Christian Democratic Union of Germany

The Christian Democratic Union of Germany (German: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands, CDU; German pronunciation: [ˈkʁɪstlɪç ˌdemoˈkʁaːtɪʃə ʔuˈni̯oːn ˈdɔʏtʃlants]) is a Christian-democratic[3][4] and liberal-conservative[5] political party in Germany. It is the major catch-all party of the centre-right[10][11][12] in German politics.[13][14]

Christian Democratic Union of Germany Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
Abbreviation	CDU
Chairperson	Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer (outgoing)[1]
Vice Chairpersons	Volker Bouffier Silvia Breher Julia Klöckner Armin Laschet Thomas Strobl
Secretary General	Paul Ziemiak
Founded	26 June 1945 (1945-06-26)
Headquarters	Klingelhöferstraße 8 10785 Berlin
Newspaper	Union
Youth wing	Young Union
Membership (November 2019)	407,350[2]
Ideology	Christian democracy[3][4] Liberal conservatism[5] Conservatism[6][7]
Political position	Centre-right[8][9]
National affiliation	Union
European affiliation	European People's Party
International affiliation	Centrist Democrat International International Democrat Union
European Parliament group	European People's Party
Colours	Orange (official)      Black (customary)
Bundestag	200 / 709
Bundesrat	22 / 69
State Parliaments	489 / 1,868
European Parliament	23 / 96
Ministers-president of states	6 / 16
Party flag
Website
cdu.de
Politics of Germany Political parties Elections

Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer has been leader of the CDU since December 2018. On 10 February 2020, she announced her resignation, but will remain as leader until a successor is elected.[1] The CDU is the largest party in the Bundestag, the German federal legislature, 200 out of 709 seats, having won 26.8% of votes in the 2017 federal election. It forms the CDU/CSU Bundestag faction, also known as the Union, with its Bavarian counterpart the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU). The group's parliamentary leader is Ralph Brinkhaus, a member of the CDU.

Founded in 1945 as an interdenominational Christian party, the CDU effectively succeeded the pre-war Catholic Centre Party, with many former members joining the party, including its first leader Konrad Adenauer. The party also included politicians of other backgrounds, including liberals and conservatives.[15] As a result, the party claims to represent "Christian-social, liberal and conservative" elements.[16] The CDU is generally pro-European in outlook.[17] Black is the party's customary colour. Other colours include red for the logo, orange for the flag, and black-red-gold for the corporate design.[18]

The CDU has headed the federal government since 2005 under Angela Merkel, who also served as the party's leader from 2000 until 2018. The CDU previously led the federal government from 1949 to 1969 and 1982 to 1998. Germany's three longest-serving post-war Chancellors have all come from the CDU; Helmut Kohl (1982–1998), Angela Merkel (2005–present), and Konrad Adenauer (1949–1963). The party also leads the governments of six of Germany's sixteen states.

The CDU is a member of the Centrist Democrat International, the International Democrat Union and the European People's Party (EPP). It is the largest party in the EPP with 23 MEPs. Ursula von der Leyen, the current President of the European Commission, is a member of the CDU.

History

Founding period

1949 election poster of the CDU reading "The Rescue: CDU"

Immediately following the collapse of the Nazi dictatorship at the end of World War II, the need for a new political order in Germany was paramount. Simultaneous yet unrelated meetings began occurring throughout Germany, each with the intention of planning a Christian-democratic party. The CDU was established in Berlin on 26 June 1945 and in Rheinland and Westfalen in September of the same year.

The founding members of the CDU consisted primarily of former members of the Centre Party, the German Democratic Party, the German National People's Party and the German People's Party. Many of these individuals, including CDU-Berlin founder Andreas Hermes, were imprisoned for the involvement in the German Resistance during the Nazi dictatorship. In the Cold War years after World War II up to the 1960s (see Vergangenheitsbewältigung), the CDU also attracted conservative, anti-communist former Nazis and Nazi collaborators into its higher ranks (like Hans Globke and Theodor Oberländer). A prominent anti-Nazi member was theologian Eugen Gerstenmaier, who became Acting Chairman of the Foreign Board (1949–1969).

