Edward Heath

Sir Edward Richard George Heath, KG, MBE (9 July 1916 – 17 July 2005), often known as Ted Heath, was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 to 1974 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 to 1975. Heath served 51 years as a Member of Parliament from 1950 to 2001. He was a strong supporter of the European Communities (EC), and after winning the decisive vote in the House of Commons by 356 to 244,[1] he led the negotiations that culminated in Britain's entry into the EC on 1 January 1973. It was, says biographer John Campbell, "Heath's finest hour".[2] Although he planned to be an innovator as Prime Minister, his government foundered on economic difficulties, including high inflation and major strikes. He became an embittered critic of Margaret Thatcher, who supplanted him as party leader.

"Ted Heath" redirects here. For the bandleader, see Ted Heath (bandleader).

For other people named Edward Heath, see Edward Heath (disambiguation).

The Right Honourable Sir Edward Heath KG MBE
Heath in 1987 by Allan Warren
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
In office 19 June 1970 – 4 March 1974
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Preceded by	Harold Wilson
Succeeded by	Harold Wilson
Leader of the Opposition
In office 4 March 1974 – 11 February 1975
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Prime Minister	Harold Wilson
Preceded by	Harold Wilson
Succeeded by	Margaret Thatcher
In office 28 July 1965 – 19 June 1970
Monarch	Elizabeth II
Prime Minister	Harold Wilson
Preceded by	Alec Douglas-Home
Succeeded by	Harold Wilson
Leader of the Conservative Party
In office 28 July 1965 – 11 February 1975
Preceded by	Alec Douglas-Home
Succeeded by	Margaret Thatcher
Father of the House of Commons
In office 9 April 1992 – 14 May 2001
Preceded by	Bernard Braine
Succeeded by	Tam Dalyell
Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer
In office 27 October 1964 – 27 July 1965
Leader	Alec Douglas-Home
Preceded by	Reginald Maudling
Succeeded by	Iain Macleod
Ministerial offices President of the Board of Trade In office 20 October 1963 – 16 October 1964 Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home Preceded by Fred Erroll Succeeded by Douglas Jay Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development In office 20 October 1963 – 16 October 1964 Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Position abolished Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal Deputy Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs In office 14 February 1960 – 18 October 1963 Prime Minister Harold Macmillan Preceded by The Viscount Hailsham Succeeded by Selwyn Lloyd Minister of Labour In office 14 October 1959 – 27 July 1960 Prime Minister Harold Macmillan Preceded by Iain Macleod Succeeded by John Hare Chief Whip of the House of Commons Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury In office 7 April 1955 – 14 June 1959 Prime Minister Anthony Eden Harold Macmillan Preceded by Patrick Buchan-Hepburn Succeeded by Martin Redmayne Lord Commissioner of the Treasury In office 7 November 1951 – 20 December 1955 Prime Minister Winston Churchill Anthony Eden Preceded by William Wilkins Succeeded by Edward Wakefield
Member of Parliament for Old Bexley and Sidcup Sidcup (1974–1983) Bexley (1950–1974)
In office 23 February 1950 – 14 May 2001
Preceded by	Ashley Bramall
Succeeded by	Derek Conway
Personal details
Born	Edward Richard George Heath (1916-07-09)9 July 1916 Broadstairs, Kent, England
Died	17 July 2005(2005-07-17) (aged 89) Salisbury, Wiltshire, England
Resting place	Salisbury Cathedral
Political party	Conservative
Alma mater	Balliol College, Oxford
Occupation	Civil servant musician politician yachtsman
Signature
Military service
Branch/service	British Army
Rank	Lieutenant Colonel
Unit	Royal Artillery Honourable Artillery Company
Awards	Member of the Order of the British Empire Mentioned in despatches
Service number	179215

Born the child of a carpenter and a maid, Heath was educated at a grammar school and became a leader in student politics at the University of Oxford. He served as an officer in the Royal Artillery during the Second World War. He worked briefly in the Civil Service,[3] but resigned in order to stand for Parliament, and was elected for Bexley in the 1950 general election. He was the Chief Whip from 1955 to 1959. Having entered the Cabinet as Minister of Labour in 1959, he was promoted to Lord Privy Seal and later became President of the Board of Trade. Heath was elected leader of the Conservative Party in 1965; he retained that position despite losing the 1966 general election. Heath became Prime Minister after winning the 1970 general election. In 1971 he oversaw the decimalisation of British coinage, and in 1972 he reformed Britain's system of local government, reducing the number of local authorities and creating a number of new metropolitan counties. In 1973 he led the United Kingdom into the European Communities (which would later become the European Union) as a member state. This was later endorsed by the British people, two and half years later, in the referendum on continued membership, the first ever national referendum in the United Kingdom, in which he played a modest role in helping the "Yes" vote to win.

Heath's premiership also coincided with the height of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, with the suspension of the Stormont Parliament and the imposition of direct British rule. Unofficial talks with Provisional Irish Republican Army delegates were unsuccessful, as was the Sunningdale Agreement of 1973, which led the MPs of the Ulster Unionist Party to withdraw from the Conservative whip. Heath also tried to curb the trade unions with the Industrial Relations Act 1971, and hoped to deregulate the economy and make a transfer from direct to indirect taxation. Rising unemployment in 1972 led him to reflate the economy; he attempted to control the resulting high inflation by a prices and incomes policy. Two miners' strikes, in 1972 and at the start of 1974, damaged the government; the latter caused the implementation of the Three-Day Week to conserve energy. Heath eventually called an election for February 1974 to obtain a mandate to face down the miners' wage demands, but this instead resulted in a hung parliament as the Conservative Party lost their working majority. The opposition Labour Party, despite gaining fewer votes, held four more seats. Heath resigned as Prime Minister after talks with the Liberal Party to form a coalition government were unsuccessful. Despite losing a second general election in October 1974, he vowed to continue as party leader. In February 1975, Margaret Thatcher challenged and defeated him to win the leadership.

Returning to the backbenches, Heath was openly critical of Thatcherism. He remained a backbench MP until retiring at the 2001 election, serving as the Father of the House for his last nine years in Parliament. Outside politics, Heath was a world-class yachtsman and a talented musician. He died in 2005, aged 89. He is one of four British prime ministers never to have married. Heath's origins were also unusual for a Conservative leader when he was elected. In 2015, the BBC described Heath as "the first working-class meritocrat" to become Conservative leader in "the party's modern history" and "a 'One Nation' Tory in the Disraeli tradition who rejected the laissez-faire capitalism that Baroness Thatcher would enthusiastically endorse."[4]

Early life

Edward Heath was born at 54 Albion Road, Broadstairs, Kent on 9 July 1916, the son of William George Heath (1888–1976), a carpenter who built air frames for Vickers during the First World War, and was subsequently employed as a builder[5] and Edith Anne Heath (née Pantony; 1888–1951), a maid. His father was later a successful small businessman after taking over a building and decorating firm. Heath's paternal grandfather had run a small dairy business, and when that failed worked as a porter at Broadstairs Station on the Southern Railway.[5] Edward was four years old when his younger brother, John, was born; there was no question that Edward was the "favoured brother."[6] Heath was known as "Teddy" as a young man.[7] He was educated at Chatham House Grammar School in Ramsgate, and in 1935 with the aid of a county scholarship he went up to study at Balliol College, Oxford.[8]

In later years, Heath's peculiar accent, with its "strangulated" vowel sounds, combined with his non-Standard pronunciation of "l" as "w" and "out" as "eout", was satirised by Monty Python in the audio sketch "Teach Yourself Heath" (released on a 7" flexi-disc single included with initial copies of their 1972 LP Monty Python's Previous Record).[9] Heath's biographer John Campbell speculates that his speech, unlike that of his father and younger brother, who both spoke with Kent accents, must have undergone "drastic alteration on encountering Oxford", although retaining elements of Kent speech.

Oxford

A talented musician, Heath won the college's organ scholarship in his first term (he had previously tried for the organ scholarships at St Catharine's College, Cambridge, and Keble College, Oxford) which enabled him to stay at the university for a fourth year; he eventually graduated with a Second Class Honours BA in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1939.

While at university Heath became active in Conservative Party politics. On the key political issue of the day, foreign policy, he opposed the Conservative-dominated government of the day ever more openly. His first Paper Speech (i.e. a major speech listed on the Order Paper along with the visiting guest speakers) at the Oxford Union, in 1936, was in opposition to the appeasement of Germany by returning her colonies, confiscated during the First World War.

