George VI

George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death in 1952.

For other uses, see George VI (disambiguation).

George VI
Formal photograph, c. 1940–1946
King of the United Kingdom
and the British Dominions
Reign11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952
Coronation12 May 1937
PredecessorEdward VIII
SuccessorElizabeth II
Emperor of India
Reign11 December 1936 – 15 August 1947
PredecessorEdward VIII
BornPrince Albert of York
(1895-12-14)14 December 1895
York Cottage, Sandringham, Norfolk, England
Died6 February 1952(1952-02-06) (aged 56)
Sandringham House, Norfolk, England
Burial15 February 1952
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse
Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
​
(
m. 1923)
Issue
Detail
House
FatherGeorge V
MotherMary of Teck
Signature
Military service
Branch/service
Years of service1913–1919 (active service)
Battles/warsBattle of Jutland

Known as "Bertie" among his family and close friends, George VI was born in the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria and was named after his great-grandfather Albert, Prince Consort. As the second son of King George V, he was not expected to inherit the throne and spent his early life in the shadow of his elder brother, Edward. He attended naval college as a teenager and served in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force during the First World War. In 1920, he was made Duke of York. He married Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon in 1923, and they had two daughters, Elizabeth and Margaret. In the mid-1920s, he had speech therapy for a stammer, which he learned to manage to some degree. George's elder brother ascended the throne as Edward VIII after their father died in 1936. Later that year, Edward abdicated to marry the American socialite Wallis Simpson, and George became the third monarch of the House of Windsor.

In September 1939, the British Empire and Commonwealth—except Ireland—declared war on Nazi Germany. War with the Kingdom of Italy and the Empire of Japan followed in 1940 and 1941, respectively. George was seen as sharing the hardships of the common people and his popularity soared. Buckingham Palace was bombed during the Blitz while the King and Queen were there, and his younger brother, the Duke of Kent, was killed on active service. George became known as a symbol of British determination to win the war. Britain and its allies were victorious in 1945, but the British Empire declined. Ireland had largely broken away, followed by independence of India and Pakistan in 1947. George relinquished the title of Emperor of India in June 1948 and instead adopted the new title of Head of the Commonwealth. He was beset by smoking-related health problems in the later years of his reign and died of coronary thrombosis in 1952. He was succeeded by his daughter, Elizabeth II.

Early life
Four kings: Edward VII (far right); his son George, Prince of Wales, later George V (far left); and grandsons Edward, later Edward VIII (rear); and Albert, later George VI (foreground), c. 1908

The future George VI was born at York Cottage, on the Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, during the reign of his great-grandmother Queen Victoria.[1] His father was Prince George, Duke of York (later King George V), the second and eldest surviving son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). His mother, the Duchess of York (later Queen Mary), was the eldest child and only daughter of Francis, Duke of Teck, and Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck.[2] His birthday, 14 December 1895, was the 34th anniversary of the death of his great-grandfather, Albert, Prince Consort.[3] Uncertain of how the Prince Consort's widow, Queen Victoria, would take the news of the birth, the Prince of Wales wrote to the Duke of York that the Queen had been "rather distressed". Two days later, he wrote again: "I really think it would gratify her if you yourself proposed the name Albert to her."[4]

The Queen was mollified by the proposal to name the new baby Albert, and wrote to the Duchess of York: "I am all impatience to see the new one, born on such a sad day but rather more dear to me, especially as he will be called by that dear name which is a byword for all that is great and good."[5] Consequently, he was baptised "Albert Frederick Arthur George" at St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, three months later.[lower-alpha 1] Within the family, he was known informally as "Bertie".[7] The Duchess of Teck did not like the first name her grandson had been given, and she wrote prophetically that she hoped the last name "may supplant the less favoured one".[8] Albert was fourth in line to the throne at birth, after his grandfather, father and elder brother, Edward.

He often suffered from ill health and was described as "easily frightened and somewhat prone to tears".[9] His parents were generally removed from their children's day-to-day upbringing, as was the norm in aristocratic families of that era. He had a stammer that lasted for many years. Although naturally left-handed, he was forced to write with his right hand, as was common practice at the time.[10] He suffered from chronic stomach problems as well as knock knees, for which he was forced to wear painful corrective splints.[11] Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII. Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother.

