Essonne

Essonne (pronounced [ɛsɔn]) is a French department in the region of Île-de-France. It is named after the Essonne River.

Not to be confused with Essenes.
Essonne
Department
Prefecture building of the Essonne department, in Évry
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Essonne in France
Coordinates: 48°30′N 02°17′E
CountryFrance
RegionÎle-de-France
PrefectureÉvry-Courcouronnes
SubprefecturesÉtampes
Palaiseau
Government
 • President of the General CouncilFrançois Durovray (LR)
Area
 • Total1,804 km2 (697 sq mi)
Population
 (2017)
 • Total1,296,130
 • Rank15th
 • Density720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number91
Arrondissements3
Cantons21
Communes194
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

It was formed on 1 January 1968 when Seine-et-Oise was split into smaller departments.

History

The Essonne department was created on 1 January 1968, from the southern portion of the former department of Seine-et-Oise.

In June 1963 Carrefour S.A. opened the first hypermarket in the Paris region at Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois (although the word "hypermarché" was first used only in 1966). Based on the ideas put forward by the American logistics pioneer Bernardo Trujillo,[1] the centre offered on a single 2,500 m2 (26,909.78 sq ft) site a hitherto unknown combination of wide choice and low prices, supported by 400 car parking spaces.

In 1969, the communes of Châteaufort and Toussus-le-Noble were separated from Essonne and added to the department of Yvelines.

Geography

Essonne belongs to the region of Île-de-France.

It has borders with the departments of:

All of northern Essonne department belongs to the Parisian agglomeration and is very urbanized. The south remains rural.

In descending order, the cities over 25,000 population are: Évry-Courcouronnes, Corbeil-Essonnes, Massy, Savigny-sur-Orge, Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, Palaiseau, Athis-Mons, Vigneux-sur-Seine, Viry-Châtillon, Ris-Orangis, Yerres, Draveil, Grigny, Brétigny-sur-Orge, Brunoy and Les Ulis. Milly-la-Forêt is an example of its more rural communes.

Main sights
  • L'École Polytechnique. Founded in 1794, L'Ecole Polytechnique is one of the most prestigious engineering universities in France. This university was ranked 10th in the world by the Times Higher Education Supplement in 2005. Its campus is in the town of Palaiseau.
  • Université de Paris-Sud. One of the best public schools in France, it is ranked 52nd by Academic Ranking of World Universities. It is best known for its mathematics department. Located in Orsay, Essonne, about 26,000 students are enrolled.
  • The Headquarters of the Arianespace Company, a major commercial aerospace launcher, servicing companies who wish to launch satellites into space.
  • Château de Montlhéry. Originally having been an ancient fort during Roman times, the first feudal lords began to inhabit the castle around 1000 AD. One major battle was fought in the castle during its lifetime. In 1465, Charles the Rash and French King Louis XI fought in the plains in front of the castle. In 1842, the reconstruction of the castle was started, and currently is being maintained by the local town of Montlhery
  • Château de Courances
  • The Forest of Sénart. Covering 3,500 hectares in area, this forest is very important to the local population. The local government has kept roads and agricultural companies from cutting down parts of this forest. The forest receives between two and three million visitors annually, and the government spends 1.2 million euros a year maintaining it.
  • Telecom Sudparis. Situated in Évry, this is a grande école for engineers

Politics

The department's most high-profile political representative has been Manuel Valls, Prime Minister of France from 31 March 2014 to 6 December 2016. He visited its main town Évry to deliver remarks following the Charlie Hebdo massacre of January 2015.

Current National Assembly Representatives
ConstituencyMember[2]Party
Essonne's 1st constituency Francis Chouat La République En Marche!
Essonne's 2nd constituency Franck Marlin The Republicans
Essonne's 3rd constituency Laëtitia Romeiro Dias La République En Marche!
Essonne's 4th constituency Marie-Pierre Rixain La République En Marche!
Essonne's 5th constituency Cédric Villani Ecology Democracy Solidarity
Essonne's 6th constituency Amélie de Montchalin La République En Marche!
Essonne's 7th constituency Robin Reda The Republicans
Essonne's 8th constituency Nicolas Dupont-Aignan Debout la France
Essonne's 9th constituency Marie Guévenoux La République En Marche!
Essonne's 10th constituency Pierre-Alain Raphan La République En Marche!

Demographics

Population development since 1876:

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1876135,911—    
1881140,027+0.60%
1891151,726+0.81%
1901164,617+0.82%
1911177,385+0.75%
1921187,188+0.54%
1931271,094+3.77%
1936286,896+1.14%
1946293,932+0.24%
1954350,987+2.24%
1962478,691+3.96%
1968673,325+5.85%
1975923,063+4.61%
1982988,000+0.98%
19901,084,824+1.18%
19991,134,238+0.50%
20061,198,273+0.79%
20101,215,340+0.35%
20161,287,330+0.96%
source:[3]

Place of birth of residents
Place of birth of residents of Essonne in 1999
Born in Metropolitan France Born outside Metropolitan France
84.7% 15.3%
Born in
Overseas France		 Born in foreign countries with French citizenship at birth1 EU-15 immigrants2 Non-EU-15 immigrants
1.8% 2.8% 4.0% 6.7%
1 This group is made up largely of former French settlers, such as pieds-noirs in Northwest Africa, followed by former colonial citizens who had French citizenship at birth (such as was often the case for the native elite in French colonies), and to a lesser extent foreign-born children of French expatriates. Note that a foreign country is understood as a country not part of France in 1999, so a person born for example in 1950 in Algeria, when Algeria was an integral part of France, is nonetheless listed as a person born in a foreign country in French statistics.

2 An immigrant is a person born in a foreign country not having French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still considered an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.

Tourism
gollark: If you want representation to be based on rural-ness or not and not, well, actual vote count, it should be structured more sensibly.
gollark: He's on here, although might not read this channel much.
gollark: I have no idea where to find economists on demand. Also they seem to disagree on everything.
gollark: Some offense, but generalized offense, not directed at you specifically.
gollark: Random people on the internet are also not really good economists.

See also

References
  1. Contenu des séminaires MMM
  2. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/
  3. Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France
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