In June 1937 he was elected President of the Oxford University Conservative Association as a pro-Spanish Republic candidate, in opposition to the pro-Franco John Stokes (himself later a Conservative MP). In 1937–38 Heath was chairman of the national Federation of University Conservative Associations, and in the same year (his third at university) he was Secretary and then Librarian of the Oxford Union. At the end of the year he was defeated for the Presidency of the Oxford Union by another Balliol candidate, Alan Wood, on the issue of whether the Chamberlain government should give way to a left-wing Popular Front. On that occasion Heath supported the government.[10]

In his final year Heath was President of Balliol College Junior Common Room, an office held in subsequent years by his near-contemporaries Denis Healey and Roy Jenkins, and as such was invited to support the Master of Balliol Alexander Lindsay, who stood as an anti-appeasement 'Independent Progressive' candidate against the official Conservative candidate, Quintin Hogg, in the 1938 Oxford by-election.

Heath, who had himself applied to be the Conservative candidate for the by-election,[11] accused the government in an October Union Debate of "turning all four cheeks" to Adolf Hitler, and was elected as President of the Oxford Union in November 1938, sponsored by Balliol, after winning the Presidential Debate that "This House has No Confidence in the National Government as presently constituted". He was thus President in Hilary term 1939; the visiting Leo Amery described him in his diaries as "a pleasant youth".

As an undergraduate, Heath travelled widely in Europe. His opposition to appeasement was nourished by his witnessing first-hand a Nuremberg Rally in 1937, where he met leading Nazis Hermann Göring, Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler at an SS cocktail party. He later described Himmler as "the most evil man I have ever met".[12] He was in Germany for two months to learn German, but did not keep up any fluency in the language in later life.[13] In 1938 he visited Barcelona, then under attack from Spanish Nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War. On one occasion a car in which he was travelling came under machine-gun fire, while on another a bomb hit his hotel whilst he was observing an air raid from outside.[14] In the summer of 1939, accompanied by his Jewish friend Madron Seligman, he travelled to Danzig and Poland. They made the return journey by hitchhiking and rail across Germany through mobilising troops, returning to Britain just before the declaration of war.[15]

Second World War

Heath spent late 1939 and early 1940 on a debating tour of the United States before being called up. On 22 March 1941, he received an emergency commission as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery.[16] During the war he initially served with heavy anti-aircraft guns around Liverpool (which suffered heavy German bombing in May 1941) and by early 1942 was regimental adjutant, with the war substantive rank of captain.[17][18]

Heath participated as an adjutant in the Normandy landings, where he met Maurice Schumann, French Foreign Minister under Pompidou.[19] As a temporary major commanding a battery of his own, he provided artillery support during the Allied campaigns in France and Germany in 1944–45, for which he received a mention in despatches on 8 November 1945.[18][17]

Heath later remarked that, although he did not personally kill anybody, as the British forces advanced he saw the devastation caused by his unit's artillery bombardments. In September 1945 he commanded a firing squad that executed a Polish soldier convicted of rape and murder. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, Military Division (MBE) on 24 January 1946.[20] He was demobilised in August 1946 and promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel on 1 May 1947.[21]

Heath joined the Honourable Artillery Company as a lieutenant-colonel on 1 September 1951,[22] in which he remained active throughout the 1950s, rising to commanding officer of the Second Battalion; a portrait of him in full dress uniform still hangs in the HAC's Long Room. In April 1971, as Prime Minister, he wore his lieutenant-colonel's insignia to inspect troops.[23]

Post-war, 1945–1950

Before the war Heath had won a scholarship to Gray's Inn and had begun making preparations for a career at the Bar, but after the war he was placed in joint top position in the civil service examinations.[24] He then became a civil servant in the Ministry of Civil Aviation (he was disappointed not to be posted to the Treasury, but declined an offer to join the Foreign Office, fearing that foreign postings might prevent him from entering politics).[25]

Heath joined a team under Alison Munro tasked with drawing up a scheme for British airports using some of the many Second World War RAF bases, and was specifically charged with planning the home counties. Years later she attributed his evident enthusiasm for Maplin Airport to this work. Then much to the surprise of civil service colleagues, he sought adoption as the prospective parliamentary candidate for Bexley and resigned in November 1947.

After working as news editor of the Church Times from February 1948 to September 1949,[26] Heath worked as a management trainee at the merchant bankers Brown, Shipley & Co. until his election as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bexley in the February 1950 general election. In the election he defeated an old contemporary from the Oxford Union, Ashley Bramall, by a margin of 133 votes.

Member of Parliament (1950–1965)

Heath in 1960

Heath made his maiden speech in the House of Commons on 26 June 1950, in which he appealed to the Labour government to participate in the Schuman Plan. As MP for Bexley, he gave enthusiastic speeches in support of the young candidate for neighbouring Dartford, Margaret Roberts, later Margaret Thatcher.[27]

He was appointed as an opposition whip by Winston Churchill in February 1951. He remained in the whips' office after the Conservatives won the 1951 general election, rising rapidly to Joint Deputy Chief Whip, Deputy Chief Whip and, in December 1955, Government Chief Whip under Anthony Eden. Journalist Geoffrey Wheatcroft has observed that "Of all government jobs, this requires firmness and fairness allied to tact and patience and Heath's ascent seems baffling in hindsight".[28][29]

Due to the convention that whips do not speak in Parliament, Heath managed to keep out of the controversy over the Suez Crisis. On the announcement of Eden's resignation, Heath submitted a report on the opinions of the Conservative MPs regarding Eden's possible successors. This report favoured Harold Macmillan and helped to secure Macmillan the premiership in January 1957. Macmillan later appointed Heath Minister of Labour, a Cabinet Minister—as Chief Whip Heath had attended Cabinet, but had not been formally a member—after winning the October 1959 election.

In 1960 Macmillan appointed Heath Lord Privy Seal with responsibility for the negotiations to secure the UK's first attempt to join the European Communities (or Common Market, as it was then more widely known). After extensive negotiations, involving detailed agreements about the UK's agricultural trade with Commonwealth countries such as New Zealand, British entry was vetoed by the French President, Charles de Gaulle, at a press conference in January 1963 – much to the disappointment of Heath, who was a firm supporter of European common market membership for the United Kingdom. He oversaw a successful application when serving in a higher position a decade later.[30][31]

After this setback, a major humiliation for Macmillan's foreign policy, Heath was not a contender for the party leadership on Macmillan's retirement in October 1963. Under Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home he was President of the Board of Trade and Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development, and oversaw the abolition of retail price maintenance.

Leader of the Opposition (1965–1970)

Heath meeting at the Pentagon with US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara in 1966

See also: First Shadow Cabinet of Edward Heath

After the Conservative Party lost the general election of 1964, the defeated Home changed the party leadership rules to allow for a ballot by MPs, and then resigned. The following year, Heath—who was Shadow Chancellor at the time, and had recently won favourable publicity for leading the fight against Labour's Finance Bill—unexpectedly won the party's leadership contest, gaining 150 votes to Reginald Maudling's 133 and Enoch Powell's 15.[32] Heath became the Conservatives' youngest leader and retained office after the party's defeat in the general election of 1966.

In April 1968, Enoch Powell made his controversial "Rivers of Blood" speech, which criticised immigration to the United Kingdom. Soon afterwards, Heath telephoned Margaret Thatcher to inform her that he was going to sack Powell from the Shadow Cabinet; she recalled that she "really thought that it was better to let things cool down for the present rather than heighten the crisis". The next day, Heath sacked Powell. Several Conservatives on the right protested against Powell's sacking.[33] According to Heath, he never spoke to Powell again.[34]

Prime Minister (1970–1974)

Premiership of Edward Heath
19 June 1970 – 4 March 1974
Premier	Edward Heath
Cabinet	Heath ministry
Party	Conservative
Election	1970
Appointer	Elizabeth II
Seat	10 Downing Street
← Harold Wilson • Harold Wilson →
Royal Arms of the Government

Further information: Heath ministry

1970 election

With another general election approaching in 1970 a Conservative policy document emerged from the Selsdon Park Hotel that offered free-market oriented policies as solutions to the country's unemployment and inflation problems.[35] Heath stated that the Selsdon weekend only reaffirmed policies that had actually been evolving since he became leader of the Conservative Party. The Labour prime minister, Harold Wilson, thought the document a vote-loser and dubbed it the product of Selsdon Man – after the supposedly prehistoric Piltdown Man[36] – to portray it as reactionary. Heath's Conservative Party won the general election of 1970 with 330 seats to Labour's 287. The new cabinet included Margaret Thatcher (Education and Science), William Whitelaw (Leader of the House of Commons) and the former prime minister Alec Douglas-Home (Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs).[37]