One of the lessons learned from the failure of the Weimar Republic was that disunity among the democratic parties ultimately allowed for the rise of the Nazi Party. It was therefore crucial to create a unified party of Christian democrats – a Christian Democratic Union. The result of these meetings was the establishment of an inter-confessional (Catholic and Protestant alike) party influenced heavily by the political tradition of liberal conservatism. The CDU experienced considerable success gaining support from the time of its creation in Berlin on 26 June 1945 until its first convention on 21 October 1950, at which Chancellor Konrad Adenauer was named the first Chairman of the party.

Adenauer era (1949–1963)

The election poster of 1957 reading "No experiments" and featuring then Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (this was the only election in which the CDU obtained an absolute majority)

In the beginning, it was not clear which party would be favored by the victors of World War II, but by the end of the 1940s the governments of the United States and of Britain began to lean toward the CDU and away from the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The latter was more nationalist and sought German reunification even at the expense of concessions to the Soviet Union, depicting Adenauer as an instrument of both the Americans and the Vatican. The Western powers appreciated the CDU's moderation, its economic flexibility and its value as an oppositional force to the communists which appealed to European voters at the time. Adenauer was also trusted by the British.[19]

The party was split over issues of rearmament within the Western alliance and German unification as a neutral state. Adenauer staunchly defended his pro-Western position and outmanoeuvred some of his opponents. He also refused to consider the SPD as a party of the coalition until he felt sure that they shared his anti-communist position. The principled rejection of a reunification that would alienate Germany from the Western alliance made it harder to attract Protestant voters to the party as most refugees from the former German territories east of the Oder were of that faith as were the majority of the inhabitants of East Germany.[19]

The CDU was the dominant party for the first two decades following the establishment of West Germany in 1949. Adenauer remained the party's leader until 1963, at which point the former minister of economics Ludwig Erhard replaced him.[20] As the Free Democratic Party (FDP) withdrew from the governing coalition in 1966 due to disagreements over fiscal and economic policy, Erhard was forced to resign. Consequently, a grand coalition with the SPD took over government under CDU Chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger.

Opposition against social-liberal governments (1969–1982)

The SPD quickly gained popularity and succeeded in forming a social-liberal coalition with the FDP following the 1969 federal election, forcing the CDU out of power for the first time in its history. The CDU and CSU were highly critical of Chancellor Willy Brandt's "change through rapprochement" policy towards the Eastern bloc (Ostpolitik) and protested sharply against the 1970 treaties of Moscow and Warsaw that renounced claims to the former eastern territories of Germany and recognised the Oder–Neisse line as Germany's eastern border. The Union parties had close ties with the Heimatvertriebene associations (Germans who fled or were expelled from the eastern territories) who hoped for a return of these territories. Seven Bundestag members, including former vice chancellor Erich Mende, defected from the FDP and SPD to the CDU in protest against these treaties, depriving Brandt of his majority, and providing a thin majority for the CDU and CSU. In April, 1972 the CDU saw its chance to return to power, calling a constructive vote of no confidence. CDU chairman Rainer Barzel was almost certain to become the new Chancellor. But not all parliamentarians voted as expected (it was later revealed that two CDU/CSU deputies had been bribed by the East German Stasi): Brandt won the vote and stayed in office. Thus, the CDU continued its role as opposition for a total of thirteen years. In 1982, the FDP withdrew from the coalition with the SPD and allowed the CDU to regain power.

Kohl era (1982–1998)

CDU Chairman Helmut Kohl became the new Chancellor of West Germany and his CDU/CSU–FDP coalition was confirmed in the 1983 federal election.

