Chequers

Chequers, or Chequers Court, is the country house of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. A 16th-century manor house in origin, it is located near the village of Ellesborough, halfway between Princes Risborough and Wendover in Buckinghamshire, United Kingdom, at the foot of the Chiltern Hills. It is about 40 miles (64 km) north-west of central London. Coombe Hill, once part of the estate, is located two-thirds of a mile (1.1 km) northeast. Chequers has been the country home of the serving Prime Minister since 1921 after the estate was gifted to the nation by Sir Arthur Lee by a Deed of Settlement, given full effect in the Chequers Estate Act 1917. The house is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England.[1]

This article is about the British Prime Minister's residence. For the Brexit white paper, see Chequers plan. For the board game, see Draughts. For other uses, see Checkers (disambiguation).

Chequers
Chequers – the official country residence of British Prime Ministers since 1921.
Chequers
Location within Buckinghamshire
Chequers
Chequers (England)
General information
StatusComplete
TypeCountry house
LocationBuckinghamshire, United Kingdom
Coordinates51°44′36″N 0°46′55″W
Construction started1565
References
Listed Building – Grade I
Official nameChequers
Designated21 June 1955
Reference no.1125879
National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens
Official nameChequers
Designated30 August 1987
Reference no.1000595
GradeI

Origin of the name

The name "Chequers" may derive from an early owner of the manor of Ellesborough in the 12th century, Elias Ostiarius (or de Scaccario).[2] The name "Ostiarius" meant an usher of the Court of the Exchequer and scacchiera means a chessboard in Italian. Elias Ostiarius' coat of arms included the chequer board of the Exchequer, so the estate may be named after his arms and position at court. The house passed through generations of the Scaccario family (spelt many different ways) until it passed into the D'Awtrey family, whose name was eventually anglicised to Hawtrey.

Alternatively, the house could have been named after the chequer trees (Sorbus torminalis) that grow in its grounds.[3] There is a reference to this in the book Elizabeth: Apprenticeship by David Starkey, which describes the early life of Elizabeth I.

History

William Hawtrey built the current mansion around 1565, and it may have involved the reconstruction of an earlier building.[4] A reception room in the house bears his name today. Soon after its construction, Hawtrey acted as a custodian at Chequers for Lady Mary Grey, younger sister of Lady Jane Grey and great-granddaughter of King Henry VII.[5] Lady Mary had married without the monarch's consent and was banished from court by Queen Elizabeth I and kept confined as punishment.[6] Lady Mary remained at Chequers for two years. The room where she slept from 1565 to 1567 remains in its original condition.[7]

Through descent in the female line and marriages, the house passed through several families: the Wooleys, the Crokes and the Thurbanes. In 1715, the then owner of the house married John Russell, a grandson of Oliver Cromwell. The house is known for this connection to the Cromwells, and still contains a large collection of Cromwell memorabilia.

In the 19th century, the Russells (by now the Greenhill-Russell family) employed Henry Rhodes to make alterations to the house in the Gothic style.[4] The Tudor panelling and windows were ripped out and battlements with pinnacles installed. Towards the end of the 19th century, the house passed through marriage to the Astley family. In 1892–1901, Bertram Astley restored the house to its Elizabethan origins, with advice from Sir Reginald Blomfield.[4]

20th century

In 1909, the house was taken on a long lease by Arthur Lee and his wife Ruth (an American heiress). Lee immediately re-engaged Blomfield to undertake a restoration of the interior.[8] At the same time, Henry Avray Tipping undertook the design of several walled gardens from 1911 to 1912.[9] In 1912, after the death of the last of the house's ancestral owners Henry Delavel Astley, Ruth Lee and her sister purchased the property and later gave it to Arthur Lee.[10]

During the First World War, the house became a hospital and then a convalescent home for officers. After the war, Chequers became a private home again (now furnished with many 16th century antiques and tapestries and the Cromwellian antiquities), and the childless Lees formed a plan. While previous Prime Ministers had always belonged to the landed classes, the post-First World War era was bringing in a new breed of politician. These men did not have the spacious country houses of previous prime ministers in which to entertain foreign dignitaries or a tranquil place to relax from the affairs of state. After long discussions with then Prime Minister David Lloyd George, Chequers was given to the nation as a country retreat for the serving Prime Minister under the Chequers Estate Act 1917.

The Lees, by this time Lord and Lady Lee of Fareham, left Chequers on 8 January 1921 after a final dinner at the house. A political disagreement between the Lees and Lloyd George soured the handover, which went ahead nonetheless.[11]

A stained glass window in the long gallery of the house commissioned by Lord and Lady Lee of Fareham bears the inscription:

This house of peace and ancient memories was given to England as a thank-offering for her deliverance in the great war of 1914–1918 as a place of rest and recreation for her Prime Ministers for ever.

