Secretary General of NATO

The secretary general of NATO is an international diplomat who serves as the chief civil servant of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The officeholder is responsible for coordinating the workings of the alliance, leading NATO's international staff, chairing the meetings of the North Atlantic Council and most major committees of the alliance, with the notable exception of the NATO Military Committee, as well as acting as NATO's spokesperson.[1] The secretary general does however not have any military command role; political, military and strategic decisions ultimately rest with the member states. Together with the chairman of the NATO Military Committee and the supreme Allied commander, the secretary general is one of the foremost officials of NATO.

Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Flag of NATO
Incumbent Jens Stoltenberg since 1 October 2014
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Member of	North Atlantic Council
Seat	NATO headquarters
Term length	4 years
Formation	24 March 1952
First holder	Hastings Ismay
Website	Office of the Secretary General

The current secretary general of NATO is former Norwegian prime minister Jens Stoltenberg, who took office on 1 October 2014.[2] Stoltenberg's mission as secretary general was extended for another four-year term, meaning that he will lead NATO until September 30, 2022.[3]

History

Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty requires NATO members to "establish a Council, on which each of them shall be represented."[4] Accordingly, the North Atlantic Council was formed. Initially the Council consisted of NATO members' foreign ministers and met annually.[5] In May 1950, the desire for closer coordination on a day-to-day basis led to the appointment of Council deputies, permanently based in London and overseeing the workings of the organization. Deputies were given full decision-making authority within the North Atlantic Council, but their work was supplemented by occasional meetings of the NATO foreign ministers.[6] The chairman of the deputies was given responsibility "for directing the organization and its work," including all of its civilian agencies.[7]

The Council deputies met for the first time on July 25, 1950, and selected Charles Spofford, the United States deputy, as their chairman.[8] Several important organisational changes quickly followed the establishment of Council deputies, most notably the establishment of a unified military command under a single supreme Allied commander.[9] This unification and the growing challenges facing NATO led to rapid growth in the institutions of the organisation and in 1951, NATO was reorganized to streamline and centralize its bureaucracy. As part of the organization, the Council deputies were delegated with the authority to represent their governments in all matters, including those related to defense and finance, not just foreign affairs, greatly increasing their power and importance.[10]

As the authority of the deputies increased, and the size of the organization grew, NATO established the Temporary Council Committee, chaired by W. Averell Harriman. This group established an official secretariat in Paris to command NATO's bureaucracy.[11] The committee also recommended that "the agencies of NATO needed to be strengthened and co-ordinate", and emphasized the need for someone other than the Chairman of the North Atlantic Council to become the senior leader of the alliance.[12] In February 1952, North Atlantic Council accordingly established the position of secretary general to manage all civilian agencies of the organization, control its civilian staff, and serve the North Atlantic Council.[13]

After the Lisbon Conference, the NATO states began looking for a person who could fill the role of secretary general. The position was first offered to Oliver Franks, the British ambassador to the United States, but he declined. Then, on March 12, 1952, the North Atlantic Council selected Hastings Ismay, a general from World War II, and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations in the British cabinet as secretary general.[14] Unlike later secretaries general who served as Chairman of the North Atlantic Council, Ismay was made the vice chairman of the council, with Spofford continuing to serve as chairman. Ismay was selected because of his high rank in the war, and his role "at the side of Churchill ... in the highest Allied Councils." As both a soldier and a diplomat, he was considered uniquely qualified for the position, and enjoyed the full support of all the NATO states.[15]

Several months later, after Spofford retired from the NATO, the structure of the North Atlantic Council was changed slightly. One member of the council was selected annually as the president of the North Atlantic Council (a largely ceremonial role), and the secretary general officially became the Deputy President of the Council, as well as the chair of its meetings.[16] Ismay served as secretary general until retiring in May, 1957.[17]