Welfare state

During Heath's first year in office, higher charges were introduced for benefits of the welfare state such as school meals, spectacles, dentistry, and prescriptions. Entitlement to State Sickness Benefit was also changed so that it would only be paid after the first three days of sickness.[38] As a result of the squeeze in the education budget, Thatcher ended the provision of free school milk for 8- to 11-year-olds (it had already been ended for other children by Harold Wilson); the tabloid press christened her "Margaret Thatcher: Milk Snatcher", although Wilson, a Labour prime minister, had received no such criticism.[39] Despite these measures, the Heath government encouraged a significant increase in welfare spending, and Thatcher blocked Macleod's other posthumous education policy: the abolition of the Open University, which had recently been founded by the preceding Labour government.[40]

Provision was made under the 1970 National Insurance (Old Persons' and Widows' Pensions and Attendances Allowances) Act for pensions to be paid to old people who had been excluded from the pre-1948 pension schemes and were accordingly excluded from the comprehensive scheme that was introduced in 1948. About 100,000 people were affected by this change, half of whom were receiving Supplementary Benefit under the social security scheme. The Act also made improvements to the Widow's Pension scheme by introducing a scale that started at 30 shillings a week for women widowed at the age of 40 and rose to the full rate of £5 at the age of 50.[41]

Considerable support was provided for nursery school building, and a long-term capital investment programme in school building was launched. A Family Fund was set up to provide assistance to families with children who had congenital conditions,[42] while new benefits were introduced benefiting hundreds of thousands of disabled persons whose disabilities had been caused neither by war nor by industrial injury. An Attendance Allowance was introduced for those needing care at home, together with Invalidity Benefit for the long-term sick, while a higher Child Allowance was made available where invalidity allowance was paid. Widow's Benefits were introduced for those aged between forty and fifty years of age, improved subsidies for slum clearance were made available, while Rent Allowances were introduced for private tenants.[38] In April 1971, the right to education was given to all children with Down's syndrome for the first time.[43]

The school leaving age was raised to 16,[44] while Family Income Supplement was introduced to boost the incomes of low-income earners.[45]

Families who received this benefit were exempted from NHS charges while the children in such families were eligible for free school meals. Non-contributory pensions were also introduced for all persons aged eighty and above,[46] while the Social Security Act 1973 was passed which introduced benefit indexation in the United Kingdom for the first time by index-linking benefits to prices to maintain their real value.[47]

Scottish nationalism

Scottish nationalism grew as a political force, while the decimalisation of British coinage, begun under the previous Labour government, was completed eight months after Heath came to power. The Central Policy Review Staff was established by Heath in February 1971,[48] while the Local Government Act 1972 changed the boundaries of the counties of England and Wales and created Metropolitan Counties around the major cities (e.g. Merseyside around Liverpool): this caused significant public anger. Heath did not divide England into regions, choosing instead to await the report of the Crowther Commission on the constitution; the 10 Government Office Regions were eventually set up by the Major government in 1994.

Economic policy

Chancellor of the Exchequer Iain Macleod died and was replaced on 20 July 1970 by Anthony Barber. Heath's planned economic policy changes (including a significant shift from direct to indirect taxation) remained largely unimplemented: the Selsdon policy document was more or less abandoned as unemployment increased considerably by 1972. By January that year, the number of unemployed reached a million, the highest level for more than two decades. Opposed to unemployment on moral grounds, Heath encouraged a famous "U-Turn" in economic policy that precipitated what became known as the "Barber boom". This was a two-range process involving the budgets of 1972 and 1973, the former of which pumped £2.5 billion into the economy in increased pensions and benefits and tax reductions. By early 1974, as a result of this Keynesian economic strategy, unemployment had fallen to under 550,000. The economic boom did not last, and the Heath government implemented various cuts that led to the abandonment of policy goals such as a planned expansion of nursery education.[38]

Trade unions

Much of the government's attention, as well as the media and public opinion, focused on deteriorating labour relations, as the government sought to weaken the economic power of the trade unions, which had grown steadily since 1945. The Industrial Relations Act 1971 set up a special court under the judge Lord Donaldson. Its imprisonment of striking dockworkers was a public relations disaster and became an object lesson for the Thatcher government of the 1980s. Thatcher relied instead on confiscating the assets of unions that courts found to have violated anti-strike laws.

The trade unions responded with a full-scale counterattack on a government hobbled by inflation and high unemployment. Especially damaging to the government's credibility were the two miners' strikes of 1972 and 1974, the latter of which resulted in much of the country's industry working a Three-Day Week in an attempt to conserve energy. The National Union of Mineworkers won its case but the energy shortages and the resulting breakdown of domestic consensus contributed to the eventual downfall of his government.

Unemployment

There was a steep rise in unemployment for the first two years of the Heath ministry, but it was then reversed. Labour in 1964 had inherited an unemployment count of around 400,000, but saw unemployment peak at 631,000 in early 1967. At election time June 1970, the unemployment numbers were still high at 582,000. Heath and the Conservatives were pledged to "full employment" but within a year it became clear that they were losing that battle, as the official unemployment count crept towards 1,000,000 and some newspapers suggested that it was even higher. In January 1972 it was officially confirmed that unemployment had risen above 1,000,000 – a level not seen for more than 30 years.[49] Various other reports around this time suggested that unemployment was higher still, with The Times newspaper claiming that "nearly 3,000,000" people were jobless by March of that year.[50]

Foreign policy

See also: Enlargement of the European Union § First enlargement

Heath and the Queen with the visiting US President Richard Nixon and First Lady Pat Nixon in 1970

Heath meeting German CDU politician Uwe Barschel in 1972

Upon entering office in June 1970, Heath immediately set about trying to reverse Wilson's policy of ending Britain's military presence East of Suez.[51] Heath took the United Kingdom into Europe on 1 January 1973, following passage in Parliament of the European Communities Act 1972 in October (21 Eliz. II c.68).[52] He publicly supported the massive US bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong in April 1972.[53]

In October 1973 he placed a British arms embargo on all combatants in the Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur War, which mostly affected the Israelis by preventing them obtaining spares for their Centurion tanks. Heath refused to allow US intelligence gathering from British bases in Cyprus, resulting in a temporary halt in the US signals intelligence tap.[54] He also refused permission for the US to use any British bases for resupply.[55]

He favoured links with the People's Republic of China, visiting Mao Zedong in Beijing in 1974 and 1975 and remaining an honoured guest in China on frequent visits thereafter and forming a close relationship with Mao's successor Deng Xiaoping. Heath realised that to become closer to Europe he needed to be further from the United States, so he downplayed the Special Relationship that had long knitted the two nations together. The two nations differed on such major crises as Britain's EC membership, the Nixon economic "shocks" of 1971, the war between India and Pakistan, détente with Russia, Kissinger's Year of Europe and the Middle East crisis of 1973.[56]

Northern Ireland

Heath governed during a bloody period in the history of the Northern Ireland Troubles. On Bloody Sunday in 1972, 14 men were shot dead by British soldiers during an anti-internment march in Derry City. In early 1971 Heath sent in a Secret Intelligence Service officer, Frank Steele, to talk to the IRA and find out what common ground there was for negotiations. Steele had carried out secret talks with Jomo Kenyatta ahead of the British withdrawal from Kenya.[57] In July 1972, Heath permitted his Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, William Whitelaw, to hold unofficial talks in London with an IRA delegation by Seán Mac Stíofáin. In the aftermath of these unsuccessful talks, the Heath government pushed for a peaceful settlement with the democratic political parties.[58]

The 1973 Sunningdale Agreement, which proposed a power-sharing deal, was strongly repudiated by many Unionists and the Ulster Unionist Party who withdrew its MPs at Westminster from the Conservative whip. The proposal was finally brought down by the Loyalist Ulster Workers' Council strike in 1974, by which time Heath was no longer in office.[59]

Heath was targeted by the IRA for introducing internment in Northern Ireland. In December 1974, the Balcombe Street ASU threw a bomb onto the first-floor balcony of his home in Wilton Street, Belgravia where it exploded. Heath had been conducting a Christmas carol concert at Broadstairs and arrived home 10 minutes after the bomb exploded. No one was injured in the attack, but a landscape painted by Winston Churchill – given to Heath as a present – was damaged.[60]

In January 2003, Heath gave evidence to the Saville Inquiry and stated that he had never sanctioned unlawful lethal force in Northern Ireland.[61]

