Central Bikol

Central Bikol, commonly called Bikol Naga, also known simply as Bikol, is an Austronesian language spoken by the Bicolano, primarily in the Bicol Region of southern Luzon, Philippines. It is spoken in the northern and western part of Camarines Sur, second congressional district of Camarines Norte, eastern part of Albay, northeastern part of Sorsogon, San Pascual town in Masbate, and southwestern part of Catanduanes. Central Bikol speakers can be found in all provinces of Bicol and it is a majority language in Camarines Sur. The standard sprachraum form is based on the Canaman dialect.

Central Bikol
Bikol Sentral
Native toPhilippines
RegionBicol
EthnicityBicolano
Native speakers
(2.5 million cited 1990 census)[1]
6th most spoken native language in the Philippines[2]
Latin (Bikol alphabet)
Bikol Braille
Historically Basahan
Official status
Official language in
Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated byKomisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-3bcl
Glottologcent2087[3]

Central Bikol features some vocabularies that are not found in other Bikol languages nor to other members of the Central Philippine language family like Tagalog and Cebuano. Examples of these are words the matua and bitis which are the same with Kapampangan words that means older and foot/feet respectively. The word banggi (night) is another example of this as it is different from the usual Bikol word "gab-i" but closer to the word bengi of Kapampangan. There's no formal study about the relationship of the Central Luzon languages to Central Bikol but the latter has several words that are also found in the archaic form of Tagalog spoken in the Rizal and Quezon provinces that are believed to be the home of Central Luzon languages such as Kapampangan in Pampanga and southern Tarlac, and Sambalic languages in Zambales province.

Central Bikol dialects

Because of its broad geographic coverage as compared to other Bikol languages separated by islands and mountains, Central Bikol diverged into 6 dialects, but are still mutually comprehensible. The division of the language into different dialects are mainly because of the influence from other Bikol languages and other non-Bikol languages surrounding the region.

The Canaman dialect, despite being used only by a small number of population in Camarines Sur, is the standard form of Central Bikol being used in literature, Catholic religious rites and mass media. Naga City dialect is spoken in the first and second districts of Camarines Sur, Albay province (except in Del Gallego, where residents are mostly Tagalog speakers) and in San Pascual, Masbate (Burias island). The Partido dialect is spoken in the eastern part of Camarines Sur centered in Goa and Lagonoy. The Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect is spoken in the eastern coast of Albay and the northeastern part of Sorsogon. TLS is the dialect that has been most influenced by the Inland Bikol languages. The Daet dialect on the other hand is spoken in the southern half of the province of Camarines Norte. The Virac dialect is spoken around Virac, Catanduanes and surrounding towns on the southwestern part of the island of Catanduanes.

Dialectal comparison of Central Bikol
Canaman dialect (Standard) Naga City dialect Partido dialect Tabaco-Legazpi-Sorsogon (TLS) dialect Virac dialect Daet dialect Rinconada Bikol language
(Inland Bikol)		 Sorsoganon language
(Bisakol)
Tâdaw ta dae luminayog an bayong ni Pedro dawà na dae nin kandado si hawla? Tâno daw ta dai naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro dawà na mayò nin kandado si hawla? Hadaw ta `e naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski `e nin kandado su hawla? Natà daw ta dai naglayog an bayong ni Pedro maski wara nin kandado su hawla? Ngata daw ta dai naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski dai nin kandado su hawla? Bakin kaya dai naglayog an gamgam ni Pedro maski mayong kandado si hawla? Ta onō (Ta ŋātâ) raw ta dirî naglayog adtoŋ bayoŋ ni Pedro dāwâ ədâ kandādo su awlā? Nakay daw kay dire naglayog an tamsi ni Pedro maski wara kandado an hawla?

Like other Philippine languages, Bikol has a number of loanwords, largely Spanish as a result of 333 years of Spanish rule in the Philippines. This includes suerte (luck), karne (carne, meat), imbestigador (investigador, investigator), litro (liter), pero (but), and krimen (crimen, crime). Another source of loanwords is Sanskrit, with words like hade (king) and karma.

Phonology

There are 16 consonants in the Bikol language: /p, b, d, t, k, ɡ, s, h, m, n, ŋ, l, ɾ, j~ʝ, w~ʋ, ʔ/. Eight sounds are borrowed from loanwords: /f, v, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ, ʎ, ɲ/. The three vowels are noted as /a, i, u/. Vowels /e, o/ are used from Spanish.

Grammar
  Absolutive Ergative Oblique
1st person singular ako ko sakuya, sako, saako
2nd person singular ika, ka mo saimo, si-mo, kanimo
3rd person singular siya, iya niya saiya, kaniya
1st person plural inclusive kita nyato, ta satuya, sato, saato
1st person plural exclusive kami nyamo, mi samuya, samo, kanamo, saamo
2nd person plural kamo nindo saindo, kaninyo, saiyo
3rd person plural sinda ninda sainda, kanira

Particles

Like many other Philippine languages, Bikol has a rich set of discourse particles.

