.1
(43.0)		 7.3
(45.1)		 10.8
(51.4)		 13.5
(56.3)		 17.7
(63.9)		 21.9
(71.4)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.1
(77.2)		 20.7
(69.3)		 15.5
(59.9)		 9.7
(49.5)		 6.9
(44.4)		 15.1
(59.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.2
(37.8)		 3.9
(39.0)		 6.7
(44.1)		 9.1
(48.4)		 13.2
(55.8)		 16.9
(62.4)		 19.9
(67.8)		 19.6
(67.3)		 15.9
(60.6)		 11.9
(53.4)		 6.7
(44.1)		 4.0
(39.2)		 10.9
(51.6)
Average low °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4)		 0.4
(32.7)		 2.6
(36.7)		 4.7
(40.5)		 8.6
(47.5)		 11.9
(53.4)		 14.3
(57.7)		 14.1
(57.4)		 11.1
(52.0)		 8.3
(46.9)		 3.6
(38.5)		 1.1
(34.0)		 6.7
(44.1)
Record low °C (°F) −17.5
(0.5)		 −19.4
(−2.9)		 −12.9
(8.8)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 3.0
(37.4)		 6.0
(42.8)		 4.9
(40.8)		 1.6
(34.9)		 −4.1
(24.6)		 −10.3
(13.5)		 −13.0
(8.6)		 −19.4
(−2.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 55.4
(2.18)		 47.4
(1.87)		 42.5
(1.67)		 69.9
(2.75)		 73.4
(2.89)		 60.5
(2.38)		 39.7
(1.56)		 54.8
(2.16)		 77.7
(3.06)		 79.6
(3.13)		 69.1
(2.72)		 61.6
(2.43)		 731.6
(28.80)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 8.7 7.7 7.9 9.4 8.8 6.7 4.2 5.5 6.8 8.8 9.3 8.8 92.6
Mean monthly sunshine hours 100 115 173 183 218 262 296 261 208 132 100 98 2,146
Source 1: Meteorological data for Millau – 715m altitude, from 1981 to 2010 January 2015
Source 2: Record temperatures for Millau since 1951 January 2015

Demography

In 2010, the department had 276,805 inhabitants. The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through the population censuses conducted in the department since 1793. From the 21st century, a census of municipalities with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger towns that have a sample survey every year.[Note 1]

Population change (See database)
1791 1801 1806 1821 1831 1836 1841 1846 1851
371,835 318,340 331,921 339,422 359,056 370,951 375,083 389,121 394,183
1856 1861 1866 1872 1876 1881 1886 1891 1896
393,890 396,025 400,070 402,474 413,826 415,075 415,826 400,467 389,464
1901 1906 1911 1921 1926 1931 1936 1946 1954
382,074 377,299 369,448 332,940 328,886 323,782 314,682 307,717 292,727
1962 1968 1975 1982 1990 1999 2007 2010 -
290,489 281,568 278,306 278,654 270,141 263,924 274,425 276,805 -

Second homes

According to the general census of the population on 1 January 2008, 17.8% of available housing in the department were second homes.

This table shows the main towns of Aveyron including second homes and occasionally exceed 10% of total housing .

Town Municipal Population Number of Residences Secondary Residences % Secondary Residences
Brusque 314 429 249 58.04%
Nant 920 929 532 57.24%
Saint-Jean-du-Bruel 693 830 469 56.52%
Najac 752 930 503 54.09%
Canet-de-Salars 410 438 226 51.60%
Saint-Chély-d'Aubrac 549 474 215 45.36%
Salles-Curan 1,064 923 415 44.90%
Saint-Laurent-d'Olt 661 545 232 42.49%
Arvieu 861 635 269 42.36%
Broquiès 644 524 209 39.94%
Brommat 710 613 231 37.68%
Saint-Geniez-d'Olt 2,034 1,596 580 36.37%
Villefranche-de-Panat 778 600 217 36.17%
Laguiole 1,269 1,063 377 35.48%
Saint-Rome-de-Tarn 845 605 207 34.14%
Camarès 975 756 252 33.27%
Sainte-Geneviève-sur-Argence 1,011 732 214 29.26%
Entraygues-sur-Truyère 1,171 862 224 25.96%
Cransac 1,681 1,357 310 22.84%
Salles-la-Source 2,028 1,029 210 20.40%
Sévérac-le-Château 2,395 1,521 303 19.93%
Bozouls 2,772 1,433 227 15.84%
Espalion 4,477 2,925 413 14.14%
Saint-Affrique 8,112 4,609 480 10.41%