East German CDU leader Lothar de Maizière (left) with West German CDU leader Helmut Kohl in September 1990

After the collapse of the East German government in 1989, Kohl—supported by the governments of the United States and reluctantly by those of France and the United Kingdom—called for German reunification. On 3 October 1990, the government of East Germany was abolished and its territory acceded to the scope of the Basic Law already in place in West Germany. The East German CDU merged with its West German counterpart and elections were held for the reunified country. Public support for the coalition's work in the process of German reunification was reiterated in the 1990 federal election in which the CDU–FDP governing coalition experienced a clear victory. Although Kohl was re-elected, the party began losing much of its popularity because of an economic recession in the former GDR and increased taxes in the west. The CDU was nonetheless able to win the 1994 federal election by a narrow margin due to an economic recovery.

Kohl served as chairman until the party's electoral defeat in 1998, when he was succeeded by Wolfgang Schäuble. Schäuble resigned in early 2000 as a result of a party financing scandal and was replaced by Angela Merkel, who remained the leader of the CDU until 2018. In the 1998 federal election the CDU polled 28.4% and the CSU 6.7% of the national vote, the lowest result for those parties since 1949; a red–green coalition under the leadership of Gerhard Schröder took power until 2005. In the 2002 federal election, the CDU and CSU polled slightly higher (29.5% and 9.0%, respectively), but still lacked the majority needed for a CDU–FDP coalition government.

Merkel era (2000–2018)

Angela Merkel

In 2005, early elections were called after the CDU dealt the governing SPD a major blow, winning more than ten state elections, most of which were landslide victories. The resulting grand coalition between the CDU/CSU and the SPD faced a serious challenge stemming from both parties' demand for the chancellorship. After three weeks of negotiations, the two parties reached a deal whereby CDU received the chancellorship while the SPD retained 8 of the 16 seats in the cabinet and a majority of the most prestigious cabinet posts.[21] The coalition deal was approved by both parties at party conferences on 14 November.[22] Merkel was confirmed as the first female Chancellor of Germany by the majority of delegates (397 to 217) in the newly assembled Bundestag on 22 November.[23] Since her first term in office, from 2005 to 2009, there have been discussions if the CDU was still "sufficiently conservative" or if it was "social-democratising".[24] In March 2009, Merkel answered with the statement "Sometimes I am liberal, sometimes I am conservative, sometimes I am Christian-social—and this is what defines the CDU."[25]

Although the CDU and CSU lost support in the 2009 federal elections, their "desired partner" the FDP experienced the best election cycle in its history, thereby enabling a CDU/CSU–FDP coalition. This marked the first change of coalition partner by a Chancellor in German history and the first centre-right coalition government since 1998. CDU candidate Christian Wulff won the 2010 presidential election in the third ballot, while opposition candidate Joachim Gauck (a Protestant pastor and former anti-communist activist in East Germany, who was favoured even by some CDU members) received a number of "faithless" votes from the government camp.

The decisions to suspend conscription (late 2010) and to phase out nuclear energy (shortly after the Fukushima disaster in 2011) broke with long-term principles of the CDU, moving the party into a more socially liberal direction and alienating some of its more conservative members and voters. At its November 2011 conference the party proposed a "wage floor", after having expressly rejected minimum wages during the previous years.[26] Psephologist and Merkel advisor Matthias Jung coined the term "asymmetric demobilisation" for the CDU's strategy (practised in the 2009, 2013 and 2017 campaigns)[27] of adopting issues and positions close to its rivals, e.g. regarding social justice (SPD) and ecology (Greens), thus avoiding conflicts that might mobilise their potential supporters. Some of the promises in the CDU's 2013 election platform were seen as "overtaking the SPD on the left".[28] While this strategy has proven to be quite successful in elections, it also raised warnings that the CDU's profile would become "random", the party would lose its "essence"[26] and it might even be dangerous for democracy in general if parties became indistinguishable and voters demotivated.