Fall from power

1974 general elections

Heath tried to bolster his government by calling a general election for 28 February 1974, using the election slogan "Who governs Britain?". The result of the election was inconclusive with no party gaining an overall majority in the House of Commons; the Conservatives had the most votes but Labour had slightly more seats. Heath began negotiations with Jeremy Thorpe, leader of the Liberal Party but, when these failed, he resigned as Prime Minister on 4 March 1974, and was replaced by Wilson's minority Labour government, eventually confirmed, though with a tiny majority, in a second election in October.[62]

Rise of Thatcher

Heath came to be seen as a liability by many Conservative MPs, party activists and newspaper editors. His personality was considered cold and aloof, annoying even to his friends. Alan Watkins observed in 1991 that his "brusqueness, his gaucherie, his lack of small or indeed any talk, his sheer bad manners" were among the factors costing him the support of Conservative backbenchers in the subsequent Conservative Party leadership election of 1975.[63]

He resolved to remain Conservative leader, even after losing the October 1974 general election, and at first it appeared that by calling on the loyalty of his front-bench colleagues he might prevail. In the weeks following the second election defeat, Heath came under tremendous pressure to concede a review of the rules and agreed to establish a commission to propose changes and to seek re-election. There was no clear challenger after Enoch Powell had left the party and Keith Joseph had ruled himself out after controversial statements implying that the working classes should be encouraged to use more birth control. Joseph's close friend and ally Margaret Thatcher, who believed that an adherent to the philosophy of the Centre for Policy Studies should stand, joined the leadership contest in his place alongside the outsider Hugh Fraser. Aided by Airey Neave's campaigning among backbench MPs — whose earlier approach to William Whitelaw had been rebuffed, out of loyalty to Heath — she emerged as the only serious challenger.[64]

The new rules permitted new candidates to enter the ballot in a second round of voting should the first be inconclusive, so Thatcher's challenge was considered by some to be that of a stalking horse. Neave deliberately understated Thatcher's support in order to attract wavering votes from MPs who were keen to see Heath replaced even though they did not necessarily want Thatcher to replace him.[65][66]

On 4 February 1975, Thatcher defeated Heath in the first ballot by 130 votes to 119, with Fraser coming in a distant third with 16 votes. This was not a big enough margin to give Thatcher the 15% majority necessary to win on the first ballot, but having finished in second place Heath immediately resigned and did not contest the next ballot. His favoured candidate, William Whitelaw, lost to Thatcher in the second vote one week later (Thatcher 146, Whitelaw 79, Howe 19, Prior 19, Peyton 11).[67] The vote polarised along right-left lines, with in addition the region, experience and education of the MP having their effects. Heath and Whitelaw were stronger on the left, among Oxbridge and public school graduates, and in MPs from Northern England or Scotland.[68]

Thatcher had promised Heath a seat in the Shadow Cabinet, and planned to offer him whatever post he wanted. His advisors agreed he should wait at least six months, so he declined. He never relented and his refusal was called "the incredible sulk."[69] Thatcher visited Heath at his home shortly after her election as leader, and had to stay for coffee with his PPS Tim Kitson so the waiting press would not realise how brief the visit had been. Heath claimed that he had simply declined her request for advice about how to handle the press, whilst Thatcher claimed that she offered him any Shadow Cabinet position he wanted and asked him to lead the Conservative campaign in the imminent EEC referendum, only to be rudely rebuffed.[70]

Later career (1975–2001)

Appearing on television discussion programme After Dark in 1989

For many years, Heath persisted in criticism of the party's new ideological direction. At the time of his defeat, he was still popular with rank and file Conservative members and was warmly applauded at the 1975 Conservative Party Conference. He played a leading role in the 1975 referendum campaign in which the UK voted to remain part of the EEC, and he remained active on the international stage, serving on the Brandt Commission investigation into developmental issues, particularly on North–South projects (Brandt Report).[71]

His relations with Thatcher remained negative, and in 1979–80, he turned down her offers of the positions of Ambassador to the United States and Secretary General of NATO.[72] He continued as a central figure on the left of the party and, at the 1981 Conservative Party conference, openly criticised the government's economic policy of monetarism, which had seen inflation rise from 13% in 1979 to 18% in 1980 then fall to 4% by 1983,[73] but had seen unemployment double from around 1.5 million to a postwar high of 3.3 million during that time.[74]

In 1990, he flew to Baghdad to attempt to negotiate the release of aircraft passengers and other British nationals taken hostage when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait. After the events of Black Wednesday in 1992, he stated in the House of Commons that government should build a fund of reserves to counter currency speculators.

In 1987, he was nominated in the election for the Chancellorship of the University of Oxford but lost to Roy Jenkins as a result of splitting the Conservative vote with Lord Blake.[75]

Heath in 1995

Heath continued to serve as a backbench MP for the London constituency of Old Bexley and Sidcup and was, from 1992, the longest-serving MP ("Father of the House") and the oldest British MP. As Father of the House, he oversaw the election of two Speakers of the Commons, Betty Boothroyd and Michael Martin. Heath was created a Knight of the Garter on 23 April 1992.[76] He retired from Parliament at the 2001 general election. Heath and Tony Benn were the last two serving MPs to have been elected under the reign of King George VI, Heath being the only one to have served continuously since 1950, as Benn's Bristol South East seat was abolished due to boundary changes in 1983 and he failed to win the newly created Bristol East seat, and did not return to the House of Commons until winning the Chesterfield by-election on 1 March 1984. Along with Heath, Benn also retired at this general election.[77]

Heath maintained business links with a number of companies including a Saudi think tank, two investment funds and a Chinese freight operator, mainly as an adviser on China or a member of the governing board.[78] According to Chris Patten, the last Governor of Hong Kong, his commercial interests in China could have been one of the reasons why he denounced the democratic reforms introduced in the run-up to the handover of Hong Kong.[79]

Parliament broke with precedent by commissioning a bust of Heath while he was still alive.[80] The 1993 bronze work, by Martin Jennings, was moved to the Members' Lobby in 2002. On 29 April 2002, in his eighty-sixth year, he made a public appearance at Buckingham Palace alongside the then–Prime Minister Tony Blair and the three other surviving former Prime Ministers at the time (James Callaghan, Margaret Thatcher and John Major), as well as relatives of deceased Prime Ministers, for a dinner which was part of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. This was to be one of his last public appearances, as the following year saw a decline in his health.[81]

Illness and death

Heath's monument in Salisbury Cathedral

In August 2003, at the age of 87, Heath suffered a pulmonary embolism while on holiday in Salzburg, Austria. He never fully recovered, and owing to his declining health and mobility made very few public appearances in the last two years of his life, his last one being at the unveiling of a set of gates at St Paul's Cathedral dedicated to Sir Winston Churchill on 30 November 2004.

In his final public statement Heath paid tribute to James Callaghan, who died on 26 March 2005, saying "James Callaghan was a major fixture in the political life of this country during his long and varied career. When in opposition he never hesitated to put firmly his party's case. When in office he took a smoother approach towards his supporters and opponents alike. Although he left the House of Commons in 1987 he continued to follow political life and it was always a pleasure to meet with him. We have lost a major figure from our political landscape".[82]

Sir Edward Heath died at his home from pneumonia at 7.30pm on 17 July 2005, at the age of 89.[83] He was cremated on 25 July 2005 at a funeral service attended by 1,500 people. On the day after his death, the BBC Parliament channel showed the BBC results coverage of the 1970 election. A memorial service was held for Heath in Westminster Abbey on 8 November 2005, which was attended by 2,000 people. Three days later his ashes were interred in Salisbury Cathedral. In a tribute to him, the then Prime Minister Tony Blair stated "He was a man of great integrity and beliefs he held firmly from which he never wavered".[84]

Personal life

Private residence

Blue plaque located on the boundary wall of Arundells

In the 1960s, Heath had lived in the Albany, off Piccadilly; at the unexpected end of his premiership, the French couple living there refused his demand that they move out so that he could have his flat back ("So much for European Unity!" Heath later wrote in his memoirs). For four months, Heath took the flat of Conservative MP Timothy Kitson; Kitson declined his offer to pay rent but later recalled an occasion when his own watch broke, and Heath in response invited him to take one of a large collection that he had been given on his travels. In July 1974, the Duke of Westminster, a major London landowner and ardent Europhile, allowed Heath to rent a property in Wilton Street, Belgravia, for an annual rent of £1,250 (just under £10,000 at 2014 prices), a tenth of the market value. The house had three storeys and a basement flat for Heath's housekeeper, and he continued to use it as his London home until old age prevented him from climbing the stairs.[85][86]

In February 1985, Heath acquired a Wiltshire home, Arundells, in the Cathedral close at Salisbury, where he resided until his death twenty years later. In January 2006, it was announced that Heath had placed his house and contents, valued at £5 million in his will, in a charitable foundation, the Sir Edward Heath Charitable Foundation, to conserve the house as a museum to his career.[87] The house is open to the public for guided tours from March to October; displayed therein is a large collection of personal effects as well as Heath's personal library, photo collections, and paintings by Winston Churchill.[88]

In his will, Heath, who had no descendants, left only two legacies: £20,000 to his brother's widow, and £2,500 to his housekeeper.[89]

Yachting

Heath was a keen yachtsman. He bought his first yacht Morning Cloud in 1969 and won the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race that year. He captained Britain's winning team for the Admiral's Cup in 1971[90] – while Prime Minister – and also captained the team in the 1979 Fastnet race. He was a member of the Broadstairs Sailing Club, where he learnt to sail on a Snipe and a Fireball before moving on to success in larger boats.[91]

Classical music

Heath maintained an interest in classical music as a pianist, organist and orchestral conductor, famously installing a Steinway grand in 10 Downing Street – bought with his £450 Charlemagne Prize money, awarded for his unsuccessful efforts to bring Britain into the EEC in 1963, and chosen on the advice of his friend, the pianist Moura Lympany – and conducting Christmas carol concerts in Broadstairs every year from his teens until old age. Heath often played the organ for services at Holy Trinity Brompton Church in his early years.