Military career and education

From 1909, Albert attended the Royal Naval College, Osborne, as a naval cadet. In 1911 he came bottom of the class in the final examination, but despite this he progressed to the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth.[12] When his grandfather, Edward VII, died in 1910, his father became King George V. Edward became Prince of Wales, with Albert second in line to the throne.[13]

Albert spent the first six months of 1913 on the training ship HMS Cumberland in the West Indies and on the east coast of Canada.[14] He was rated as a midshipman aboard HMS Collingwood on 15 September 1913. He spent three months in the Mediterranean, but never overcame his seasickness.[15] Three weeks after the outbreak of World War I he was medically evacuated from the ship to Aberdeen, where his appendix was removed by Sir John Marnoch.[16] He was mentioned in despatches for his action as a turret officer aboard Collingwood in the Battle of Jutland (31 May – 1 June 1916), the great naval battle of the war. He did not see further combat, largely because of ill health caused by a duodenal ulcer, for which he had an operation in November 1917.[17]

Albert at an RAF dinner in 1919

In February 1918 he was appointed Officer in Charge of Boys at the Royal Naval Air Service's training establishment at Cranwell. With the establishment of the Royal Air Force Albert transferred from the Royal Navy to the Royal Air Force.[18] He served as Officer Commanding Number 4 Squadron of the Boys' Wing at Cranwell until August 1918,[19] before reporting to the RAF's Cadet School at St Leonards-on-Sea. He completed a fortnight's training and took command of a squadron on the Cadet Wing.[20] He was the first member of the British royal family to be certified as a fully qualified pilot.[21]

Albert wanted to serve on the Continent while the war was still in progress and welcomed a posting to General Trenchard's staff in France. On 23 October, he flew across the Channel to Autigny.[22] For the closing weeks of the war, he served on the staff of the RAF's Independent Air Force at its headquarters in Nancy, France.[23] Following the disbanding of the Independent Air Force in November 1918, he remained on the Continent for two months as an RAF staff officer until posted back to Britain.[24] He accompanied Belgian King Albert I on his triumphal re-entry into Brussels on 22 November. Prince Albert qualified as an RAF pilot on 31 July 1919 and was promoted to squadron leader the following day.[25]

In October 1919, Albert went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied history, economics and civics for a year,[26] with the historian R. V. Laurence as his "official mentor".[27] On 4 June 1920 his father created him Duke of York, Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney.[28] He began to take on more royal duties. He represented his father, and toured coal mines, factories, and railyards. Through such visits he acquired the nickname of the "Industrial Prince".[29] His stammer, and his embarrassment over it, together with a tendency to shyness, caused him to appear less confident in public than his older brother, Edward. However, he was physically active and enjoyed playing tennis. He played at Wimbledon in the Men's Doubles with Louis Greig in 1926, losing in the first round.[30] He developed an interest in working conditions, and was president of the Industrial Welfare Society. His series of annual summer camps for boys between 1921 and 1939 brought together boys from different social backgrounds.[31]

Marriage
See also: Wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
The Duke and Duchess of York (centre, reading programmes) at Eagle Farm Racecourse, Brisbane, 1927

In a time when royalty were expected to marry fellow royalty, it was unusual that Albert had a great deal of freedom in choosing a prospective wife. An infatuation with the already-married Australian socialite Lady Loughborough came to an end in April 1920 when the King, with the promise of the dukedom of York, persuaded Albert to stop seeing her.[32][33] That year, he met for the first time since childhood Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon, the youngest daughter of the Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. He became determined to marry her.[34] She rejected his proposal twice, in 1921 and 1922, reportedly because she was reluctant to make the sacrifices necessary to become a member of the royal family.[35] In the words of her mother Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, Albert would be "made or marred" by his choice of wife. After a protracted courtship, Elizabeth agreed to marry him.[36]

They were married on 26 April 1923 in Westminster Abbey. Albert's marriage to someone not of royal birth was considered a modernising gesture.[37] The newly formed British Broadcasting Company wished to record and broadcast the event on radio, but the Abbey Chapter vetoed the idea (although the Dean, Herbert Edward Ryle, was in favour).[38]

The Duke fishing at Tongariro River, New Zealand, 1927

From December 1924 to April 1925, the Duke and Duchess toured Kenya, Uganda, and the Sudan, travelling via the Suez Canal and Aden. During the trip, they both went big game hunting.[39]