Politics

Departmental Council

The Department Council of Aveyron has 46 seats. The President of the Departmental Council has been Jean-François Galliard of the Union of Democrats and Independents (UDI) since 2017.

PartySeats
• The Republicans
Union of Democrats and Independents		30
Socialist Party10
Radical Party of the Left5
Independent1

Members of the National Assembly

Following the 2017 legislative election, Aveyron elected the following representatives to the National Assembly:

ConstituencyMember[4]Party
Aveyron's 1st constituency Stéphane Mazars La République En Marche!
Aveyron's 2nd constituency Anne Blanc La République En Marche!
Aveyron's 3rd constituency Arnaud Viala The Republicans

Culture

Regional sub-dialect

The regional sub-dialect spoken in Aveyron is a form of Languedoc Occitan called Rouergat. Faced with the risk of disappearance of the language several associations asked the State and political communities for an ambitious language policy.[5] In Rouergat, Aveyron is written:

  • Avairon (traditional Occitan spelling) – e.g. "Roergue forma lo despartament de l'Avairon"
  • Oboyróu (spelling of Father Vayssier) – e.g. "Rouergue fouórmo lou desportomén de l'Oboyróu"

Tourism
The Millau Viaduct is the tallest bridge in the world

Aveyron contains a part of the Cévennes National Park. Tourist attractions include the castle of Najac, a medieval ruin perched high on a hill, and other castles and monasteries such as Conques Abbey, Sylvanès Abbey, Bonneval Abbey and Loc-Dieu Abbey, located near Martiel in a region with many dolmens. The small city of Millau is the site of the world's tallest bridge, the Millau viaduct, opened by President Chirac in December 2004.

Activities include horseriding, fishing, swimming in the Lacs du Lévézou and hiking/camping. The inhabitants are also very good craftsmen, and Aveyron is full of various craft objects, handmade, that can be found locally. Examples include the couteau de Laguiole, the world famous Roquefort cheese, from the village of the same name and other local produce. Markets take place every Saturday on market places around the region.

Saint-Sernin-sur-Rance is the commune where the feral child Victor of Aveyron was found in the late 18th century.

Les Plus Beaux Villages de France

Ten towns in Aveyron fall within the classification of a 1901 association Les Plus Beaux Villages de France:

Other tourist spots

Societies
  • Central Agricultural Society of Aveyron, founded in 1798
  • Society of letters, sciences and arts of Aveyron, founded in 1836