President Wulff resigned in February 2012 due to allegations of corruption, triggering an early presidential election. This time the CDU supported, reluctantly, nonpartisan candidate Joachim Gauck. The CDU/CSU–FDP coalition lasted until the 2013 federal election, when the FDP lost all its seats in the Bundestag while the CDU and CSU won their best result since 1990, only a few seats short of an absolute majority. This was partly due to the CDU's expansion of voter base to all socio-structural groups (class, age or gender), partly due to the personal popularity of Chancellor Merkel.[29] After talks with the Greens had failed, the CDU/CSU formed a new grand coalition with the SPD.

Despite their long-cherished slogan of "There must be no democratically legitimised party to the right of CDU/CSU",[30] the Union has had a serious competitor to its right since 2013. The right-wing populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) was founded with the involvement of disgruntled CDU members. It drew on the discontent of some conservatives with the Merkel administration's handling of the European debt crisis (2009–14) and later the 2015 refugee crisis, lamenting a purported loss of sovereignty and control or even "state failure". Nearly 10 percent of early AfD members were defectors from the CDU.[31] In the 2017 election, the CDU and CSU lost a large portion of their voteshare. After failing to negotiate a coalition with the FDP and Greens, they continued their grand coalition with the SPD. In October 2018, Merkel announced that she would step down as leader of the CDU that December, but wanted to remain as Chancellor until 2021.[32]

Post-Merkel (2018–present)

On 7 December 2018, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected as the new party leader of the CDU in the leadership election.

Kramp-Karrenbauer opposes same sex marriage, having compared it to incest and polygamy, and supports socially conservative policies.

Kramp Karrenbauer resigned as party leader on 10 February 2020, after the CDU in the German state of Thuringia cooperated with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) in order to prevent the election of a left-wing Thuringian Prime Minister. This cooperation violated a political taboo in German politics of cooperating with political parties viewed as too far-right. Media reported her inability to enforce party discipline, which according to her was complicated by the unclear positions of some CDU members towards the parties of the right-wing AfD and the leftist Die Linke, as a reason for her resignation. She will continue as Minister of Defence while a new party leader is expected to be elected.[33][34]

Voter base

Konrad-Adenauer-Haus, headquarters of the CDU in Berlin

While Adenauer and Erhard co-operated with non-Nazi parties to their right, the CDU has later worked to marginalize its right-wing opposition. The loss of anti-communism as a political theme, secularization and the cultural revolutions in West Germany occurring since the 1960s have challenged the viability of the CDU.

In her 2005 campaign, Angela Merkel was unwilling to express explicitly Christian views while maintaining that her party had never lost its concept of values. Merkel and Bundestag President Norbert Lammert have been keen to clarify that CDU references to the "dominant culture" imply "tolerance and living together".[19] According to party analyst Stephan Eisel, her avoiding the values-issue may have had the opposite effect as she failed to mobilize the party's core constituency.[35]

The CDU applies the principles of Christian democracy and emphasizes the "Christian understanding of humans and their responsibility toward God". However, CDU membership consists of people adhering to a variety of religions as well as non-religious individuals. The CDU's policies derive from political Catholicism, Catholic social teaching and political Protestantism as well as economic liberalism and national conservatism. The party has adopted more liberal economic policies since Helmut Kohl's term in office as the Chancellor of Germany (1982–1998).

As a conservative party, the CDU supports stronger punishments of crimes and involvement on the part of the Bundeswehr in cases of domestic anti-terrorism offensives. In terms of immigrants, the CDU supports initiatives to integrate immigrants through language courses and aims to further control immigration. Dual citizenship should only be allowed in exceptional cases.

In terms of foreign policy, the CDU commits itself to European integration and a strong relation with the United States. In the European Union, the party opposes the entry of Turkey, preferring instead a privileged partnership. In addition to citing various human rights violations, the CDU also believes that Turkey's unwillingness to recognise Cyprus as an independent sovereign state contradicts the European Union policy that its members must recognise the existence of one another.