After Ismay, Paul-Henri Spaak, an international diplomat and former prime minister of Belgium was selected as the second secretary general. Unlike Ismay, Spaak had no military experience, so his appointment represented a "deemphasis of the strictly military side of the Atlantic Alliance."[18] When confirming Spaak's appointment in December 1956 during a session of the NATO foreign ministers, the North Atlantic Council also expanded the role of the secretary general in the organization. Largely as a result of the Suez Crisis, which had strained intra-alliance relations, the council issued a resolution to allow the secretary general "to offer his good officers informally at any time to member governments involved in a dispute and with their consent to initiate or facilitate procedures of inquiry, mediation, conciliation, or arbitration."[19]

List of office-holders

Supreme Allied Commander Europe Bernard W. Rogers and Secretary General Joseph Luns on 13 January 1983.

United States Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and Secretary General Joseph Luns on 25 May 1983.

Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and President of the United States George W. Bush on 27 October 2006.[20]

The NATO countries selected the first secretary general on April 4, 1952. Since that time, twelve different diplomats have served officially as secretary general. Eight countries have been represented, with three secretaries general hailing from the United Kingdom, three from the Netherlands, two from Belgium, one from Italy, one from Germany, one from Spain, one from Denmark, and one from Norway. The position has also been occupied temporarily on three occasions by an acting secretary general between appointments.

No.	Portrait	Secretary General	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Previous office	Country of origin
1		Ismay, HastingsGeneral Hastings Ismay 1st Baron Ismay (1887–1965)	24 March 1952	16 May 1957	5 years, 53 days	Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations	United Kingdom
2		Spaak, Paul-HenriPaul-Henri Spaak (1899–1972)	16 May 1957	21 April 1961	3 years, 340 days	Prime Minister of Belgium	Belgium
3		Stikker, DirkDirk Stikker (1897–1979) [lower-alpha 1]	21 April 1961	1 August 1964	3 years, 102 days	Minister of Foreign Affairs	Netherlands
4		Brosio, ManlioManlio Brosio (1897–1980)	1 August 1964	1 October 1971	7 years, 61 days	Ambassador to the United Kingdom	Italy
5		Luns, JosephWarrant officer Joseph Luns (1911–2002)	1 October 1971	25 June 1984	12 years, 268 days	Minister of Foreign Affairs	Netherlands
6		Carington, PeterMajor Peter Carington 6th Baron Carrington (1919–2018)	25 June 1984	1 July 1988	4 years, 6 days	Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs	United Kingdom
7		Wörner, ManfredManfred Wörner (1934–1994) [lower-alpha 2]	1 July 1988	13 August 1994 †	6 years, 43 days	Minister of Defence	Germany
–		Balanzino, SergioSergio Balanzino (1934–2018) Acting	13 August 1994	17 October 1994	65 days	Deputy Secretary General of NATO	Italy
8		Claes, WillyWilly Claes (born 1938) [lower-alpha 3]	17 October 1994	20 October 1995	1 year, 3 days	Minister of Foreign Affairs	Belgium
–		Balanzino, SergioSergio Balanzino (1934–2018) Acting	20 October 1995	5 December 1995	46 days	Deputy Secretary General of NATO	Italy
9		Solana, JavierJavier Solana (born 1942)	5 December 1995	14 October 1999	3 years, 313 days	Minister of Foreign Affairs	Spain
10		Robertson, GeorgeGeorge Robertson Baron Robertson of Port Ellen (born 1946) [lower-alpha 4]	14 October 1999	17 December 2003	4 years, 64 days	Secretary of State for Defence	United Kingdom
–		Minuto-Rizzo, AlessandroAlessandro Minuto-Rizzo (born 1940) Acting	17 December 2003	1 January 2004	15 days	Deputy Secretary General of NATO	Italy
11		Scheffer, Jaap de HoopSecond lieutenant Jaap de Hoop Scheffer (born 1948) [lower-alpha 5]	1 January 2004	1 August 2009	5 years, 212 days	Minister of Foreign Affairs	Netherlands
12		Rasmussen, Anders FoghAnders Fogh Rasmussen (born 1953)	1 August 2009	1 October 2014	5 years, 61 days	Prime Minister of Denmark	Denmark
13		Stoltenberg, JensJens Stoltenberg (born 1959)	1 October 2014	Incumbent	5 years, 314 days	Prime Minister of Norway	Norway