Notable people linked to the department
  • Déodat Alaus, master mason of the 15th century, builder of the city ramparts of the Templars and Hospitallers city of Larzac
  • Ambrose Crozot, painter, born in Rodez at the end of the 17th century
  • Denis Auguste Affre, Archbishop of Paris (1793–1848)
  • Georges d'Armagnac, Bishop of Avignon, cardinal and Bishop of Rodez (died in 1585)
  • Marie–Auguste de Balsac, high functionary
  • Louis Balsan, archaeologist, caver, one of the last great disciples of Martel (1903–1988)
  • Adolphe de Barrau, naturalist (1803–1884)
  • Hippolyte de Barrau, founder of the Society of Letters, scholar (1794–1863)
  • Justin Bessou, Occitan poet (1845–1918)
  • Adolphe Boisse, engineer and politician (1810–1896)
  • Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, philosopher (1754–1840)
  • Louis-Jacques Maurice de Bonald, bishop (1787–1870)
  • Émile Borel, mathematician (1871–1956)
  • José Bové, anti-globalizationist, MEP since 2009, farmer, activist and former spokesman of French farmers union Confédération paysanne, peasant in the cause of Larzac (1953 -)
  • Michel Bras (1946 -), chef.
  • Jean Carrier, clergyman of the 15th century, the last supporter and successor of the Antipope Benedict XIII under the name of Benedict XIV
  • Edouard de Castelnau, General (1851–1944)
  • Marc Cenci, former president of the Regional Council of Midi-Pyrénées, former mayor of Rodez (1936 -)
  • Hippolyte Coste, botanist (1858–1924)
  • Jean-Louis Cromières, artisan farmer who "revived" the Laguiole knife
  • François d'Estaing, Bishop of Rodez (1501–1529)
  • François Fabié, poet (1846–1926)
  • Jean-Henri Fabre, French entomologist and writer (1823–1915)
  • Robert Fabre, founder of the Movement of Radicals of the left, Ombudsman (1915–2006)
  • Maurice Fenaille, patron (1855–1937)
  • Denis-Luc Frayssinous, bishop and tutor of the Dauphin
  • Antoine Bernardin Fualdes, prosecutor, assassinated (1761–1817)
  • Gustave Garrigou, winner of the Tour de France in 1911, born in Vabre-Tizac
  • Alexandre Geniez, racing cyclist
  • Charles Girou de Buzareingues, agronomist and philosopher
  • Jacques d'Izarn Valady, officer, deputy, shot (1766–1793)
  • Guy Lacombe, football coach (1955–)
  • Amédée-Jean-Baptiste Latieule, Bishop of Vannes (1838–1903)
  • Jean-Claude Luche, Chairman of the General Council of Aveyron
  • Cardinal Marty, Archbishop of Paris (1904–1994)
  • Amans-Alexis Monteil, historian (1769–1850)
  • Antoine de Morlhon, bishop (1753–1828)
  • Auguste de Morlhon, bishop (1799–1862)
  • Alain Peyrefitte, writer, minister, member of the Académie française (1925–1999)
  • Pierre Poujade, politician, was born and lived in Labastide l'Evêque
  • Denys Puech, sculptor, director of the Villa Medicis (1854–1942)
  • Jean Puech, former President of the General Council of Aveyron, Senator, and former minister (1942 -)
  • Jacques Puel, Ruthénois physician specializing in cardiothoracic surgery (1949–2008)
  • Guillaume-Thomas Raynal, historian, philosopher (1713–1796)
  • Emilie de Rodat, founder of the congregation of the Sisters of the Holy Family of Villefranche (1787–1852)
  • Richard Sainct, motorcycle rider (1970–2004)
  • Pierre Frédéric Sarrus, mathematician (1798–1861)
  • Pierre Soulages, Painter (1919–)
  • Jean Verdier, Cardinal Archbishop of Paris (1864–1940)
  • Eugène Viala, painter, poet (1859–1913)
  • Auguste Denayrouze, Scientist, Inventor, writer (1837–1883)
  • Gaëtan Roussel, songwriter (1972–)
  • Father Aimé Vayssier, ecclesiastical bachelor of letters, author of the French patois dictionary of the department of Aveyron (1821–1875)
  • Dom Pierre Guérin, ecclesiastic from Nantes, Rouergat poet (1608–1698)
  • Jules Merviel, cyclist active in the 1930s, born in Saint-Beauzély (1906–1976)
  • Bertrand Delanoe, French politician and Mayor of Paris (1950–)
  • Cyril Lignac, French chef and TV host
  • Jean Boudou, Occitan writer born in Crespin (home of Joan Bodon)
  • Bernard Laporte, rugby coach (1964–)
  • Francis Poulenc, Composer (1899–1963)