The CDU has governed in four federal-level and numerous state-level Grand Coalitions with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) as well as in state and local-level coalitions with the Alliance '90/The Greens. The CDU has an official party congress adjudication that prohibits coalitions and any sort of cooperation with either The Left or the Alternative for Germany.[36]

Internal structure

Members

Before 1966, membership totals in CDU organisation were only estimated. The numbers after 1966 are based on the total from 31 December of the previous year. In 2018, the CDU had 420,240 members.[37]

In 2012, the members' average age was 59 years. 6% of the Christian Democrats were under 30 years old.[38] A 2007 study by the Konrad Adenauer Foundation showed that 25.4% of members were female and 74.6% male. Female participation was higher in the former East German states with 29.2% compared to 24.8% in the former West German states.[39]

State group		Chairman		Members
	CDU Baden-Württemberg		Thomas Strobl	074,669
	Berlin		Monika Grütters	012,568
	Brandenburg		Ingo Senftleben	006,797
	Bremen		Carsten Meyer-Heder	003,246
	Hamburg		Roland Heintze	009,697
	Hesse		Volker Bouffier	047,789
	Mecklenburg-Vorpommern		Vincent Kokert	006,038
	Lower Saxony		Bernd Althusmann	072,813
	North Rhine-Westphalia		Armin Laschet	165,273
	Rhineland-Palatinate		Julia Klöckner	049,856
	Saarland		Tobias Hans	020,651
	Saxony		Michael Kretschmer	013,148
	Saxony-Anhalt		Holger Stahlknecht	008,410
	Schleswig-Holstein		Daniel Günther	026,674
	Thuringia		Mike Mohring	012,035

Membership development

Relationship to the CSU

1986 Germany Day of Junge Union in Cologne

Both the CDU and the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) originated after World War II, sharing a concern for the Christian worldview. In the Bundestag, the CDU is represented in a common faction with the CSU. This faction is called CDU/CSU, or informally the Union. Its basis is a binding agreement known as a Fraktionsvertrag between the two parties.

The CDU and CSU share a common youth organisation, the Junge Union, a common pupil organisation, the Schüler Union Deutschlands, a common student organisation, the Ring Christlich-Demokratischer Studenten and a common Mittelstand organisation, the Mittelstands- und Wirtschaftsvereinigung.

The CDU and CSU are legally and organisationally separate parties; their ideological differences are sometimes a source of conflict. The most notable and serious such incident was in 1976, when the CSU under Franz Josef Strauß ended the alliance with the CDU at a party conference in Wildbad Kreuth. This decision was reversed shortly thereafter when the CDU threatened to run candidates against the CSU in Bavaria.

The relationship of CDU to the CSU has historic parallels to previous Christian-democratic parties in Germany, with the Catholic Centre Party having served as a national Catholic party throughout the German Empire and the Weimar Republic while the Bavarian People's Party functioning as the Bavarian variant.

Since its formation, the CSU has been more conservative than the CDU. The CSU and the state of Bavaria decided not to sign the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany as they insisted on more autonomy for the individual states.[40] The CSU and the free state of Bavaria have a separate police and justice system (distinctive and non-federal) and have actively participated in all political affairs of the Bundestag, the German government, the Bundesrat, the parliamentary elections of the German President, the European Parliament and meetings with Mikhail Gorbachev in Russia.

Konrad Adenauer Foundation

1978 conference in Rhöndorf with eminent historian Golo Mann (center)

The Konrad Adenauer Foundation is the think-tank of the CDU. It is named after the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany and first president of the CDU. The foundation offers political education, conducts scientific fact-finding research for political projects, grants scholarships to gifted individuals, researches the history of Christian democracy and supports and encourages European unification, international understanding and development-policy cooperation. Its annual budget amounts to around 120 million euro and is mostly funded by taxpayer money.[41]

Special organizations

Notable suborganisations of the CDU are the following:

• Junge Union (JU), the common youth organisation of the CDU and the CSU.
• Christian Democratic Employees' Association (CDA), a traditionally leftist association representing Christian-democratic wage earners.
• Evangelical Working Group of the CDU/CSU (EAK, together with the CSU), representing the Protestant minority in the party.
• Association of Christian Democratic Students (RCDS), the student organisation of the party.
• Lesbian and Gay Members of the Union (LSU), representing LGBT+ members of the CDU.