Because of his stammer, Albert dreaded public speaking.[40] After his closing speech at the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley on 31 October 1925, one which was an ordeal for both him and his listeners,[41] he began to see Lionel Logue, an Australian-born speech therapist. The Duke and Logue practised breathing exercises, and the Duchess rehearsed with him patiently.[42] Subsequently, he was able to speak with less hesitation.[43] With his delivery improved, the Duke opened the new Parliament House in Canberra, Australia, during a tour of the empire with the Duchess in 1927.[44] Their journey by sea to Australia, New Zealand and Fiji took them via Jamaica, where Albert played doubles tennis partnered with a black man, Bertrand Clark, which was unusual at the time and taken locally as a display of equality between races.[45]

The Duke and Duchess had two children: Elizabeth (called "Lilibet" by the family) who was born in 1926, and Margaret who was born in 1930. The close and loving family lived at 145 Piccadilly, rather than one of the royal palaces.[46] In 1931, the Canadian prime minister, R. B. Bennett, considered the Duke for Governor General of Canada – a proposal that King George V rejected on the advice of the Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs, J. H. Thomas.[47]

Reluctant king

King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying "After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself in twelve months" and "I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne."[48] On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers (the new king, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, and Prince George, Duke of Kent) took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall.

As Edward was unmarried and had no children, Albert was the heir presumptive to the throne. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated in order to marry his mistress, Wallis Simpson, who was divorced from her first husband and divorcing her second. Edward had been advised by British prime minister Stanley Baldwin that he could not remain king and marry a divorced woman with two living ex-husbands. He abdicated and Albert became king, a position he was reluctant to accept.[49] The day before the abdication, he went to London to see his mother, Queen Mary. He wrote in his diary, "When I told her what had happened, I broke down and sobbed like a child."[50]

On the day of the abdication, the Oireachtas, the parliament of the Irish Free State, removed all direct mention of the monarch from the Irish constitution. The next day, it passed the External Relations Act, which gave the monarch limited authority (strictly on the advice of the government) to appoint diplomatic representatives for Ireland and to be involved in the making of foreign treaties. The two acts made the Irish Free State a republic in essence without removing its links to the Commonwealth.[51]

Across Britain gossip spread that Albert was physically and psychologically incapable of handling the kingship. He worried about that himself. No evidence has been found to support the rumour that the government considered bypassing him in favour of his scandal-ridden younger brother, George.[52]

Early reign
Darlington Town Hall decorated for the coronation, 1937

Albert assumed the regnal name "George VI" to emphasise continuity with his father and restore confidence in the monarchy.[53] The beginning of George VI's reign was taken up by questions surrounding his predecessor and brother, whose titles, style and position were uncertain. He had been introduced as "His Royal Highness Prince Edward" for the abdication broadcast,[54] but George VI felt that by abdicating and renouncing the succession, Edward had lost the right to bear royal titles, including "Royal Highness".[55] In settling the issue, George's first act as king was to confer upon his brother the title "Duke of Windsor" with the style "Royal Highness", but the letters patent creating the dukedom prevented any wife or children from bearing royal styles. George VI was forced to buy from Edward the royal residences of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House, as these were private properties and did not pass to him automatically.[56] Three days after his accession, on his 41st birthday, he invested his wife, the new queen consort, with the Order of the Garter.[57]

Cover of the 7 May 1937 edition of Radio Times, drawn by Christopher R. W. Nevinson, marking the first coronation to be broadcast, and partially televised, live

George VI's coronation at Westminster Abbey took place on 12 May 1937, the date previously intended for Edward's coronation. In a break with tradition, his mother Queen Mary attended the ceremony in a show of support for her son.[58] There was no Durbar held in Delhi for George VI, as had occurred for his father, as the cost would have been a burden to the Government of India.[59] Rising Indian nationalism made the welcome that the royal party would have received likely to be muted at best,[60] and a prolonged absence from Britain would have been undesirable in the tense period before the Second World War. Two overseas tours were undertaken, to France and to North America, both of which promised greater strategic advantages in the event of war.[61]

The growing likelihood of war in Europe dominated the early reign of George VI. The King was constitutionally bound to support Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain's appeasement of Hitler.[11][62] When the King and Queen greeted Chamberlain on his return from negotiating the Munich Agreement in 1938, they invited him to appear on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with them. This public association of the monarchy with a politician was exceptional, as balcony appearances were traditionally restricted to the royal family.[11] While broadly popular among the general public, Chamberlain's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons, which led historian John Grigg to describe the King's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as "the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century".[63]

Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt with King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, on the USS Potomac, 9 June 1939

In May and June 1939, the King and Queen toured Canada and the United States; it was the first visit of a reigning British monarch to North America, although he had been to Canada prior to his accession. From Ottawa, they were accompanied by the Canadian prime minister, William Lyon Mackenzie King,[64] to present themselves in North America as King and Queen of Canada.[65][66] Both Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir and Mackenzie King hoped that the King's presence in Canada would demonstrate the principles of the Statute of Westminster 1931, which gave full sovereignty to the British Dominions. On 19 May, George VI personally accepted and approved the Letter of Credence of the new U.S. Ambassador to Canada, Daniel Calhoun Roper; gave Royal Assent to nine parliamentary bills; and ratified two international treaties with the Great Seal of Canada. The official royal tour historian, Gustave Lanctot, wrote "the Statute of Westminster had assumed full reality" and George gave a speech emphasising "the free and equal association of the nations of the Commonwealth".[67]

The trip was intended to soften the strong isolationist tendencies among the North American public with regard to the developing tensions in Europe. Although the aim of the tour was mainly political, to shore up Atlantic support for the United Kingdom in any future war, the King and Queen were enthusiastically received by the public.[68] The fear that George would be compared unfavourably to his predecessor was dispelled.[69] They visited the 1939 New York World's Fair and stayed with President Franklin D. Roosevelt at the White House and at his private estate at Hyde Park, New York.[70] A strong bond of friendship was forged between the King and Queen and the President during the tour, which had major significance in the relations between the United States and the United Kingdom through the ensuing war years.[71][72]

Second World War
George VI, Queen Elizabeth, and Princess Elizabeth standing with a group of RAF personnel

In September 1939, the United Kingdom and the self-governing Dominions other than Ireland declared war on Nazi Germany.[73] George VI and his wife resolved to stay in London, despite German bombing raids. They officially stayed in Buckingham Palace throughout the war, although they usually spent nights at Windsor Castle.[74] The first night of the Blitz on London, on 7 September 1940, killed about one thousand civilians, mostly in the East End.[75] On 13 September, the King and Queen narrowly avoided death when two German bombs exploded in a courtyard at Buckingham Palace while they were there.[76] In defiance, the Queen declared: "I am glad we have been bombed. It makes me feel we can look the East End in the face."[77] The royal family were portrayed as sharing the same dangers and deprivations as the rest of the country. They were subject to British rationing restrictions, and U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt remarked on the rationed food served and the limited bathwater that was permitted during a stay at the unheated and boarded-up Palace.[78] In August 1942, the King's brother, the Duke of Kent, was killed on active service.[79]

George VI (left) with Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery (right), Netherlands, October 1944

In 1940, Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as prime minister, though personally George would have preferred to appoint Lord Halifax.[80] After the King's initial dismay over Churchill's appointment of Lord Beaverbrook to the Cabinet, he and Churchill developed "the closest personal relationship in modern British history between a monarch and a Prime Minister".[81] Every Tuesday for four and a half years from September 1940, the two men met privately for lunch to discuss the war in secret and with frankness.[82] The King related much of what the two discussed in his diary, which is the only extant first-hand account of these conversations.[83]

Throughout the war, the King and Queen provided morale-boosting visits throughout the United Kingdom, visiting bomb sites, munitions factories, and troops. The King visited military forces abroad in France in December 1939, North Africa and Malta in June 1943, Normandy in June 1944, southern Italy in July 1944, and the Low Countries in October 1944.[84] Their high public profile and apparently indefatigable determination secured their place as symbols of national resistance.[85] At a social function in 1944, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, revealed that every time he met Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery, he thought Montgomery was after his job. The King replied: "You should worry, when I meet him, I always think he's after mine!"[86]

In 1945, crowds shouted "We want the King!" in front of Buckingham Palace during the Victory in Europe Day celebrations. In an echo of Chamberlain's appearance, the King invited Churchill to appear with the royal family on the balcony to public acclaim.[87] In January 1946, George addressed the United Nations at their first assembly, which was held in London, and reaffirmed "our faith in the equal rights of men and women and of nations great and small".[88]

Empire to Commonwealth
George VI and British prime minister Clement Attlee (left), July 1945