Heath conducted the London Symphony Orchestra, notably at a gala concert at the Royal Festival Hall in November 1971, at which he conducted Sir Edward Elgar's overture Cockaigne (In London Town). He also conducted the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic and the English Chamber Orchestra, as well as orchestras in Germany and the United States. During his premiership, Heath invited musician friends, such as Isaac Stern, Yehudi Menuhin, Clifford Curzon and the Amadeus Quartet, to perform either at Chequers or 10 Downing Street. Heath was the founding President of the European Community Youth Orchestra (in 1976), now the European Union Youth Orchestra.

In 1988, Heath recorded Beethoven's Triple Concerto, Op. 56 (with members of the Trio Zingara as soloists) and Boccherini's Cello Concerto in G major, G480.[92]

Football

Heath was a supporter of the Lancashire football club Burnley, and just after the end of his term as prime minister in 1974 he opened the £450,000 Bob Lord Stand at the club's Turf Moor stadium.[93]

Author

Heath book-signing in 1977

Heath wrote several books in the second half of the 1970s: Sailing, Music, and Travels. He also compiled a collection of carols called The Joy of Christmas, published in 1978 by Oxford University Press, which contained the music and lyrics to a wide variety of Christmas carols, each accompanied by a reproduction of a piece of religious art and a short introduction by Heath.

Heath's autobiography, The Course of My Life, appeared in 1998. According to his obituary in The Daily Telegraph, this "had involved dozens of researchers and writers (some of whom he never paid) over many years".[94]

"Grocer Heath"

In 1964, despite substantial opposition from many Conservative MPs and independent grocers and shopkeepers, Heath led a successful fight to abolish resale price maintenance.[95]

Private Eye, a satirical current affairs magazine, thereupon persistently ridiculed him as "Grocer Heath".[96] The magazine parodied him as the managing director of a struggling small company, "Heathco".[97][98]

Sexuality

Heath never married. He had been expected to marry childhood friend Kay Raven, who reportedly tired of waiting and married an RAF officer whom she met on holiday in 1950. In a four-sentence paragraph of his memoirs, Heath claimed that he had been too busy establishing a career after the war and had "perhaps ... taken too much for granted". In a 1998 TV interview with Michael Cockerell, Heath said that he had kept her photograph in his flat for many years afterwards.[99]

His interest in music kept him on friendly terms with female musicians, including pianist Moura Lympany. When Heath was Prime Minister she was approached by the Conservative MP Tufton Beamish, who said: "Moura, Ted must get married. Will you marry him?" She said she would have done but was in love with someone else.[100] She later said the most intimate thing Heath had done was to put his arm around her shoulder.[101]

Bernard Levin wrote at the time in The Observer that the UK had to wait until the emergence of the permissive society for a prime minister who was a virgin.[28] In later life, according to his official biographer Philip Ziegler, at dinner parties Heath was "apt to relapse into morose silence or completely ignore the woman next to him and talk across her to the nearest man";[28] others at the time claimed Heath was just not talkative at parties.[102]

John Campbell, who published a biography of Heath in 1993, devoted four pages to a discussion of the evidence concerning Heath's sexuality. While acknowledging that Heath was often assumed by the public to be gay, not least because it is "nowadays ... whispered of any bachelor", he found "no positive evidence" that this was so "except for the faintest unsubstantiated rumour" (the footnote refers to a mention of a "disturbing incident" at the beginning of the Second World War in a 1972 biography by Andrew Roth). Campbell ultimately concluded that the most significant aspect of Heath's sexuality was his complete repression of it.

Brian Coleman, the Conservative Party London Assembly member for Barnet and Camden, claimed in 2007 that Heath, in order to protect his career, had stopped cottaging in the 1950s. Coleman said it was "common knowledge" among Conservatives that Heath had been given a stern warning by police when he underwent background checks for the post of Privy Councillor.[103] Heath's biographer Philip Ziegler wrote in 2010 that Coleman was able to provide "little or no information" to back up this statement, that no man had ever claimed to have had a sexual relationship with Heath, nor was any trace of homosexuality to be found in his papers, and that "those who knew him well" insist that he had no such inclination. He believes Heath to have been asexual.[104]

Lord Armstrong of Ilminster, who was Heath's friend and former Private Secretary, stated his belief that Heath was asexual, saying that he "never detected a whiff of sexuality in relation to men, women or children."[105] Another friend and confidant, Sara Morrison, former Vice-Chairman of the Conservative Party, said Heath had "effectively" told her "that he was sexless".[106] Charles Moore, in his authorised biography of Margaret Thatcher, said that Bill Deedes believed that Thatcher "seem[ed] convinced" Heath was gay, whilst Moore believed it is "possible" that Thatcher's reference, in interview in 1974, to Heath not having a family, was a deliberate hint that he was gay, in order to discredit him.[107][108]

Allegations of child sexual abuse

In April 2015, a rape claim against Heath was investigated by the Metropolitan Police but was dropped.[109] In August 2015, several police forces were investigating allegations of child sexual abuse by Heath.[110] Hampshire, Jersey, Kent, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire and Thames Valley constabularies and London's Metropolitan Police investigated such claims.[111][112] It was reported that a man had claimed that at the age of 12 years he had been raped by Heath in a Mayfair flat in 1961, after he had run away from home.[113][114] Allegations about Heath were investigated as part of Operation Midland, the Metropolitan Police inquiry into historical claims of child abuse and related homicides.[115] A witness called "Nick" was introduced to the police by the former Exaro website, who had asked him about alleged child sexual abuse by prominent figures at the Dolphin Square apartment complex in Pimlico, London; Heath was reported to be one of the figures.[116] In 2018 "Nick", whose real name is Carl Beech, was arrested and charged over child pornography offences[117] and in January 2019 he pleaded guilty.[118] Beech, who had fabricated allegations against Heath and other prominent politicians and civil servants, was sentenced in July 2019 to eighteen years in prison.[119]

Also in August 2015, Sky News reported that Jersey police were investigating allegations against Heath as part of Operation Whistle,[110] and a similar investigation, Operation Conifer, was launched by Wiltshire Police at the same time.[120] The Sir Edward Heath Charitable Foundation, which operates the museum at Arundells, his home in Salisbury, said it welcomed the investigation.[121] In November 2016, criminologist Richard Hoskins said that the evidence used against Heath in Operation Conifer, including discredited allegations of satanic ritual abuse, was "preposterous", "fantastical" and gained through the "controversial" practice of recovered-memory therapy.[122] Operation Conifer was closed in March 2017, having cost a reported £1.5 million over two years, as no corroborating evidence had been found in any of the 42 allegations by 40 individuals (including three different names used by one person).[123][124]

In September 2017, it was announced that the Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse would review the police investigation into Heath.[125] Police said that if Heath were still alive they would have interviewed him under caution in relation to seven out of the 42 allegations,[123] but nothing should be inferred about his guilt or innocence.[126][127] In his summary report, Chief Constable Mike Veale confirmed that "no further corroborative evidence was found" to support the satanic abuse claims.[123]