Chairperson of the CDU, 1950–present

Chairperson	Period
Konrad Adenauer	1950–1966
Ludwig Erhard	1966–1967
Kurt Georg Kiesinger	1967–1971
Rainer Barzel	1971–1973
Helmut Kohl	1973–1998
Wolfgang Schäuble	1998–2000
Angela Merkel	2000–2018
Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer	2018–present

Parliamentary chairmen/chairwomen of the CDU/CSU group in the national parliament

Chairperson of the CDU/CSU group	Period
Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo	1949–1955
Heinrich Krone	1955–1961
Heinrich von Brentano di Tremezzo	1961–1964
Rainer Barzel	1964–1973
Karl Carstens	1973–1976
Helmut Kohl	1976–1982
Alfred Dregger	1982–1991
Wolfgang Schäuble	1991–2000
Friedrich Merz	2000–2002
Angela Merkel	2002–2005
Volker Kauder	2005–2018
Ralph Brinkhaus	2018–present

German Chancellors from the CDU

Chancellor of Germany	Time in office
Konrad Adenauer	1949–1963
Ludwig Erhard	1963–1966
Kurt Georg Kiesinger	1966–1969
Helmut Kohl	1982–1998
Angela Merkel	2005–present

Election results

Federal Parliament (Bundestag)

Election year	Leader	No. of constituency votes	No. of party list votes	% of party list votes	No. of overall seats won	+/–	Government
1949	Konrad Adenauer		5,978,636	25.2	115 / 402		CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1953		9,577,659	10,016,594	36.4	197 / 509	82	CDU/CSU–FDP–DP
1957		11,975,400	11,875,339	39.7	222 / 519	25	CDU/CSU–DP
1961		11,622,995	11,283,901	35.8	201 / 521	21	CDU/CSU–FDP
1965		12,631,319	12,387,562	38.0	202 / 518	1	CDU/CSU–SPD
1969	Kurt Georg Kiesinger	12,137,148	12,079,535	36.6	201 / 518	1	Opposition
1972	Rainer Barzel	13,304,813	13,190,837	35.2	186 / 518	15	Opposition
1976	Helmut Kohl	14,423,157	14,367,302	38.0	201 / 518	15	Opposition
1980		13,467,207	12,989,200	34.2	185 / 519	16	Opposition
1983		15,943,460	14,857,680	38.1	202 / 520	17	CDU/CSU–FDP
1987		14,168,527	13,045,745	34.4	185 / 519	17	CDU/CSU–FDP
1990		17,707,574	17,055,116	36.7	268 / 662	83	CDU/CSU–FDP
1994		17,473,325	16,089,960	34.2	244 / 672	24	CDU/CSU–FDP
1998		15,854,215	14,004,908	28.4	198 / 669	46	Opposition
2002	Angela Merkel	15,336,512	14,167,561	29.5	190 / 603	8	Opposition
2005		15,390,950	13,136,740	27.8	180 / 614	10	CDU/CSU–SPD
2009		13,856,674	11,828,277	27.3	194 / 622	14	CDU/CSU–FDP
2013		16,233,642	14,921,877	34.1	254 / 630	61	CDU/CSU–SPD
2017		14,027,804	12,445,832	26.8	200 / 709	54	CDU/CSU–SPD

European Parliament

Election year	No. of overall votes	% of overall vote	No. of overall seats won	+/–
1979	10,883,085	39.0 (2nd)	33 / 81
1984	9,308,411	37.5 (1st)	32 / 81	1
1989	8,332,846	29.5 (2nd)	24 / 81	8
1994	11,346,073	32.0 (2nd)	39 / 99	15
1999	10,628,224	39.2 (1st)	43 / 99	4
2004	9,412,009	36.5 (1st)	40 / 99	3
2009	8,071,391	30.6 (1st)	34 / 99	6
2014	8,807,500	30.0 (1st)	29 / 96	5
2019	8,437,093	22.6 (1st)	23 / 96	6

State Parliaments (Länder)

Note that the CDU does not contest elections in Bavaria due to the alliance with Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union in Bavaria.