George VI's reign saw the acceleration of the dissolution of the British Empire. The Statute of Westminster 1931 had already acknowledged the evolution of the Dominions into separate sovereign states. The process of transformation from an empire to a voluntary association of independent states, known as the Commonwealth, gathered pace after the Second World War.[89] During the ministry of Clement Attlee, British India became the two independent Dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947.[90] George relinquished the title of Emperor of India, and became King of India and King of Pakistan instead. In 1950 he ceased to be King of India when it became a republic within the Commonwealth and recognised his new title of Head of the Commonwealth; he remained King of Pakistan until his death. Other countries left the Commonwealth, such as Burma in January 1948, Palestine (divided between Israel and the Arab states) in May 1948 and the Republic of Ireland in 1949.[91]

In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa.[92] The prime minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit.[93] George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites,[94] and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo".[95] Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

Illness and death

The stress of the war had taken its toll on the King's health,[96][97] made worse by his heavy smoking[98] and subsequent development of lung cancer among other ailments, including arteriosclerosis and Buerger's disease. A planned tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed after the King suffered an arterial blockage in his right leg, which threatened the loss of the leg and was treated with a right lumbar sympathectomy in March 1949.[99]

His elder daughter Elizabeth, the heir presumptive, took on more royal duties as her father's health deteriorated. The King was well enough to open the Festival of Britain in May 1951, but on 23 September 1951, his left lung was removed by Clement Price Thomas after a malignant tumour was found.[100] In October 1951, Elizabeth and Philip went on a month-long tour of Canada; the trip had been delayed for a week due to the King's illness. At the State Opening of Parliament in November, the King's speech from the throne was read for him by the Lord Chancellor, Lord Simonds.[101] His Christmas broadcast of 1951 was recorded in sections, and then edited together.[102]

On 31 January 1952, despite advice from those close to him, the King went to London Airport[lower-alpha 2] to see Elizabeth and Philip off on their tour to Australia via Kenya. It was his last public appearance. Six days later, at 07:30 GMT on the morning of 6 February, he was found dead in bed at Sandringham House in Norfolk.[104] He had died in his sleep from a coronary thrombosis.[105] His daughter flew back to Britain from Kenya as Queen Elizabeth II.[106]

From 9 February for two days George VI's coffin rested in St Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham, before lying in state at Westminster Hall from 11 February.[107] His funeral took place at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on the 15th.[108] He was interred initially in the Royal Vault until he was transferred to the King George VI Memorial Chapel inside St George's on 26 March 1969.[109] In 2002, fifty years after his death, the remains of his widow, Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, and the ashes of his younger daughter Princess Margaret, who both died that year, were interred in the chapel alongside him.[110]

Legacy
Statue of George VI at Carlton Gardens, London

In the words of Labour Member of Parliament George Hardie, the abdication crisis of 1936 did "more for republicanism than fifty years of propaganda".[111] George VI wrote to his brother Edward that in the aftermath of the abdication he had reluctantly assumed "a rocking throne" and tried "to make it steady again".[112] He became king at a point when public faith in the monarchy was at a low ebb. During his reign his people endured the hardships of war, and imperial power was eroded. However, as a dutiful family man and by showing personal courage, he succeeded in restoring the popularity of the monarchy.[113][114]

The George Cross and the George Medal were founded at the King's suggestion during the Second World War to recognise acts of exceptional civilian bravery.[115] He bestowed the George Cross on the entire "island fortress of Malta" in 1943.[116] He was posthumously awarded the Ordre de la Libération by the French government in 1960, one of only two people (the other being Churchill) to be awarded the medal after 1946.[117]

Colin Firth won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as George VI in The King's Speech, a 2010 film that won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles
Royal cypher (monogram), 1949
  • 14 December 1895 – 28 May 1898: His Highness Prince Albert of York
  • 28 May 1898 – 22 January 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of York
  • 22 January 1901 – 9 November 1901: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Cornwall and York
  • 9 November 1901 – 6 May 1910: His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Wales
  • 6 May 1910 – 4 June 1920: His Royal Highness The Prince Albert
  • 4 June 1920 – 11 December 1936: His Royal Highness The Duke of York
  • 11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952: His Majesty The King
    • In British India, 11 December 1936 – 14 August 1947: His Imperial Majesty The King, Emperor of India[118]

George held a number of titles throughout his life, as successively great-grandson, grandson and son of the monarch. As sovereign, he was referred to most often as simply The King or His Majesty. In his position as sovereign, George automatically held the position of Commander-in-Chief.