Living former secretaries general

As of 2018, there are five living former NATO secretaries general. The most recent secretary general to die was Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington (1919-2018)

• Willy Claes, (1994–1995, born 1938), 81 years
• Javier Solana, (1995–1999, born 1942), 77 years
• George Robertson, Baron Robertson of Port Ellen, (1999–2003, born 1946), 74 years
• Jaap de Hoop Scheffer, (2004–2009, born 1948), 72 years
• Anders Fogh Rasmussen, (2009–2014, born 1953), 67 years

Responsibilities

The NATO secretary general chairs several of the senior decision-making bodies of NATO. In addition to the North Atlantic Council, he chairs the Defence Planning Committee and the Nuclear Planning Committee, two of NATO's important military organizations. The secretary general also leads the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council, the Mediterranean Cooperation Group, and serves as Joint Chairman of the Permanent Joint Council and the NATO-Ukraine Commission.

In a second role, the secretary general leads the staff of NATO. He directs the International Staff of the organization, and the Office of the Secretary General. The secretary general also directs his or her own Private Office. All of these bodies draw personnel from all members of NATO, so the secretary general must carefully coordinate.[29] For assistance in his responsibilities, the secretary general also has a deputy appointed by the organization. The NATO Military Command Structure consists of two strategic commands directed by the North Atlantic Council:[30]

Liaison:          Provides advice and support to the NAC

Political strategic level:

NATO SG (NAC) Brussels, BE

IS Brussels, BE

Military strategic level:

CMC (NATO MC)  DGIMS (IMS) Brussels, BE

SACEUR (ACO, SHAPE) Mons, BE

SACT (ACT, HQ SACT) Norfolk, US

Operational level:

JFCBS Brunssum, NL

JWC Stavanger, NO

AIRCOM Ramstein, DE

JALLC Lisbon, PT

MARCOM Northwood, GB

JFTC Bydgoszcz, PL

LANDCOM İzmir, TR

CIS GP

JFCNP Naples, IT

Selection

There is no formal process for selecting the secretary general. Instead, the members of NATO traditionally reach a consensus on who should serve next. This procedure often takes place through informal diplomatic channels, but it still can become contentious. For example, in 2009, controversy arose over the choice of Anders Fogh Rasmussen as secretary general, due to opposition from Turkey.[31]

Because NATO's chief military officer, the supreme Allied commander Europe, is traditionally an American, the secretary general has traditionally been a European by custom. However, there is nothing in NATO's charter that would preclude a Canadian or American from becoming the secretary general.[32]

Deputy Secretary General

List of deputy secretaries general[33]

#	Name	Country	Duration
1	Jonkheer van Vredenburch	Netherlands	1952–1956
2	Baron Adolph Bentinck	Netherlands	1956–1958
3	Alberico Casardi	Italy	1958–1962
4	Guido Colonna di Paliano	Italy	1962–1964
5	James A. Roberts	Canada	1964–1968
6	Osman Olcay	Turkey	1969–1971
7	Paolo Pansa Cedronio	Italy	1971–1978
8	Rinaldo Petrignani	Italy	1978–1981
9	Eric da Rin	Italy	1981–1985
10	Marcello Guidi	Italy	1985–1989
11	Amedeo de Franchis	Italy	1989–1994
12	Sergio Balanzino	Italy	1994–2001
13	Alessandro Minuto Rizzo	Italy	2001–2007
14	Claudio Bisogniero	Italy	2007–2012
15	Alexander Vershbow	United States	2012–2016
16	Rose Gottemoeller	United States	2016–2019
17	Mircea Geoană	Romania	2019–present