  • bagá – expresses doubt or hesitation
  • bayâ – giving a chance to someone; polite insisting
  • daa – (Tagalog: daw) quoting information from a secondary source
  • daw – (Tagalog: ba/kaya) interrogative particle
  • dawa - (Tagalog: kahit) although
  • dangan - (Tagalog: pagkatapos, bago pa niyan) then, before (doing something)
  • garo – (Tagalog: mukhang, parang) likeness or similitude. English: "It looks like, it's as if."
  • gáyo – "exactly"
  • daing gáyo – "not exactly, not really"
  • gayód / nanggayod – (Tagalog: bakâ) "maybe, could be"
  • giráray / liwát – (Tagalog: [m]uli) "again"
  • kutá-na / kutâ – "I hope (something did / did not happen" ; "If only ..." (conditionality of past events)
  • lang / lámang / saná – (Tagalog: lang) "only, just"
  • lugód – hoping that something will happen, or expressing surrender/assent
  • man – (Tagalog: din, rin) "also" or "ever" (such as ano man 'whatever' and siisay man 'whoever')
  • mú-na / ngó-na – (Tagalog: muna) "first" or "yet"
  • na – (Tagalog: na) "now" or "already"
  • naman – (Tagalog: naman) "again"
  • nanggad / mananggad – (Tagalog: talaga, nga) "really, truly, absolutely" (adds a sense of certainty)
  • nyako – "I said"
  • nyato - "we said" (inclusive)
  • nyamo - "we said" (exclusive)
  • ngani – expresses fate ("This is helpless") or a plea for others not to insist
  • ngantig – indicates to a person what he should say to another ("ini (ngantig) an dapat gibohon niya")
  • ngapit – "in the future", "later" (span of time)
  • ngaya – expresses a hypothetical event/situation ("ini man (ngaya) an tagoan ninda")
  • pa – (Tagalog: pa) "still"
  • palán – (Tagalog: pala) expresses surprise or sudden realization
  • po – (Tagalog: po) politeness marker; "tabí" in some Bikol dialects
  • túlos / túlos-túlos – (Tagalog: agad-agad) "immediately, right away"
  • tálaga – (Tagalog: talaga) "Really," "Truly"

Numbers

Numbers

There have exist two names for the numbers in Bicol. The native Bicol and the Spanish names. Generally, Bicolanos use the Spanish terms if they are talking about time like Alas singko (5 o'clock)'. However, native terms can be read in literary books. Spanish terms for number can be encounter in pricing.

One-half.
Kabangâ
One.
Sarô
Two.
Duwá/Dos
Three.
Toló/Tres
Four.
Apát/Quatró
Five.
Limá/Sincó
Six.
Anóm/Sais
Seven.
Pitó/Siyeté
Eight.
Waló/Otsó
Nine.
Siyam/Nuevé
Ten.
Sampólô/Diez
Fifteen.
Kaglimá/Kinsé
Twenty.
Duwampólô/Baynté
Twenty-five.
Duwampólô may lima/Baynté sinkó
Thirty.
Tolompólô/Traintá
Thirty-five.
Tolompólô may lima/Traintá y sincó
Forty.
Apát na pólô/Quarentá
Forty-five.
Apát na pólô may lima/Quarentá y sincó
Fifty.
Limampólô/Sinkwentá
Fifty-five.
Limampólô may lima/Sinkwentá y sincó
Sixty.
Anóm na pólô/Sisentá
Sixty-five.
Anóm na pólô may lima/Sisentá sinco
Seventy.
Pitómpólô/Sitentá
Seventy-five.
Pitompólô may lima/Sitentá y sincó
Eighty.
Walompólô/Ochenta
Eighty-five.
Walompólô may lima/Ochenta y sincó
Ninety.
Siyam na pólô/Noventá
Ninety-five.
Siyam na pólô may lima/Noventá y sincó
One-hundred.
Sanggatós
One-thousand.
Sangribo
Ten-thousand.
Sangyukot (Old Bikol) [4]
One-million.
Sanglaksa' (Old Bikol)[5]
gollark: ```osmarks:~/.multimc/instances/Generic Modpack/.minecraft# ls config/opencomputers/default.recipes gregtech.recipes hardmode.recipes peaceful.recipes settings.conf user.recipes```
gollark: Though openradio's not updated yet.
gollark: But yes, it is generally better.
gollark: Well, it looks as if I can't just conveniently set it to non-horrible recipes...
gollark: CC also has an out-of-game emulator, which is nice.

See also

Notes
  1. Central Bikol at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Coastal-Naga Bikol". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. Lisboa, Marcos de. Vocabulario de la lengua bicol.1865.
  5. Lisboa, Marcos de. Vocabulario de la lengua bicol. 1865.

References
  • Lobel, Jason William, Wilmer Joseph S Tria, and Jose Maria Z Carpio. 2000. An satuyang tataramon / A study of the Bikol language. Naga City, Philippines: Lobel & Tria Partnership, Co.: Holy Rosary Minor Seminary.
  • Mattes, Veronika. 2014.Types of Reduplication: A Case Study of Bikol. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.
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