Arms

As Duke of York, George bore the royal arms of the United Kingdom differenced with a label of three points argent, the centre point bearing an anchor azure – a difference earlier awarded to his father, George V, when he was Duke of York, and then later awarded to his grandson Prince Andrew, Duke of York. As king, he bore the royal arms undifferenced.[119]
Coat of arms as Duke of York Coat of arms as King of the United Kingdom (except Scotland) Coat of arms in Scotland Coat of arms in Canada

Issue
NameBirthDeathMarriage
Date | Spouse		Children
Queen Elizabeth II21 April 192620 November 1947Prince Philip, Duke of EdinburghPrince Charles, Prince of Wales
Princess Anne, Princess Royal
Prince Andrew, Duke of York
Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex
Princess Margaret21 August 19309 February 20026 May 1960
Divorced 11 July 1978		Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of SnowdonDavid Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon
Lady Sarah Chatto

Ancestry

Notes
  1. His godparents were: Queen Victoria (his great-grandmother, for whom his grandmother the Princess of Wales stood proxy); the Grand Duke and Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg (his maternal great-aunt and great-uncle, for whom his grandfather the Duke of Teck and his paternal aunt Princess Maud of Wales stood proxy); Empress Frederick (his paternal great-aunt, for whom his paternal aunt Princess Victoria of Wales stood proxy); the Crown Prince of Denmark (his great-uncle, for whom his grandfather the Prince of Wales stood proxy); the Duke of Connaught (his great-uncle); the Duchess of Fife (his paternal aunt); and Prince Adolphus of Teck (his maternal uncle).[6]
  2. Renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966.[103]
gollark: Yes. It would be preferable if they did *not* do such things. But I don't think the average random soldier can be reasonably expected not to.
gollark: If everyone around you seems to be fine with it and you fear that if you seem *not* fine with it you'll be punished in some way, you'll just rationalize all the way to beeland.
gollark: The issue with "not doing it" is that humans have the whole ridiculous conformity thing going on.
gollark: Yes, they are BOTH mean.
gollark: Why would you shoot them? This would be mean.

