Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire
Spencer Compton Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire KG GCVO PC PC (Ire) FRS (23 July 1833 – 24 March 1908), styled Lord Cavendish of Keighley between 1834 and 1858 and Marquess of Hartington between 1858 and 1891,[1] was a British statesman. He has the distinction of having served as leader of three political parties: as Leader of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons (1875–1880), of the Liberal Unionist Party (1886–1903) and of the Unionists in the House of Lords (1902–1903; though the Conservatives and Liberal Unionists operated in close alliance from 1892 to 1903, and would eventually merge in 1912). He also declined to become prime minister on three occasions, not because he was not a serious politician but because the circumstances were never right.
The Duke of Devonshire | |
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 | |
| Leader of the Liberal Party | |
| In office 3 February 1875 – 23 April 1880 | |
| Preceded by | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Succeeded by | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Leader of the House of Lords | |
| In office 12 July 1902 – 13 October 1903 | |
| Monarch | Edward VII |
| Prime Minister | Arthur Balfour |
| Preceded by | The Marquess of Salisbury |
| Succeeded by | The Marquess of Lansdowne |
| President of the Board of Education | |
| In office 3 March 1900 – 8 August 1902 | |
| Monarch | Victoria Edward VII |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury Arthur Balfour |
| Preceded by | Sir John Eldon Gorst |
| Succeeded by | The Marquess of Londonderry |
| Lord President of the Council | |
| In office 29 June 1895 – 19 October 1903 | |
| Monarch | Victoria Edward VII |
| Prime Minister | The Marquess of Salisbury Arthur Balfour |
| Preceded by | The Earl of Rosebery |
| Succeeded by | The Marquess of Londonderry |
| Secretary of State for War | |
| In office 16 December 1882 – 9 June 1885 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | Hugh Childers |
| Succeeded by | W. H. Smith |
| In office 16 February 1866 – 26 June 1866 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Earl Russell |
| Preceded by | The Earl de Grey |
| Succeeded by | Jonathan Peel |
| Secretary of State for India | |
| In office 28 April 1880 – 16 December 1882 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | The Viscount Cranbrook |
| Succeeded by | The Earl of Kimberley |
| Chief Secretary for Ireland | |
| In office 12 January 1871 – 17 February 1874 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue |
| Succeeded by | Michael Hicks Beach |
| Postmaster General | |
| In office 9 December 1868 – 14 January 1871 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | William Ewart Gladstone |
| Preceded by | The Duke of Montrose |
| Succeeded by | William Monsell |
| Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for War | |
| In office 2 May 1863 – 17 February 1866 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Viscount Palmerston The Earl Russell |
| Preceded by | The Earl de Grey |
| Succeeded by | The Lord Dufferin and Claneboye |
| Civil Lord of the Admiralty | |
| In office 23 March 1863 – 2 May 1863 | |
| Monarch | Victoria |
| Prime Minister | The Viscount Palmerston |
| Preceded by | Samuel Whitbread |
| Succeeded by | James Stansfeld |
| Member of the House of Lords Lord Temporal | |
| In office 21 December 1891 – 24 March 1908 Hereditary Peerage | |
| Preceded by | The 7th Duke of Devonshire |
| Succeeded by | The 9th Duke of Devonshire |
| Member of Parliament for Rossendale | |
| In office 18 December 1885 – 21 December 1891 | |
| Preceded by | Constituency created |
| Succeeded by | John Maden |
| Member of Parliament for North East Lancashire | |
| In office 27 April 1880 – 18 December 1885 | |
| Preceded by | James Maden Holt |
| Succeeded by | constituency abolished |
| Member of Parliament for Radnor | |
| In office 25 February 1869 – 27 April 1880 | |
| Preceded by | Richard Green-Price |
| Succeeded by | Samuel Williams |
| Member of Parliament for North Lancashire | |
| In office 24 April 1857 – 7 December 1868 | |
| Preceded by | James Heywood |
| Succeeded by | Hon. Frederick Stanley |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 23 July 1833 |
| Died | 24 March 1908 (aged 74) Cannes, France |
| Nationality | British |
| Political party | Liberal Liberal Unionist |
| Spouse(s) | |
| Parents | |
| Alma mater | Trinity College, Cambridge |
Background and education
Devonshire was the eldest son of William Cavendish, 2nd Earl of Burlington, who succeeded his cousin as Duke of Devonshire in 1858, and Lady Blanche Cavendish (née Howard). Lord Frederick Cavendish and Lord Edward Cavendish were his younger brothers. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as MA in 1854, having taken a Second in the Mathematical Tripos. He later was made honorary LLD in 1862, and as DCL at Oxford University in 1878.[2]
In later life he continued his interests in education as Chancellor of his old university from 1892, and of Manchester University from 1907 until his death. He was Lord Rector of Edinburgh University from 1877 to 1880.[2]
Liberal, 1857–86
After joining the special mission to Russia for Alexander II's accession,[3] Lord Cavendish of Keighley (as he was styled at the time) entered Parliament in the 1857 general election, when he was returned for North Lancashire as a Liberal (his title "Lord Hartington", by which he became known in 1858, was a courtesy title; as he was not a peer in his own right he was eligible to sit in the Commons until he succeeded his father as Duke of Devonshire in 1891). Between 1863 and 1874, Lord Hartington held various Government posts, including Civil Lord of the Admiralty and Under-Secretary of State for War under Palmerston and Earl Russell. In the 1868 general election he lost his seat; having refused the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, he was made Postmaster-General, without a seat in the Cabinet. The next year he re-entered the Commons, having been returned for Radnor. In 1870 Hartington reluctantly accepted the post of Chief Secretary for Ireland in Gladstone's first government.
