Bukid language

The Bukid language, Binukid or Bukidnon, is an Austronesian language spoken by indigenous peoples of Northern Mindanao in southern Philippines. The word Bukid means "mountain" or “highland” while Binukid means "in the manner, or style, of the mountain or highland". It is a de facto co-official language in Bukidnon province, where it is referred to as Higaonon. There are many dialects but there is mutual intelligibility. The dialect of Malaybalay, in the Pulangi area, is considered to be the prestige and standard variety.[3]

Bukid
Binukid
Native to	Philippines
Region	most parts of Bukidnon province, Mindanao
Native speakers	168,234 (2010)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Greater Central Philippine Manobo North Bukid
Dialects	Talaandig
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bkd
Glottolog	binu1244[2]
Area where Binukid is spoken

Distribution

Binukid is spoken in the following areas (Ethnologue).

• central and northern Bukidnon Province
• northeastern Lanao del Norte Province
• Misamis Oriental Province: Cagayan de Oro area including southwest of Gingoog Bay
• very small border strip of Lanao del Sur

Phonology

Binukid consists[4] of 20 segmental phonemes and 1 suprasegmental phoneme. The syllable is the basic unit of word structure, and each syllable consists of one vowel and one or two consonants only, arranged in the following patterns: CV, CVC and, in some instances, CCV (which is found mostly in Spanish loanwords). A word consists of one or more of these syllables.

Consonants

There are 16 consonants in Binukid. In some instances, there is a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [t͡ɕ] which appears in Spanish loanwords.

	Bilabial	Alveolar	Velar	Palatal	Glottal
voiceless stop	p	t	k		ʔ
voiced stop	b	d	ɡ
fricative		s			h
nasal	m	n	ŋ
lateral		l
tap		ɾ
semivowel			w	j

The phoneme [ɾ] is sometimes trilled which is used in intervocalic position or in Spanish loanwords by some speakers. All consonants except [h] are found in initial and final position in the syllable; [h] is found only syllable-initial.

Vowels

There are generally four vowels in Binukid.[4]

	Front (unrounded)	Central (unrounded)	Back (rounded)
Close	i		u
Close-mid		ɘ
Open		ä

Suprasegmentals

There is a suprasegmental phoneme of stress which usually falls on the penultimate syllable. Stress give contrast to words of the same segmental phonemes; for example beleng [ˈbɘlɘŋ] means "surprise" while beléng [bɘˈlɘŋ] means "drunk". Long words may have more than one stress: balángkawítan [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster". Stress commonly shift when suffixes are added to the word (as in kahibeléngan "mysterious") or when the speaker wishes to emphasize the word.

Grammar

Pronouns

The following set of pronouns are the pronouns found in the Bukid language. The /d/-final allomorphs of the vowel-final NOM or GEN pronouns are used almost exclusively before en (already), a bound adverbial.[5]

	NOM or GEN free	NOM bound	GEN bound	OBL free or bound
1st person singular	siak	a(d)	ku(d)	kanak
2nd person singular	sikaw	ka(d)	nu(d)	ikaw
3rd person singular	Ø	Ø	din	kandin
1st person dual	sikit	ki(d)	ta(d)	kanit
1st person plural inclusive	sikuy	kuy	taw	kanuy
1st person plural exclusive	sikay	kay	day	kanay
2nd person plural	sinyu	kaw	nuy	inyu
3rd person plural	siran	siran	dan	kandan

Writing System and Orthography

Binukid uses the Latin script, particularly the Filipino abakada in writing the language. The Binukid alphabet[3] consists of the following letters which correspond to one phoneme. Word-initial and word-final glottal stops are not written but glottal stops following a consonant is marked by a hyphen. Example: hab-ung [ˈhäbʔuŋ] "mildew". The phoneme [ŋ] is represented by a digraph ⟨ng⟩, which is sometimes considered as a separate letter.

Letter	Aa	Bb	Kk	Dd	Ee	Gg	Hh	Ii	Ll	Mm	Nn	Pp	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Ww	Yy
Phoneme	ä	b	k	d	ɘ	g	h	i	l	m	n	p	ɾ	s	t	u	w	j

Suprasegmental phonemes and glottalization are featured in writing Binukid.[3][5] Stress is indicated by an acute accent ⟨′⟩. A grave accent ⟨`⟩ is marked over syllable- or word-final vowel to indicate a following glottal stop. If stress is shown on the final letter and there is a following glottal stop, a circumflex accent ⟨ˆ⟩ is used. There is no marking for words whose stress falls on the penultimate syllable and without a secondary stress.

Examples:

• sala [ˈsälä] "living room"
• salà [ˈsäläʔ] "small cut"
• salâ [säˈläʔ] "sin"
• pahid [ˈpähid] "to wipe"
• pahíd [päˈhid] "shrub"
• balángkawítan [bäˌläŋkaˈwitän] "rooster"
• talètè [täˈlɘʔtɘʔ] "lizard"

Spelling Modification

Other letters are introduced through proper names, for example:

• California instead of Kalipúrniya
• Juan Carlos instead of Huwán Karlus

The plural particle marker manga is written mga, following accepted Philippine usage.

References

1. "2010 Census of Population and Housing: Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
2. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Talaandig-Binukid". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
3. Post, Ursula (1978). Binukid Dictionary. Philippines: Summer Institute of Linguistics. pp. 14–15.
4. Atherton, William (1953). "Binokid Phonemes". Summer Institute of Linguistics: 101–104 – via SIL.
5. Peng, Adam (2008). "Binukid Pronominal Clisis" (PDF). Studies in Philippine languages and cultures. 17: 179–212.

External links

• Binukid Dictionary by the Summer Institute of Linguistics