Heath ministry

Main article: Heath ministry

• Edward Heath – Prime Minister, First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
• Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone – Lord Chancellor
• William Whitelaw – Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons
• Lord Jellicoe – Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords
• Iain Macleod – Chancellor of the Exchequer
• Sir Alec Douglas-Home – Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
• Reginald Maudling – Secretary of State for the Home Department
• James Prior – Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
• Lord Carrington – Secretary of State for Defence
• Margaret Thatcher – Secretary of State for Education & Science
• Robert Carr – Secretary of State for Employment
• Peter Walker – Minister of Housing and Local Government
• Keith Joseph – Secretary of State for Health and Social Security
• Anthony Barber – Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster
• Gordon Campbell – Secretary of State for Scotland
• Geoffrey Rippon – Secretary of State for Technology
• Michael Noble – President of the Board of Trade
• Peter Thomas – Secretary of State for Wales and Chairman of the Conservative Party

Changes

• July 1970 – Iain Macleod died, and was succeeded as Chancellor of the Exchequer by Anthony Barber. Geoffrey Rippon succeeded Barber as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. John Davies succeeded Rippon as Secretary for Technology.
• October 1970 – The Ministry of Technology and the Board of Trade were merged to become the Department of Trade and Industry. John Davies became Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Michael Noble left the cabinet. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government was succeeded by the new department of the Environment, which was headed by Peter Walker.
• March 1972 – Robert Carr succeeded William Whitelaw as Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons. Maurice Macmillan succeeded Carr as Secretary of State for Employment. Whitelaw became Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
• July 1972 – Robert Carr succeeded Reginald Maudling as Home Secretary. James Prior succeeded Robert Carr as Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons. Joseph Godber succeeded Prior as Secretary of State for Agriculture.
• November 1972 – Geoffrey Rippon succeeded Peter Walker as Secretary of State for the Environment. John Davies succeeded Rippon as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. Peter Walker succeeded Davies as Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Geoffrey Howe became Minister for Trade and Consumer Affairs with a seat in the cabinet.
• June 1973 – Lord Windlesham succeeded Lord Jellicoe as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords.
• December 1973 – William Whitelaw succeeded Maurice Macmillan as Secretary of State for Employment. Francis Pym succeeded Whitelaw as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. Macmillan became Paymaster-General.
• January 1974 – Ian Gilmour succeeded Lord Carrington as Secretary of State for Defence; Lord Carrington became Secretary of State for Energy.

Honorary degrees

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Heath was awarded many honorary degrees for his Service to the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. These include:

Country	Date	School	Degree
England	1971	University of Oxford
England	19 July 1985	University of Kent	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[128]
Canada	7 June 1991	University of Calgary	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[129][130]
England	1994	Goldsmiths, University of London	Honorary Fellowship[131]
England	21 June 1997	Open University	Doctor of the University (D.Univ)[132]
Wales	1998	University of Wales	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[133]
England	18 July 2001	University of Greenwich	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)[134]
England	—	Royal College of Music	Doctor of Music (D.Mus)
England	—	Royal College of Organists	Doctor of Music (D.Mus)

Arms

Coat of arms of Edward Heath

Notes The arms of Edward Heath were designed by Hubert Chesshyre and consist of:[135] Crest Out of a Naval Coronet Or, a Swan close proper. Escutcheon Per bend Purpure and Vert, over all a Bend grady Or, issuant in sinister chief a Cloud, irradiated proper, and in dexter base a Portcullis chained Or. Motto Plus Fait Douceur Que Violence (lit. Sweetness does more than violence) Orders Order of the Garter (Appointed 1992) Order of the British Empire (Appointed MBE, 1946) Symbolism The bend grady represents the zig-zag pattern of the Royal Artillery tie, as well as Broadstairs, his birth place. The green colour is for heath, while the purple is for heather, which refers to his surname. The cloud symbolises 'Morning Cloud', his yacht. The irradiations issuing from it symbolise entering the European communities. The portcullis is the symbol of Parliament and represents his career as a politician.[136]

Honours

Edward Heath has received several accolades and honours:

Foreign honours

• Bangladesh Liberation War Honour (Bangladesh Muktijuddho Sanmanona)

Books by Heath

• Heath, Edward (1975). Sailing: A Course of My Life. Stein and Day. ISBN 978-1-135-46529-2.
• Heath, Edward (1976). Music: A Joy for Life. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-98349-8.
• Heath, Edward (1977). Travels: People and Places in My Life. Sidgwick & Jackson. ISBN 978-0-283-98414-3.
• Heath, Edward (1998). The Course of My Life. Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-70852-1.