In 1875 — the year following Liberal defeat at a general election — he succeeded William Ewart Gladstone as Leader of the Liberal opposition in the House of Commons, after the other serious contender, W. E. Forster, had indicated that he was not interested in the post. The following year, however, Gladstone returned to active political life in the campaign against Turkey's Bulgarian Atrocities. The relative political fortunes of Gladstone and Hartington fluctuated — Gladstone was not popular at the time of Benjamin Disraeli's triumph at the Congress of Berlin, but the Midlothian Campaigns of 1879–80 marked him out as the Liberals' foremost public campaigner.
In 1880, after Disraeli's government lost the general election, Hartington was invited by the Queen to form a government, but declined — as did the Earl Granville, Liberal Leader in the House of Lords — after Gladstone made it clear that he would not serve under anybody else. Hartington chose instead to serve in Gladstone's second government as Secretary of State for India (1880–1882) and Secretary of State for War (1882–1885).
In 1884 he was instrumental in persuading Gladstone to send a mission to Khartoum for the relief of General Gordon, which arrived two days too late to save him.[4] A considerable number of the Conservative party long held him chiefly responsible for the "betrayal of Gordon". His lethargic manner, apart from his position as war minister, helped to associate him in their minds with a disaster which emphasized the fact that the government acted "too late"; but Gladstone and Lord Granville were no less responsible than he.[5]
Liberal Unionist, 1886–1908
Hartington became increasingly uneasy with Gladstone's Irish policies, especially after the murder of his younger brother Lord Frederick Cavendish in Phoenix Park. After being elected in December 1885 for the newly created Rossendale Division of Lancashire, he broke with Gladstone altogether. He declined to serve in Gladstone's third government, formed after Gladstone came out in favour of Irish Home Rule (unlike Joseph Chamberlain, who accepted the Local Government Board but then resigned), and after opposing the First Home Rule Bill became the leader of the Liberal Unionists. After the general election of 1886 Hartington declined to become Prime Minister, preferring instead to hold the balance of power in the House of Commons and give support from the back benches to the second Conservative government of Lord Salisbury. Early in 1887, after the resignation of Lord Randolph Churchill, Salisbury offered to step down and serve in a government under Hartington, who now declined the premiership for the third time. Instead the Liberal Unionist George Goschen accepted the Exchequer in Churchill's place.