The property houses one of the largest collections of art and memorabilia pertaining to Oliver Cromwell in the country. It also houses many other national antiques and books, held in the famous "long room", including a diary of Admiral Lord Nelson. However, the collection is not open to the public.

Nearby Coombe Hill was part of the estate until the 1920s when it was given to the National Trust. Coombe Hill and the Chequers Estate are part of the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, designated in 1965. The landscaped park, woodlands and formal gardens surrounding Chequers are listed Grade II on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.[9]

During the early part of the Second World War, it was considered that security at Chequers was inadequate to protect the Prime Minister, Winston Churchill. Therefore he used Ditchley in Oxfordshire until late 1942, by which time the approach road, clearly visible from the sky, had been camouflaged and other security measures had been put in place.[12][13]

Chequers under Neville Chamberlain had one telephone – in the kitchen; but Churchill "at once installed a whole battery on his desk and had them in constant use", according to Marshal of the Royal Air Force The 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford, who served as Chief of the Air Staff during the Second World War.[14]

21st century

On 1 June 2007, the Chequers estate was designated as a protected site under Section 128 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005. This specifically criminalised trespass into the estate.[15]

In July 2018, Prime Minister Theresa May held a Cabinet meeting at Chequers to agree on the UK's approach to Brexit which became known as the proposed "Chequers plan".[16]

In April 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson chose to recover at Chequers after being hospitalised at St Thomas's, London, with respiratory complications from COVID-19 which included a three-night stay in ICU.

Chequers as a gift

Sir Arthur Lee donated the Chequers estate after discussions with the then Prime Minister David Lloyd George. Lee noted a new type of politician was emerging, one without large country homes to retreat to and entertain foreign dignitaries.[17] The Chequers Estate Act 1917 contains his reasoning and thoughts for the gift:

“It is not possible to foresee or foretell from what classes or conditions of life the future wielders of power in this country will be drawn. Some may be as in the past men of wealth and famous descent; some may belong to the world of trade and business; others may spring from the ranks of the manual toilers. To none of these in the midst of their strenuous and responsible labours could the spirit and anodyne of Chequers do anything but good. In the city-bred man especially, the periodic contact with the most typical rural life would create and preserve a just sense of proportion between the claims of town and country. To the revolutionary statesman the antiquity and calm tenacity of Chequers and its annals might suggest some saving virtues in the continuity of English history and exercise a check upon too hasty upheavals, whilst even the most reactionary could scarcely be insensible to the spirit of human freedom which permeates the countryside of Hampden, Burke and Milton.


"Apart from these more subtle influences, the better the health of our rulers the more sanely will they rule and the inducement to spend two days a week in the high and pure air of the Chiltern hills and woods will, it is hoped, benefit the nation as well as its chosen leaders. The main features of this scheme are therefore designed not merely to make Chequers available as the official country residence of the Prime Minister of the day, but to tempt him to visit it regularly and to make it possible for him to live there, even though his income should be limited to his salary.”[17]

Location

Downing Street and Chequers are about 41 miles (66 km) apart.

The Ridgeway National Trail crosses the private drive.

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See also

References

Notes

  1. Historic England, "Chequers (1125879)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 22 December 2016
  2. Major 2001, pp. 16–18.
  3. M. W. Fletcher, Storm is Coming (London: Andrews, 2016), p. 92
  4. Williamson & Pevsner 2003, p. 234.
  5. Lady Georgina Bertie (1845). "Five generations of a loyal house. Pt. 1, containing the lives of R. Bertie and his son Peregrine, lord Willoughby". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. Hawtrey 1903, pp. 30–31.
  7. Major 2001, p. 27.
  8. Major 2001, p. 75.
  9. Historic England, "Chequers (1000595)", National Heritage List for England, retrieved 22 December 2016
  10. Lee 1974, pp. 167–68.
  11. Major 2001, p. 99.
  12. Winston Churchill Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  13. History Lives at Ditchley and Bletchley – The Churchill Centre Archived 16 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  14. Roberts, Andrew (2009). Masters and Commanders: The Military Geniuses who Led the West to Victory in World War II. London: Penguin. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-141-02926-9.
  15. "Home Office Circular 018 / 2007 (Trespass on protected sites – sections 128–131 of the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005)". GOV.UK. Home Office. 22 May 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  16. BBC News https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-44749993
  17. Participation, Expert. "Chequers Estate Act 1917". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2020.

Bibliography

  • Hawtrey, Florence Molesworth (1903). The History of the Hawtrey Family. I. London: George Allen. Retrieved 11 February 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lee, Arthur (1974). Clark, Alan (ed.). A Good Innings; The Private Papers of Viscount Lee of Fareham. London: J. Murray. ISBN 0-7195-2850-X.
  • Major, Norma (2001). Chequers: The Prime Minister's Country House and its History. London: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-85844-7.
  • Williamson, Elizabeth; Pevsner, Nikolaus (2003). Buckinghamshire. The Buildings Of England. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-09584-8.
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