See also

• Supreme Allied Commander Europe
• Chairman of the NATO Military Committee

Notes

1. Stikker resigned from his position a year early due to poor health.[21]
2. Wörner died in office on August 13, 1994, of cancer. The Deputy Secretary General, Sergio Balanzino, took over his daily responsibilities for the last several months on his life and then became acting Secretary General upon his death until the appointment of Willy Claes.[22]
3. Claes resigned as Secretary General after a bribery scandal, centering on his actions in the Belgian cabinet in the 1980s. After his resignation, Deputy Secretary General Sergio Balanzino served as acting Secretary General until the appointment of Javier Solana.[23]
4. George Robertson announced in January 2003 that he would be stepping down in December.[24] Jaap de Hoop Scheffer was selected as his successor, but could not assume the office until January 2004 because of his commitment in the Dutch Parliament.[25] Robertson was asked to extend his term until Scheffer was ready, but declined, so Minuto-Rizzo, the Deputy Secretary General, took over in the interim.
5. Scheffer was named Secretary General of NATO effective January 1, 2004,[26] but he did not take office until January 5, 2004.[27][28]

Citations

1. NATO Secretary General, NATO.
2. "Nato names Stoltenberg next chief". BBC. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
3. NATO allies extend Stoltenberg’s term as secretary-general
4. "The North Atlantic Treaty".
5. Ismay, Lord. "NATO-The first 5 years 1949-1954". p. 24.
6. Ismay, p. 28
7. "15th - 18th May: London". NATO Final Communiques 1949-1974. NATO Information Service. p. 56.
8. Ismay, p. 31
9. Ismay, p. 37
10. Ismay, p. 41
11. Ismay, p.44
12. Ismay, p.46
13. Ismay, p. 48
14. "RESOLUTION ON THE APPOINTEMENT OF LORD ISMAY".
15. Daniel, Clifton (March 13, 1952). "Ismay Named Civilian Chief of Atlantic Pact Organization". The New York Times.
16. Fedder, p. 10
17. Brosio, p. 39
18. "Spaak for Ismay". The Washington Post. December 16, 1956.
19. "11th-14th December: Paris". NATO Final Communiques 1949-1974. NATO Information Service. p. 104.
20. "President Welcomes NATO Secretary General to the White House". The White House. 2006-03-20. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
21. Cook, Don (April 3, 1964). "Resignation announced by Stikker". The Washington Post.
22. Marshall, Andrew (August 15, 1994). "Hunt is on to find new Nato chief". The Independent. London. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
23. Whitney, Craig (October 21, 1995). "Facing Charges, NATO Head Steps Down". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
24. Smith, Craig (January 23, 2003). "NATO Secretary General to Leave His Post in December After 4 Years". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
25. "Jaap de Hoop Scheffer". Newsmakers (1). Thomson Gale. January 1, 2005.
26. Crouch, Gregory (September 23, 2003). "NATO Names a Dutchman To Be Its Secretary General". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
27. "NATO Chief Steps Down". The New York Times. December 18, 2003. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
28. Crouch, Gregory (January 6, 2004). "New NATO Chief Takes Over". The New York Times. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
29. "Civilian Organisation and Structures: The Secretary General".
30. "Command Structure" (PDF). NATO. Retrieved 19 October 2019. and "Military Command Structure". shape.nato.int. Supreme Head Allied Powers Europe. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2020.
31. Kardas, Saban. "Ankara Debates Rasmussen's Candidacy for NATO Secretary-General". The Jamestown Foundation.
32. "NATO Secretary General: How is he or she selected and for how long".
33. "NATO Who's who? – Deputy Secretaries General of NATO". NATO. Retrieved 20 July 2012.

References

• Brosio, Manlio (1969). NATO: Facts and Figures. NATO Information Service.
• Ismay, Hastings (1954). NATO: The First Five Years. NATO.
• Fedder, Edwin (1973). NATO:The Dynamics of the Alliance in the Postwar World. Dodd, Mead & Company. ISBN 0-396-06621-6.
• "Fonds. NATO Secretary General". NATO.

External links

Official website