References
  1. Rhodes James, p. 90; Weir, p. 329
  2. Weir, pp. 322–323, 329
  3. Judd, p. 3; Rhodes James, p. 90; Townsend, p. 15; Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 7–8
  4. Judd, pp. 4–5; Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 7–8
  5. Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 7–8
  6. The Times, Tuesday 18 February 1896, p. 11
  7. Judd, p. 6; Rhodes James, p. 90; Townsend, p. 15; Windsor, p. 9
  8. Bradford, p. 2
  9. Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 17–18
  10. Kushner, Howard I. (2011), "Retraining the King's left hand", The Lancet, 377 (9782): 1998–1999, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60854-4, PMID 21671515
  11. Matthew, H. C. G. (2004), "George VI (1895–1952)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  12. Bradford, pp. 41–45; Judd, pp. 21–24; Rhodes James, p. 91
  13. Judd, pp. 22–23
  14. Judd, p. 26
  15. Judd, p. 186
  16. "Royal Connections", Aberdeen Medico-Chirugical Society, retrieved 16 January 2019
  17. Bradford, pp. 55–76
  18. Bradford, p. 72
  19. Bradford, pp. 73–74
  20. Wheeler-Bennett, p. 115
  21. Judd, p. 45; Rhodes James, p. 91
  22. Wheeler-Bennett, p. 116
  23. Boyle, Andrew (1962), "Chapter 13", Trenchard Man of Vision, St James's Place London: Collins, p. 360
  24. Judd, p. 44
  25. Heathcote, Tony (2012), The British Field Marshals: 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary, Casemate Publisher, ISBN 978-1783461417
  26. Judd, p. 47; Wheeler-Bennett, pp. 128–131
  27. Wheeler-Bennett, p. 128
  28. Weir, p. 329
  29. Current Biography 1942, p. 280; Judd, p. 72; Townsend, p. 59
  30. Judd, p. 52
  31. Judd, pp. 77–86; Rhodes James, p. 97
  32. Henderson, Gerard (31 January 2014), "Sheila: The Australian Ingenue Who Bewitched British Society – review", Daily Express, retrieved 15 March 2015
  33. Australian Associated Press (28 February 2014), A Sheila who captured London's heart, Special Broadcasting Service, retrieved 14 March 2015
  34. Rhodes James, pp. 94–96; Vickers, pp. 31, 44
  35. Bradford, p. 106
  36. Bradford, p. 77; Judd, pp. 57–59
  37. Roberts, Andrew (2000), Antonia Fraser (ed.), The House of Windsor, London: Cassell & Co., pp. 57–58, ISBN 978-0-304-35406-1
  38. Reith, John (1949), Into the Wind, London: Hodder and Stoughton, p. 94
  39. Judd, pp. 89–93
  40. Judd, p. 49
  41. Judd, pp. 93–97; Rhodes James, p. 97
  42. Judd, p. 98; Rhodes James, p. 98
  43. Current Biography 1942, pp. 294–295; Judd, p. 99
  44. Judd, p. 106; Rhodes James, p. 99
  45. Shawcross, p. 273
  46. Judd, pp. 111, 225, 231
  47. Howarth, p. 53
  48. Ziegler, p. 199
  49. Judd, p. 140
  50. Wheeler-Bennett, p. 286
  51. Townsend, p. 93
  52. Bradford, p. 208; Judd, pp. 141–142
  53. Howarth, p. 66; Judd, p. 141
  54. Judd, p. 144; Sinclair, p. 224
  55. Howarth, p. 143
  56. Ziegler, p. 326
  57. Bradford, p. 223
  58. Bradford, p. 214
  59. Vickers, p. 175
  60. Bradford, p. 209
  61. Bradford, pp. 269, 281
  62. Sinclair, p. 230
  63. Hitchens, Christopher (1 April 2002), "Mourning will be brief", The Guardian, retrieved 1 May 2009
  64. Library and Archives Canada, Biography and People > A Real Companion and Friend > Behind the Diary > Politics, Themes, and Events from King's Life > The Royal Tour of 1939, Queen's Printer for Canada, archived from the original on 30 October 2009, retrieved 12 December 2009
  65. Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Garry (1989), Royal Spring: The Royal Tour of 1939 and the Queen Mother in Canada, Toronto: Dundurn Press, pp. 60, 66, ISBN 978-1-55002-065-6
  66. Lanctot, Gustave (1964), Royal Tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in Canada and the United States of America 1939, Toronto: E.P. Taylor Foundation
  67. Galbraith, William (1989), "Fiftieth Anniversary of the 1939 Royal Visit", Canadian Parliamentary Review, 12 (3): 7–9, retrieved 24 March 2015
  68. Judd, pp. 163–166; Rhodes James, pp. 154–168; Vickers, p. 187
  69. Bradford, pp. 298–299
  70. The Times Monday, 12 June 1939 p. 12 col. A
  71. Swift, Will (2004), The Roosevelts and the Royals: Franklin and Eleanor, the King and Queen of England, and the Friendship that Changed History, John Wiley & Sons
  72. Judd, p. 189; Rhodes James, p. 344
  73. Judd, pp. 171–172; Townsend, p. 104
  74. Judd, p. 183; Rhodes James, p. 214
  75. Arnold-Forster, Mark (1983) [1973], The World at War, London: Thames Methuen, p. 303, ISBN 978-0-423-00680-3
  76. Churchill, Winston (1949), The Second World War, II, Cassell and Co. Ltd, p. 334
  77. Judd, p. 184; Rhodes James, pp. 211–212; Townsend, p. 111
  78. Goodwin, Doris Kearns (1994), No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 380
  79. Judd, p. 187; Weir, p. 324
  80. Judd, p. 180
  81. Rhodes James, p. 195
  82. Rhodes James, pp. 202–210
  83. Weisbrode, Kenneth (2013), Churchill and the King, New York: Viking, pp. 107, 117–118, 148, 154–155, 166. ISBN 978-0670025763.
  84. Judd, pp. 176, 201–203, 207–208
  85. Judd, p. 170
  86. Reagan, Geoffrey (1992), Military Anecdotes, Guinness, p. 25, ISBN 978-0-85112-519-0
  87. Judd, p. 210
  88. Townsend, p. 173
  89. Townsend, p. 176
  90. Townsend, pp. 229–232, 247–265
  91. Townsend, pp. 267–270
  92. Townsend, pp. 221–223
  93. Judd, p. 223
  94. Rhodes James, p. 295
  95. Rhodes James, p. 294; Shawcross, p. 618
  96. King George VI, Official website of the British monarchy, 12 January 2016, retrieved 18 April 2016
  97. Judd, p. 225; Townsend, p. 174
  98. Judd, p. 240
  99. Rhodes James, pp. 314–317
  100. Bradford, p. 454; Rhodes James, p. 330
  101. Rhodes James, p. 331
  102. Rhodes James, p. 334
  103. About Heathrow Airport: Heathrow's history, LHR Airports, retrieved 9 March 2015
  104. 1952: King George VI dies in his sleep, BBC, 6 February 1952, retrieved 29 May 2018
  105. Judd, pp. 247–248
  106. The day the King died, BBC, 6 February 2002, retrieved 29 May 2018
  107. "Repose at Sandringham", Life, Time Inc, p. 38, 18 February 1952, ISSN 0024-3019, retrieved 26 December 2011
  108. Zweiniger‐Bargielowska, Ina (2016), "Royal death and living memorials: the funerals and commemoration of George V and George VI, 1936–52", Historical Research, 89 (243): 158–175, doi:10.1111/1468-2281.12108
  109. Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805, Dean & Canons of Windsor, archived from the original on 27 September 2011, retrieved 15 February 2010
  110. Mourners visit Queen Mother's vault, BBC News, 10 April 2002, retrieved 2 March 2018
  111. Hardie in the British House of Commons, 11 December 1936, quoted in Rhodes James, p. 115
  112. Letter from George VI to the Duke of Windsor, quoted in Rhodes James, p. 127
  113. Ashley, Mike (1998), British Monarchs, London: Robinson, pp. 703–704, ISBN 978-1-84119-096-9
  114. Judd, pp. 248–249
  115. Judd, p. 186; Rhodes James, p. 216
  116. Townsend, p. 137
  117. List of Companions (PDF), Ordre de la Libération, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2009, retrieved 19 September 2009
  118. "The Gazette of India – Extraordinary" (PDF), Press Information Bureau of India – Archive, retrieved 6 July 2017
  119. Velde, François (19 April 2008), Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family, Heraldica, retrieved 22 April 2009
  120. Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, ed. (1973), "The Royal Lineage", Burke's Guide to the Royal Family, London: Burke's Peerage, pp. 252, 293, 307, ISBN 0-220-66222-3