See also

• Second Shadow Cabinet of Edward Heath
• Elm Guest House child abuse scandal

Footnotes

1. "EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES (Hansard, 28 October 1971)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
2. John Campbell, Edward Heath (1993) pp. 404–405.
3. "Edward Heath: A profile of the former UK Prime Minister". BBC News. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
4. Langdon, Julia (1 October 2015). "Sir Edward Heath: One Nation Tory's political legacy". BBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
5. British Society Since 1945: The Penguin Social History of Britain, Arthur Marwick, Penguin Books, 1996, p. 158
6. Campbell, John (1993). Edward Heath. Pimlico. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7126-5898-0.
7. John Campbell (2013). Edward Heath: A Biography. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-84595-205-1.
8. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 1
9. "Learn How To Speak Propah English – Ted Heath | Teach Yourself Heath". YouTube. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
10. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 2
11. Heath, Edward. The Course of My Life. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998, p. 58
12. "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 18 July 2005 (pt. 6". 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
13. Ziegler 2010, pp. 31
14. Ziegler 2010, pp. 30 Ziegler notes that the claim in his memoirs that the bomb killed those who had taken shelter does not tally with an earlier account in which he stated that nobody was hurt, and suggests that the story may have grown a little in the telling.
15. Ziegler 2010, pp. 31–2
16. "No. 35133". The London Gazette (Supplement). 8 April 1941. p. 2100.
17. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 3
18. "No. 37340". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 November 1945. p. 5437.
19. Heath, Edward. The Course of My Life. p. 390
20. "No. 37442". The London Gazette (Supplement). 22 January 1946. p. 621.
21. "No. 38006". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 July 1947. p. 3065.
22. "No. 39334". The London Gazette (Supplement). 14 September 1951. p. 4872.
23. Staff (2014). A History of Our Reserves (PDF). Ministry of Defence. p. 31.
24. "Sir Edward Heath obituary". The Daily Telegraph. London. 18 July 2005.
25. Heath, Edward. The Course of My Life. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1998, p. 111
26. Palmer, Bernard Gadfly for God London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1991 p. 197
27. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 5
28. Wheatcroft, Geoffrey (4 July 2010). "Edward Heath: The Authorised Biography by Philip Ziegler". The Observer. London.
29. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 6
30. Historic Figures: Edward Heath (1916–2005), BBC. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
31. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 7
32. "Heath is new Tory leader". BBC News. 27 July 1996. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
33. Heffer, Simon (1999). Like the Roman: The Life of Enoch Powell. p. 466.
34. Heath, Edward. The Course of My Life (1998), p. 293
35. Young, Hugo. One Of Us London: MacMillan, 1989
36. Green, Jonathan (1987). Dictionary of Jargon. Routledge. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-7100-9919-8.
37. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 12
38. The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State by Nicholas Timmins
39. Smith, Rebecca (8 August 2010). "How Margaret Thatcher became known as 'Milk Snatcher'". The Daily Telegraph. London.
40. Edmund Dell, The chancellors: a history of the chancellors of the Exchequer, 1945–90 (1997) pp. 389–399.
41. Britannica Book of the Year 1971, (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1972)
42. "Family Fund – Home" (PDF). familyfund.org.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2013.
43. Lorenz, Stephanie (1998). Children with Down's Syndrome: A Guide for Teachers and Support Assistants in Mainstream Education. David Fulton. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-136-61241-1.
44. Sally Tomlinson, Education in a post-welfare society (2005) p 24
45. John Dixon and Robert P. Scheurell, The state of social welfare: The Twentieth Century in cross-national review (2002) pp. 97–98.
46. Poverty, inequality and health in Britain, 1800–2000: a reader edited by George Davey Smith, Daniel Dorling, and Mary Shaw
47. Michael James Hill, Understanding Social Policy
48. Greenwood, John R.; Wilson, David Jack (1989). Public administration in Britain today. Routledge. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-04-445195-2.
49. "UK unemployment tops one million". BBC News. 20 January 1972. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
50. "Capitalism In Crisis – Unemployment in 1930s". Socialist Studies. Archived from the original on 28 October 2012. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
51. The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army (1994) p. 362
52. "European Communities Act 1972" (PDF). Retrieved 17 July 2016.
53. Curtis, Mark Britain's Secret Support For US Aggression: The Vietnam War. Markcurtis.wordpress.com. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
54. "Dangerous liaisons: post-September 11 intelligence alliances". Harvard International Review. 2002. Archived from the original on 8 December 2011.
55. Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
56. Andrew Scott, Allies Apart: Heath, Nixon & the Anglo-American Relationship (2011).
57. Smith, Michael, The Spying Game, the Secret History of British Espionage, Politicos, London, pp. 378–82
58. Ziegler, Edward Heath (2010) ch. 15
59. Paul Dixon, "British policy towards Northern Ireland 1969–2000: continuity, tactical adjustment and consistent 'inconsistencies'." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 3#3 (2001): 340–368.
60. "History – The Year London Blew Up". Channel 4. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
61. Douglas Murray, Bloody Sunday: Truth, Lies and the Saville Inquiry (Biteback Publishing, 2011) ch. 11
62. David E. Butler et al. The British General Election of February 1974 (1975); David E. Butler et al. The British General Election of October 1974 (1975)
63. Watkins 1991, pp. 174–175
64. Moore, Thatcher vol 1, chapters 11–12
65. John Campbell, The Grocer's Daughter
66. Heath, Edward. The Course of My Life (1998), p. 532
67. Moore, Thatcher 1:289–295
68. Cowley, Philip; Bailey, Matthew (2000). "Peasants' Uprising or Religious War? Re-Examining the 1975 Conservative Leadership Contest". British Journal of Political Science. 30 (4): 599–629. doi:10.1017/S0007123400000260. JSTOR 194287.
69. Moore, Thatcher 1:297–298
70. Ziegler 2010, pp. 490–491
71. Michael McManus, Edward Heath: A Singular Life (2016) ch. 5
72. Moore, Thatcher 1:430
73. Morely, Stephen. Historical UK Inflation And Price Conversion. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
74. "Economics Essays: UK Economy under Mrs Thatcher 1979–1984". Econ.economicshelp.org. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
75. McManus, Edward Heath: A Singular Life (2016) ch. 5
76. Official announcement of knighthood for Heath, The London Gazette. (issue 52903, 24 April 1992)
77. Younge, Gary (20 July 2002). "The stirrer". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
78. "Revealed: Ted Heath's Cash Links with China". The Independent. London. 10 January 1999.
79. Patten, Chris (2017). First Confession. London: Penguin Random House. p. 138.
80. UK Parliament: Unveiling of a Statue of Baroness Thatcher in Members Lobby, House of Commons Archived 25 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine Commentators have noted how the statue of Margaret Thatcher appears to overshadow Heath's bust.
81. "Queen dines with her prime ministers". BBC News. 29 April 2002.
82. "'Tough operator' remembered". BBC News. 26 March 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
83. https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/sir-edward-heath-dies-1077040
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85. Ziegler 2010, pp. 443–444
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87. "The Foundation". Arundells. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
88. Arundells website, arundells.org. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
89. "Former PM Heath left £5m in will". BBC News. 20 January 2006. Retrieved 20 April 2010.
90. "rorc.org: "CHAMPAGNE MUMM ADMIRAL'S HISTORY - 1971"". Archived from the original on 27 October 2004. Retrieved 27 October 2004.
91. "Broadstairs Sailing Club - History". www.broadstairssailingclub.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
92. June Classic Archived 1 September 2013 at Archive.today, juneclassic.net. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
93. "Burnley | The Turf Moor Story". Burnleyfootballclub.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
94. "Obituary: Sir Edward Heath". The Daily Telegraph. London. 18 July 2005. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
95. Yamey, Basil S. (2008). Resale Price Maintenance (3rd ed.). Chicago: Aldine. p. 290. ISBN 978-0-202-36227-4. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
96. Morgan, Kenneth O. (2001). Britain Since 1945: The People's Peace. Oxford University Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-19-158799-3.
97. Ramsden, John. "Leadership and Change: Prime Ministers in the Post-War World: Edward Heath". Gresham College. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
98. Hastings, Max (19 July 2005). "The Lonely Mariner". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
99. Edward Heath – A Very Singular Man, Blakeway Productions for BBC2, 1998
100. "UK Politics: Talking Politics A very singular man". BBC News. 25 September 1998. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
101. The Guardian, 19 March 2001
102. Benn, Tony; Winstone, Ruth (1996). The Benn Diaries (New single vol. ed.). London: Arrow. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-0-09-963411-9. Shirley Williams recalled sitting next to Ted Heath at a dinner and when she tried to speak to him, he declined to answer... She had turned to the man on her left and asked, 'Does Ted Heath not speak to women?' and he had answered, 'He doesn't speak to many people at all.'
103. "Ted Heath 'stopped cottaging for gay sex to protect his career', says Tory MP [sic]". London Evening Standard. 24 April 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
104. Ziegler 2010, pp. 81–82
105. Grierson, Jamie (11 August 2015). "Edward Heath 'completely asexual', says former PM's adviser". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
106. Hanning, James (15 August 2015). "Edward Heath 'was not a sexual being', says closest female friend". The Independent (London).
107. Roberts, Scott (25 April 2013). "Biography claims Margaret Thatcher thought Edward Heath was gay". Pink News. London.
108. "Former PM Ted Heath is 'outed'". 24 April 2007.
109. Mendick, Robert; Evans, Martin (6 October 2017). "Wiltshire Police rape claim against Edward Heath was dropped by Scotland Yard two years ago". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
110. "Calls Made To Ted Heath Child Sex Abuse Line". Sky News. 4 August 2015.
111. "Edward Heath abuse claims: Five forces investigating ex-PM". BBC News. 4 August 2015.
112. "Edward Heath claims 'did not halt brothel case'". BBC News. 6 August 2015.
113. Anderson, Steve (4 August 2015). "Edward Heath 'raped 12-year-old boy at Mayfair flat'". The Independent. London. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
114. King, Jonathan (7 August 2015). "Why I don't believe that Ted Heath was gay". Coffee House (Spectator blog).
115. "Edward Heath: Met has been investigating claims for several months". The Guardian. London. 4 August 2015.
116. Conrad, Mark; Watts, Mark (4 August 2015). "Sir Edward Heath: Met also investigates claims of child sex abuse". Exaro News. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
117. Article in the Press Gazette, 7 February 2018
118. BBC News 23 January 2019
119. "Carl Beech: 'VIP abuse' accuser jailed for 18 years". BBC News. 26 July 2019.
120. Willgress, Lydia; Evans, Martin (14 November 2016). "Two people arrested as part of police probe into child abuse allegations against Sir Edward Heath". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
121. "Sir Edward Heath abuse claims: IPCC investigates police". BBC News. 3 August 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
122. Booth, Robert (27 November 2016). "Ted Heath's accuser 'gave child abuse inquiry fantastical evidence'". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
123. "Veale butchers Grocer". Private Eye. London. 20 October 2017.
124. Mendick, Robert (18 March 2017). "Police Wind Up Sir Edward Heath Sex Abuse Inquiry". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
125. "Child sex abuse inquiry to consider Edward Heath investigation". The Guardian. Press Association. 10 September 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
126. Dodd, Vikram; Morris, Steven (5 October 2017). "Ted Heath would have been questioned over abuse claims, police say". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
127. "Police say there were grounds to suspect Edward Heath over child abuse claims". The Guardian. London. 30 September 2017.
128. "Honorary degrees conferred since 1966" (PDF). University of Kent. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
129. "Honorary Degree Recipients". University of Calgary.
130. "UofC Honorary Degree Recipients: Heath, Edward Richard". University of Calgary.
131. "GN, Goldsmiths, University of London". gold.ac.uk.
132. "Honorary degree awards 1973–2011" (PDF). Open University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
133. "Honorary degrees". University of Wales.
134. "Honorary graduates of the University of Greenwich (by year graduated)". University of Greenwich.
135. Chesshyre, Hubert (1996). "The Friends of St. George's & Descendants of the Knights of the Garter Annual Review 1995/96". VII: 289. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
136. John Dough (23 August 2015). "heraldry". Retrieved 5 October 2017 – via YouTube.