Bibliography
  • Encyclopedia Bonneton, Aveyron, Christine Bonneton, 2005 (in French)
  • Jean-Michel Cosson, Dictionary of Aveyron, Loubatières, ISBN 2-86266-471-5 (in French)
  • Daniel Crozes, The Guide to Aveyron, Éditions du Rouergue, ISBN 2-84156-541-6 (in French)
  • Aue/Miche, Aveyron (Discovered), MSM, ISBN 2-911515-44-7 (in French)
  • Dominique Auzias, Jean-Paul Labourdette, The small clever Aveyron, Collectif, Nouvelles Éditions Université, ISBN 2-7469-1664-9 (in French)
  • Paul Astruc, Major Criminal cases of Aveyron, Éditions De Borée, ISBN 2-84494-180-X (in French)
  • Christian Bernard, Aveyron in flowers: Illustrated inventory of vascular plants of Aveyron department, Éditions du Rouergue, ISBN 2-84156-658-7 (in French)
  • Francine Claustres, Aveyron Cuisine, Sud Ouest, ISBN 2-87901-257-0 (in French)
  • Aveyron: Farming Yields, Du Curieux, ISBN 2-914225-07-5 (in French)
  • French Hiking Federation, Aveyron on foot, Guide FFRP, ISBN 2-85699-893-3 (in French)
  • French Hiking Federation, The most beautiful villages in Aveyron… on foot: 20 walks and hikes, FFRP, ISBN 2-7514-0113-9 (in French)
  • Hubert Calmette, The paths of Émilie in Aveyron, French Hiking Federation, ISBN 2-84182-156-0 (in French)
  • Richard André, Romain Pages Éditions, The Regional National Park of Grands Causses, Parc naturel Grands Causses, ISBN 2-84350-194-6 (in French)
  • Rémi Soulié, The old Rouergue: Land of Aveyron, Paris, ISBN 2-84621-069-1 (in French)
  • Alain Marc, Aveyron, Logbooks, Éditions du Rouergue, ISBN 2-84156-610-2 (in French)
  • Laurent Millet, Family names of Aveyron, Archives Cult, ISBN 2-35077-013-3 (in French)
  • Laurent Barthe, Of Rouergue in Aveyron, Empreinte, ISBN 2-913319-34-3 (in French)
  • Aveyron 1900–1920 Édition De Boree, ISBN 2-84494-322-5 (in French)
  • Jean-Michel Cosson, Stéphane Monnet, Aveyron in the 1939–1945 war, Éditions De Boré, ISBN 2-84494-464-7 (in French)
  • Jill Dawson, Béatrice Dunner, The wild child of Aveyron, Du Rocher, ISBN 2-268-05377-6 (in French)
  • Jean Itard, Victor de l'Aveyron, Allia, ISBN 2-904235-78-7 (in French)
  • Dagonet/Christian, Regards to Aveyron, De Borée, ISBN 2-84494-536-8 (in French)
  • Nicole de Bertier, Meeting in Aveyron, Equinoxe, ISBN 2-84135-471-7 (in French)
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gollark: (This is a temporary unencrypted phone and unworthy of my SSH keys)
gollark: Remind me to do that when I'm not on my phone.

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. At the beginning of the 21st century, the methods of identification have been modified by law No. 2002-276 of 27 February 2002 Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, the so-called "law of local democracy" and in particular Title V "census operations" which allow, after a transitional period running from 2004 to 2008, the annual publication of the legal population of the different French administrative districts. For municipalities with a population greater than 10,000 inhabitants, a sample survey is conducted annually, the entire territory of these municipalities is taken into account at the end of the period of five years. The first "legal population" after 1999 under this new law came into force on 1 January 2009 and was based on the census of 2006.

References
  1. Inhabitants of France (in French)
  2. Paris, Nice, Strasbourg, Brest
  3. Data from the Station at Millau from 1981 to 2010 (in French)
  4. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/
  5. Article in La Dépêche.fr on 24 October 2009 consulted on 29 December 2009 (in French)
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