State Parliament	Election year	No. of overall votes	% of overall vote	Seats			Government
				No.	±	Position
Baden-Württemberg	2016	1,447,249	27.0 (2nd)	42 / 143	18	2nd	Greens–CDU
Berlin	2016	288,002	17.6 (2nd)	31 / 160	8	2nd	Opposition
Brandenburg	2019	196,988	15.6 (3rd)	15 / 88	6	3rd	SPD–CDU–Greens
Bremen	2019	390,414	26.7 (1st)	24 / 84	4	1st	Opposition
Hamburg	2020	445,631	11.2 (3rd)	15 / 121	5	3rd	Opposition
Hesse	2018	776,254	27.0 (1st)	40 / 137	7	1st	CDU–Greens
Lower Saxony	2017	2,707,274	35.4 (2nd)	50 / 137	4	2nd	SPD–CDU
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern	2016	153,101	19.0 (3rd)	16 / 71	2	3rd	SPD–CDU
North Rhine-Westphalia	2017	2,796,683	33.0 (1st)	72 / 199	5	1st	CDU–FDP
Rhineland-Palatinate	2016	677,507	31.8 (2nd)	35 / 101	6	2nd	Opposition
Saarland	2017	217,265	40.7 (1st)	24 / 51	5	1st	CDU–SPD
Saxony	2019	695,560	32.1 (1st)	45 / 119	14	1st	CDU–SPD-Greens
Saxony-Anhalt	2016	334,123	29.8 (1st)	30 / 87	12	1st	CDU–SPD–Greens
Schleswig-Holstein	2017	470,312	32.0 (1st)	25 / 73	3	1st	CDU–Greens–FDP
Thuringia	2019	241,103	21.8 (3rd)	21 / 90	13	3rd	Opposition

See also

• Archive for Christian Democratic Policy
• List of Christian democratic parties
• List of political parties in Germany
• Merkel-Raute, the signature gesture of Angela Merkel which is prominently featured in the CDU's campaign for the 2013 German federal election[42]
• Party finance in Germany

References

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3. Frank Bösch (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78.
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Further reading

• Bösch, Frank (2004). Steven Van Hecke; Emmanuel Gerard (eds.). Two Crises, Two Consolidations? Christian Democracy in Germany. Christian Democratic Parties in Europe Since the End of the Cold War. Leuven University Press. pp. 55–78. ISBN 90-5867-377-4.
• Cary, Noel D. (1996). The Path to Christian Democracy: German Catholics and the Party System from Windthorst to Adenauer. Harvard University Press.
• Green, Simon; Turner, Ed, eds. (2015). Understanding the Transformation of Germany's CDU. Routledge.
• Kleinmann, Hans-Otto (1993). Geschichte der CDU: 1945–1982. Stuttgart. ISBN 3-421-06541-1.
• Lappenküper, Ulrich (2004). Michael Gehler; Wolfram Kaiser (eds.). Between Concentration Movement and People's Party: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany. Christian Democracy in Europe since 1945. Routledge. pp. 21–32. ISBN 0-7146-5662-3.
• Mitchell, Maria (2012). The Origins of Christian Democracy: Politics and Confession in Modern Germany. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11841-0.
• Wiliarty, Sarah Elise (2010). The CDU and the Politics of Gender in Germany: Bringing Women to the Party. Cambridge University Press.

External links

• Official website of the Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands
• Official website of the European People's Party