Sources
  • Bradford, Sarah (1989). King George VI. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-79667-1.
  • Howarth, Patrick (1987). George VI. Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-171000-2.
  • Judd, Denis (1982). King George VI. London: Michael Joseph. ISBN 978-0-7181-2184-6.
  • Matthew, H. C. G. (2004). "George VI (1895–1952)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
  • Rhodes James, Robert (1998). A Spirit Undaunted: The Political Role of George VI. London: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-316-64765-6.
  • Shawcross, William (2009). Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother: The Official Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-4859-0.
  • Sinclair, David (1988). Two Georges: the Making of the Modern Monarchy. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-33240-5.
  • Townsend, Peter (1975). The Last Emperor. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-77031-2.
  • Vickers, Hugo (2006). Elizabeth: The Queen Mother. Arrow Books/Random House. ISBN 978-0-09-947662-7.
  • Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John (1958). King George VI: His Life and Reign. New York: St Martin's Press.
  • Weir, Alison (1996). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy, Revised Edition. London: Random House. ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5.
  • Windsor, The Duke of (1951). A King's Story. London: Cassell & Co Ltd.
  • Ziegler, Philip (1990). King Edward VIII: The Official Biography. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-00-215741-4.
George VI
Born: 14 December 1895 Died: 6 February 1952
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Edward VIII		 King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions
1936–1952		 Succeeded by
Elizabeth II
Emperor of India1
1936–1947		 Partition of India
Masonic offices
Preceded by
Iain Colquhoun		 Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland
1936–1937		 Succeeded by
Norman Orr-Ewing
Honorary titles
Preceded by
Edward VIII		 Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Auxiliary Air Force
1936–1952		 Succeeded by
Elizabeth II
New title Head of the Commonwealth
1949–1952
Air Commodore-in-Chief of the Air Training Corps
1941–1952		 Succeeded by
The Duke of Edinburgh
Notes and references
1. Indian Empire dissolved 15 August 1947. Title abandoned 22 June 1948 ("No. 38330". The London Gazette. 22 June 1948. p. 3647.)

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.