Yonne

Yonne (French pronunciation: ​[jɔn]) is a French department named after the river Yonne. It is one of the eight constituent departments of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and is located in the northwest of the region, bordering Île-de-France. It was created in 1790 during the French Revolution. Its prefecture (capital) is Auxerre and its postcode number is 89.

This article is about the French department. For the French river, see Yonne (river).
Yonne
Department
Prefecture building of the Yonne department, in Auxerre
Flag
Coat of arms
Location of Yonne in France
Coordinates: 47°48′N 3°34′E
CountryFrance
RegionBourgogne-Franche-Comté
PrefectureAuxerre
SubprefecturesAvallon
Sens
Government
 • President of the General CouncilJean-Marie Rolland
Area
 • Total7,427 km2 (2,868 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)
 • Total340,544
 • Rank69th
 • Density46/km2 (120/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Department number89
Arrondissements3
Cantons21
Communes423
^1 French Land Register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2

It is the fourth-most populous department in the region, with a population of about 342,000 (2012), and an average annual increase over the last few years of 0.41% per year. The biggest city is its capital Auxerre, with a population of 35,000 in the city and roughly 43,000 in the urban area centred on it.

History

The first evidence of occupation in this area is found in the Grottes d'Arcy-sur-Cure, where paintings have been found dating back 28,000 years. The Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers of that time also left behind numerous flint artefacts. The area is believed to have been occupied for about 200,000 years.[1] By 4000 BC, a wave of Neolithics arrived from the Danube River region of eastern Europe. They built substantial wooden houses and introduced pottery decorated with the characteristics of the Linear Pottery culture. Further waves of migrants followed, the Chasséen culture, and the Michelsberg culture.[2]

The Celtic tribe in the area were named "Icauna", after the River Yonne which they thought sacred. The region was later occupied by Gallic tribes. In that period, the area came under the control of the Roman Empire, whose chief town was Sens, which they called Agendicum. It was the capital of their province of Gallia Lugdunensis, one of four provinces into which France was subdivided. The present main roads from Lyon to Boulogne, and from Sens to Alise-Sainte-Reine date from this period. About this time, Auxerre, Tonnerre (Tornodurum) and Avallon were growing in size. In the fourth century, Sens became a walled city. The first bishops were appointed in Sens and Langres, and they influenced the region profoundly because of their power.

In 1771, the northwesterly part of the present department belonged to Prince Francis Xavier of Saxony, the uncle of Louis XVI of France. The current Yonne department was organized and defined during the French Revolution, on March 4, 1790, as a result of the passing of an Act on December 22, 1789.[3] It was carved out of parts of the provinces of Burgundy, Champagne and Orléans, and to a lesser extent from parts of the Nivernais and Île-de-France.

Geography
Map of Yonne

Yonne is a department in central France, one of the eight constituent departments of the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. To the northeast lies the department of Aube, to the east lies Côte-d'Or, to the south lies Nièvre, to the west lies Loiret and to the northwest, the department of Seine-et-Marne. The River Yonne flows northwards through the department. Auxerre, the capital of the department, is situated on the River Yonne, and the River Serein joins this a few kilometres north of the city. The Canal de Bourgogne, which connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, joins the River Yonne through locks at Migennes a little further north. The second biggest town is Sens, situated at the confluence of the River Vanne and the River Yonne.[4]

The geology of the department is complex with concentric rings of granite, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks, and layers of sedimentary rocks. The terrain is mostly a low-lying plateau used for agriculture. The southwestern part is the Pays de Puisaye-Forterre, which has a higher elevation and is more wooded. To the centre and east, the land inclines to the northwest where the higher land of the Tonnerrois region lies. To the east the rock is mostly limestone. The Auxerrois region is renowned for the grapes grown here, which are used in the production of Chablis wine. To the south lies the mountainous massif of Morvan, the highest parts of which are in the neighbouring department of Nièvre.[4] The department has some forested areas but is mainly used for pasture or cultivated for wheat.[5]

Demographics

Population development since 1801:

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1801320,596—    
1806326,548+0.37%
1821332,905+0.13%
1831352,487+0.57%
1841362,961+0.29%
1851381,133+0.49%
1861370,305−0.29%
1872363,608−0.17%
1881357,029−0.20%
1891344,688−0.35%
1901321,062−0.71%
1911303,889−0.55%
1921273,118−1.06%
1931275,755+0.10%
1936271,685−0.30%
1946266,014−0.21%
1954266,410+0.02%
1962269,826+0.16%
1968283,376+0.82%
1975299,851+0.81%
1982311,019+0.52%
1990323,096+0.48%
1999333,221+0.34%
2006340,091+0.29%
2016340,544+0.01%
source:[6]

Economy

Over fifty percent of the inhabitants of the department are engaged in agricultural activities. It is one of the poorest and most rural departments in France. During the hundred years leading up to 1962, its population declined by around 100,000, while all of the surrounding departments had population growth. Yonne had been bypassed by the development of the railways. As French industry flourished elsewhere in the late nineteenth century, the young people left Yonne seeking better opportunities, and the department stagnated.

The viticulture industry was severely affected by the advent of powdery mildew and the arrival of Phylloxera in the nineteenth century; at the same time, the development of the railway network allowed cheaper wines from other regions to undercut Chablis wine in the Paris market. The once-thriving industry never recovered.[7] By 1945, only 4000 hectares of grapevines remained, and only 471 hectares of grapes were grown for Chablis.[5]

More recently, the population trend has been reversed. During the period 1999 to 2007, it rose by 8000 to a total of 341,418. However, with a population of 46 inhabitants per square kilometre, the density in Yonne is still less than half that for the whole of France, which was 100.5 for the same year.[8]

Politics

The department elects three members of parliament to the National Assembly. In the 2012–17 parliamentary term, two represented the right-wing Union for a Popular Movement (UMP) and one the Socialist Party (France) (PS). In 2015, the General Council of the department was allotted a budget of 410 million euros.[9]

Current National Assembly Representatives
ConstituencyMember[10]Party
Yonne's 1st constituency Guillaume Larrivé The Republicans
Yonne's 2nd constituency André Villiers Union of Democrats and Independents
Yonne's 3rd constituency Michèle Crouzet La République En Marche!

Tourism
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References
  1. B. Schmider (1984). CRDP de l'Académie de Dijon (ed.). L'Yonne, un département: Le paléolithique supérieur dans l'Yonne. ISBN 2-86621-043-3.
  2. Claude Mordant (1984). CRDP de l'Académie de Dijon (ed.). L'Yonne, un département: Le néolithique dans l'Yonne. ISBN 2-86621-043-3.
  3. McPhee, Peter (2001). The French Revolution, 1789–1799. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-160825-4.
  4. Philips' Modern School Atlas. George Philip and Son, Ltd. 1973. p. 43. ISBN 0-540-05278-7.
  5. Baxevanis, John J. (1987). The Wines of Champagne, Burgundy, Eastern and Southern France. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8476-7534-0.
  6. Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France
  7. J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine", Third Edition, pg 148–149, Oxford University Press, 2006 ISBN 0-19-860990-6
  8. "Les résultats des recensements de la population". Insee. Retrieved 2015-09-22.
  9. "Budget 2015: Le Conseil Départemental: Portail Internet du Conseil Départemental de l'Yonne". www.cg89.fr. Retrieved 2015-09-02.
  10. http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/
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