Having succeeded as Duke of Devonshire in 1891 and entered the House of Lords where, in 1893, he formally moved for the rejection of the Second Home Rule Bill. Devonshire eventually joined Salisbury's third government in 1895 as Lord President of the Council. Devonshire was not asked to become Prime Minister when Lord Salisbury retired in favour of his nephew Arthur Balfour in 1902. He resigned from the government in 1903, and from the Liberal Unionist Association the following spring, in protest at Joseph Chamberlain's Tariff Reform scheme. Devonshire said of Chamberlain's proposals:
I venture to express the opinion that [Chamberlain] will find among the projects and plans which he will be called upon to discuss none containing a more Socialistic principle than that which is embodied in his own scheme, which, whether it can properly be described as a scheme of protection or not, is certainly a scheme under which the State is to undertake to regulate the course of commerce and of industry, and tell us where we are to buy, where we are to sell, what commodities we are to manufacture at home, and what we may continue, if we think right, to import from other countries.[6]
Balfour, trying to juggle different factions, had allowed both Chamberlain and Free Trade supporters to resign from the government, hoping that Devonshire would remain for the sake of balance, but the latter eventually resigned under pressure from Charles Thomson Ritchie and from his wife, who still hoped that he might lead a government including leading Liberals. But in the autumn of 1907 his health gave way, and grave symptoms of cardiac weakness necessitated his abstaining from public effort and spending the winter abroad. He died, rather suddenly, at Cannes on 24 March 1908.[5]
Military service
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He served part-time as Captain in the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry from 1855 to 1873, and was Honorary Colonel of the 3rd (Militia) Battalion of the Derbyshire Regiment from 1871 and of the 2nd Sussex Artillery Volunteers from 1887.[7]
Personal life
Catherine Walters%2C_later_Duchess_of_Devonshire.jpg)
Louise Montagu, Duchess of Manchester 1884
Hartington took great pains to parade his interest in horseracing, so as to cultivate an image of not being entirely obsessed by politics. For many years the courtesan Catherine Walters ("Skittles") was his mistress. He was married at Christ Church, Mayfair, on 16 August 1892, at the age of 59, to Louisa Frederica Augusta von Alten, widow of the late William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester. Upon his death, he was succeeded by his nephew Victor Cavendish. He died of pneumonia at the Hotel Metropol in Cannes and was interred on 28 March 1908 at St Peter's Churchyard, Edensor, Derbyshire. A statue of the Duke can be found at the junction of Whitehall and Horse Guards Avenue in London, and also on the Western Lawns at Eastbourne.
Legacy
Upon receiving news of the Duke's death, the House of Lords took the unprecedented step of adjourning in his honour.[8] Margot Asquith said the Duke of Devonshire "was a man whose like we shall never see again; he stood by himself and could have come from no country in the world but England. He had the figure and appearance of an artisan, with the brevity of a peasant, the courtesy of a king and the noisy sense of humour of a Falstaff. He gave a great, wheezy guffaw at all the right things and was possessed of endless wisdom. He was perfectly disengaged from himself, fearlessly truthful and without pettiness of any kind".[9]
Historian Jonathan Parry claimed that "He inherited the whig belief in the duty of political leadership, afforced by the intellectual notions characteristic of well-educated, propertied early to mid-Victorian Liberals: a confidence that the application of free trade, rational public administration, scientific enquiry, and a patriotic defence policy would promote Britain's international greatness—in which he strongly believed—and her economic and social progress...he became a model of the dutiful aristocrat".[10] It has been said that he was "the best excuse that the last half-century has produced for the continuance of the peerages".
With 24 years of government service, Devonshire's is the fourth longest ministerial career in modern British politics.[11]
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References
- His title "Lord Hartington", by which he became known in 1858, was a courtesy title; as he was not a peer in his own right he was eligible to sit in the Commons until he succeeded his father as Duke of Devonshire in 1891
- "Cavendish, Spencer Compton, Lord Cavendish (CVNS850SC)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
- Chisholm 1911, pp. 131–132.
- Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians, Chato & Windus, 1918; p. 289
- Chisholm 1911, p. 131.
- The Fiscal Question, HL Deb 22 February 1906 vol 152 cc456-86.
- Kelly's Handbook of the Titled, Landed and Official Classes, 1895. Kelly's. p. 368.
- Hansard, THE LATE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE HL Deb 24 March 1908 vol 186 cc1178-83 .
- Margot Asquith, The Autobiography of Margot Asquith. Volume One (London: Penguin, 1936), p. 123.
- Parry.
- Parkinson, Justin (13 June 2013). "Chasing Churchill: Ken Clarke climbs ministerial long-service chart". BBC News.
Further reading
- Ferris, Wesley. "The Liberal Unionist Party, 1886–1912" (PhD. Dissertation, McMaster University. 2008). Bibliography pp 397–418. online
- Holland, Bernard Henry. The life of Spencer Compton: eighth duke of Devonshire. (2 vol 1911). online vol 1 and online vol 2
- Parry, Jonathan. "Cavendish, Spencer Compton, marquess of Hartington and eighth duke of Devonshire". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32331. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Rempel, Richard A. Unionists Divided: Arthur Balfour, Joseph Chamberlain and the Unionist Free Traders (Archon Books, 1972).
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire. |
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Duke of Devonshire
- Marquess of Hartington (Duke of Devonshire) 1833–1908 biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group
- "Archival material relating to Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire". UK National Archives.
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