Biographies of Heath

• Campbell, John. Edward Heath: A Biography. London: Jonathan Cape, 1993.
• Garnett, Mark. "Edward Heath, 1965–70 and 1974–75" in Leaders of the opposition: from Churchill to Cameron ed. by Timothy Heppell. (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), pp 80–96.
• Hennessey, Peter. The Prime Minister: The Office and Its Holders Since 1945 (2001) pp. 331–356.
• Hurd, Douglas. "Heath, Sir Edward Richard George (1916–2005)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, Jan 2009; online edn, September 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
• McManus, Michael. Edward Heath: A Singular Life (2016).
• MacShane, Denis, Heath (British Prime Ministers of the 20th Century) (2006) (excerpt and text search)
• Ziegler, Philip, Edward Heath: The Authorised Biography, Harper Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0-00-724740-0 excerpt and text search

Politics and domestic policy

• Ball, Stuart, and Anthony Seldon, eds. The Heath Government: 1970–1974: A Reappraisal (London: Longman, 1996) 423pp.
• Beckett, Andy. When The Lights Went Out: What Really Happened to Britain in the Seventies (2010)
• Blake, Robert. The Conservative Party from Peel to Major (Faber & Faber, 2012) pp. 299–220.
• Butler, David E. et al. The British General Election of 1970 (1971)
• Butler, David E. et al. The British General Election of February 1974 (1975)
• Butler, David E. et al. The British General Election of October 1974 (1975)
• Cowley, Philip; Bailey, Matthew. "Peasants' Uprising or Religious War? Re-examining the 1975 Conservative Leadership Contest," British Journal of Political Science (2000) 30#4 pp. 599–630 in JSTOR
• Foster, John. "Upper Clyde Shipbuilders 1971–2 and Edward Heath's U-turn: How a united workforce defeated a divided government." Mariner's Mirror 102#1 (2016): 34–48.
• Heppell, Timothy. Choosing the Tory Leader: Conservative Party Leadership Elections from Heath to Cameron (IB Tauris, 2007).
• Heppell, Timothy, and Michael Hill. "Prime ministerial powers of patronage: ministerial appointments and dismissals under Edward Heath." Contemporary British History 29.4 (2015): 464–485.
• Holmes, Martin. The Failure of the Heath Government (2nd ed. 1997) excerpt and text search
• Holmes, Martin. Political pressure and economic policy: British government 1970–1974 (1982) excerpt.
• Hughes, Rosaleen Anne. "'Governing in hard times': the Heath government and civil emergencies–the 1972 and the 1974 miners' strikes." (Dissertation, Queen Mary University of London; 2012) online.
• Hurd, DDouglas. An end to promises: sketch of a government, 1970–1974 (1976)
• Moore, Charles. Margaret Thatcher: From Grantham to the Falklands (2013)
• Pentland, Gordon. "Edward Heath, the Declaration of Perth and the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party, 1966–70." Twentieth Century British History 26#2 (2015): 249–273.
• Ramsden, J. The winds of change: Macmillan to Heath, 1957–1975 (1996), Volume 5 of the History of the Conservative Party.
• Sandbrook, Dominic. State of Emergency The Way We Were Britain 1970–1974 (2010) 755pp
• Smith, Jeremy. "‘Walking a Real Tight-rope of Difficulties’: Sir Edward Heath and the Search for Stability in Northern Ireland, June 1970 – March 1971," Twentieth Century British History (2007) 18#2 pp 219–253.
• Turner, Alwyn W. Crisis? What Crisis?: Britain in the 1970s (2009), how the popular culture handled political issues
• Watkins, Alan. A Conservative Coup. London: Duckworth, 1991 ISBN 978-0-7156-2435-7
• Young, Hugo and Goodman, Geoffrey. "The Trade Unions and the Fall of the Heath Government," Contemporary Record (1988) 1#4 pp 36–46.

Foreign and defence policy

• Benvenuti, Andrea. "The Heath Government and British Defence Policy in Southeast Asia at the End of Empire (1970–71)," Twentieth Century British History 20#1 (2009), 53–73.
• Brummer, Justin Adam. "Anglo-American relations and the EC enlargement, 1969–1974' (PhD dissertation, University College London, 2012) online
• Hughes, R. Gerald, and Thomas Robb. "Kissinger and the Diplomacy of Coercive Linkage in the 'Special Relationship' between the United States and Great Britain, 1969–1977." Diplomatic History' 37.4 (2013): 861–905.
• Hynes, Catherine. The Year That Never Was: Heath, the Nixon Administration, and the Year of Europe (University College Dublin Press, 2009).
• Jeffrey, Samuel Robert. "A Most Divisive Year: The Year of Europe and the Special Relationship in 1973" (Thesis, Vanderbilt University History Dept., 2016) online bibliography pp. 133–146.
• Langlois, Laëtitia. "Edward Heath and the Europeanisation of Englishness: The Hopes and Failures of a European English Leader," in Englishness revisited ed. by Floriane Reviron-Piégay. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, 2009), pp. 174–88
• Leonard, Dick. "Edward Heath—Cheerleader for Europe." in Leonard, A Century of Premiers (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005). 263–281.
• Lord, Christopher. British Entry to the European Community under the Heath Government, 1970–74 (1993) p. 194
• Mockli, Daniel. European foreign policy during the Cold War: Heath, Brandt, Pompidou and the dream of political unity (IB Tauris, 2008).
• Novak, Andrew. "Averting an African Boycott: British Prime Minister Edward Heath and Rhodesian Participation in the Munich Olympics," Britain and the World (2013) 6#1 pp 27–47 DOI:10.3366/brw.2013.0076
• Parr, Helen. "The British Decision to Upgrade Polaris, 1970–4," Contemporary European History (2013) 22#2 pp. 253–274.
• Parr, Helen. "‘The Nuclear Myth’: Edward Heath, Europe, and the International Politics of Anglo-French Nuclear Co-Operation 1970–3." International History Review 35#3 (2013): 534–555.
• Robb, Thomas. "The Power of Oil: Edward Heath, the ‘Year of Europe’ and the Anglo-American ‘Special Relationship’", Contemporary British History (2012) 26#1 pp. 73–96. on 1974
• Rossbach, Niklas H. Heath, Nixon and the Rebirth of the Special Relationship: Britain, the US and the EC, 1969–74 (2009) excerpt and text search
• Scott, Andrew. Allies apart: Heath, Nixon and the Anglo-American relationship (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) 272 pp
• Spelling, Alex. "Edward Heath and Anglo-American Relations 1970–1974: A Reappraisal," Diplomacy & Statecraft (2009) 20, Number 4, pp. 638–658.
• Stoddart, Kristan. "The Heath Government, France, and the Not So Special Relationship, 1970–1974." in Stoddart, The Sword and the Shield: Britain, America, NATO and Nuclear Weapons, 1970–1976 (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014) pp. 11–42.

External links

• Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Edward Heath
• Obituary, The Guardian (London). Retrieved 9 December 2014.
• Sir Edward Heath chronology, badley.info. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
• Profile of Arundells, Sir Edward Heath's home, arundells.org. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
• Ziegler, Philip. "Charles Moore reviews 'Edward Heath'". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
• Portraits of Sir Edward Heath at the National Portrait Gallery, London
• "Archival material relating to Edward Heath". UK National Archives. (registration required)
• Edward Heath interview on BBC Radio 4 Desert Island Discs, 23 December 1988
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Bronze bust of Sir Edward Heath in the UK Parliamentary Collections

Political offices
Preceded by William Wilkins	Junior Lord of the Treasury 1951–1955	Succeeded by Sir Edward Wakefield
Preceded by 1st Baron Hailes	Government Chief Whip in the Commons 1955–1959	Succeeded by Martin Redmayne
	Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury 1955–1959
Preceded by Iain Macleod	Minister of Labour 1959–1960	Succeeded by The Viscount Blakenham
Preceded by The Viscount Hailsham	Lord Privy Seal 1960–1963	Succeeded by Selwyn Lloyd
Preceded by 1st Baron Erroll	President of the Board of Trade 1963–1964	Succeeded by Douglas Jay
Post created	Secretary of State for Industry, Trade and Regional Development 1963–1964	Post abolished
Preceded by Sir Alec Douglas-Home	Leader of the Opposition 1965–1970	Succeeded by Harold Wilson
Preceded by Harold Wilson	Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1970–1974
	Leader of the Opposition 1974–1975	Succeeded by Margaret Thatcher
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Sir Ashley Bramall	Member of Parliament for Bexley 1950–1974	Constituency abolished
New constituency	Member of Parliament for Sidcup 1974–1983
	Member of Parliament for Old Bexley and Sidcup 1983–2001	Succeeded by Derek Conway
Party political offices
Preceded by Sir Alec Douglas-Home	Leader of the Conservative Party 1965–1975	Succeeded by Margaret Thatcher
Honorary titles
Preceded by Bernard Braine	Father of the House 1992–2001	Succeeded by Tam Dalyell
Awards and achievements
Preceded by Walter Hallstein	Laureate of the Charlemagne Prize 1963	Succeeded by Antonio Segni
Records
Preceded by Michael Foot	Oldest sitting Member of Parliament 1992–2001	Succeeded by Piara Khabra
Preceded by The Lord Callaghan of Cardiff	Oldest living Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 2005	Succeeded by The Baroness Thatcher