EPH receptor A2

EPH receptor A2 (ephrin type-A receptor 2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPHA2 gene.[5][6]

EPHA2
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1MQB, 2E8N, 2K9Y, 2KSO, 2X10, 2X11, 3C8X, 3CZU, 3FL7, 3HEI, 3HPN, 3KKA, 3MBW, 3MX0, 3SKJ, 4P2K, 4PDO, 4TRL, 5EK7
Identifiers
Aliases	EPHA2, Epha2, AW545284, Eck, Myk2, Sek-2, Sek2, ARCC2, CTPA, CTPP1, CTRCT6, EPH receptor A2, ECK
External IDs	OMIM: 176946 MGI: 95278 HomoloGene: 20929 GeneCards: EPHA2
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 1 (human)[1] Band 1p36.13 Start 16,124,337 bp[1] End 16,156,069 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 4 (mouse)[2] Band 4 D3|4 73.67 cM Start 141,301,240 bp[2] End 141,329,384 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • nucleotide binding • protein kinase activity • transferase activity • kinase activity • GO:0001948 protein binding • protein tyrosine kinase activity • ATP binding • ephrin receptor activity • transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity • cadherin binding • virus receptor activity • transmembrane-ephrin receptor activity Cellular component • integral component of membrane • cell projection • membrane • ruffle membrane • cell junction • lamellipodium membrane • leading edge membrane • focal adhesion • integral component of plasma membrane • intracellular • cell membrane • lamellipodium • cell surface • neuron projection • receptor complex • occluding junction Biological process • regulation of lamellipodium assembly • skeletal system development • negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling • cell differentiation • regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrin • protein kinase B signaling • GO:0032861, GO:0032862, GO:0032856 activation of GTPase activity • phosphorylation • transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway • keratinocyte differentiation • vasculogenesis • multicellular organism development • protein phosphorylation • cell adhesion • blood vessel development • notochord morphogenesis • notochord cell development • angiogenesis • intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage • neural tube development • neuron differentiation • notochord formation • regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade • cell chemotaxis • post-anal tail morphogenesis • axial mesoderm formation • response to growth factor • GO:0022415 viral process • cell migration • apoptotic process • peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation • osteoclast differentiation • osteoblast differentiation • regulation of angiogenesis • regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration • ephrin receptor signaling pathway • lens fiber cell morphogenesis • mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation • bone remodeling • branching involved in mammary gland duct morphogenesis • negative regulation of cytokine production • defense response to Gram-positive bacterium • negative regulation of lymphangiogenesis • blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis • pericyte cell differentiation • negative regulation of angiogenesis • inflammatory response • negative regulation of chemokine production • blood vessel morphogenesis • cAMP metabolic process • cell motility • viral entry • positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane • axon guidance • protein localization to plasma membrane • positive regulation of bicellular tight junction assembly Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	1969	13836
Ensembl	ENSG00000142627	ENSMUSG00000006445
UniProt	P29317	Q03145
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_004431 NM_001329090	NM_010139
RefSeq (protein)	NP_001316019 NP_004422	NP_034269
Location (UCSC)	Chr 1: 16.12 – 16.16 Mb	Chr 4: 141.3 – 141.33 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Function

This gene belongs to the ephrin receptor subfamily of the protein-tyrosine kinase family. EPH and EPH-related receptors have been implicated in mediating developmental events, particularly in the nervous system. Receptors in the EPH subfamily typically have a single kinase domain and an extracellular region containing a Cys-rich domain and 2 fibronectin type III repeats. The ephrin receptors are divided into two groups based on the similarity of their extracellular domain sequences and their affinities for binding ephrin-A and ephrin-B ligands. This gene encodes a protein that binds ephrin-A ligands.[6]

Clinical significance

It may be implicated in BRAF mutated melanomas becoming resistant to BRAF-inhibitors and MEK inhibitors.[7] It is also the receptor by which Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) enters host cells; small molecule inhibitors of EphA2 have shown some ability to block KSHV entry into human cells.[8]

Interactions

EPH receptor A2 has been shown to interact with:

• ACP1[9]
• Grb2,[10]
• PIK3R1,[11] and
• SHC1.[10]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000142627 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000006445 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Sulman EP, Tang XX, Allen C, Biegel JA, Pleasure DE, Brodeur GM, Ikegaki N (April 1997). "ECK, a human EPH-related gene, maps to 1p36.1, a common region of alteration in human cancers". Genomics. 40 (2): 371–4. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4569. PMID 9119409.
6. "Entrez Gene: EPHA2 EPH receptor A2".
7. "Counteracting Drug Resistance in Melanoma". 2015.
8. Hahn AS, Kaufmann JK, Wies E, Naschberger E, Panteleev-Ivlev J, Schmidt K, Holzer A, Schmidt M, Chen J, König S, Ensser A, Myoung J, Brockmeyer NH, Stürzl M, Fleckenstein B, Neipel F (2012). "The ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase A2 is a cellular receptor for Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus". Nat. Med. 18 (6): 961–6. doi:10.1038/nm.2805. PMC 3645317. PMID 22635007.
9. Kikawa KD, Vidale DR, Van Etten RL, Kinch MS (October 2002). "Regulation of the EphA2 kinase by the low molecular weight tyrosine phosphatase induces transformation". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (42): 39274–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M207127200. PMID 12167657.
10. Pratt RL, Kinch MS (October 2002). "Activation of the EphA2 tyrosine kinase stimulates the MAP/ERK kinase signaling cascade". Oncogene. 21 (50): 7690–9. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1205758. PMID 12400011.
11. Pandey A, Lazar DF, Saltiel AR, Dixit VM (December 1994). "Activation of the Eck receptor protein tyrosine kinase stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (48): 30154–7. PMID 7982920.

Further reading

• Flanagan JG, Vanderhaeghen P (1998). "The ephrins and Eph receptors in neural development". Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21: 309–45. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.309. PMID 9530499. S2CID 1278600.
• Zhou R (1998). "The Eph family receptors and ligands". Pharmacol. Ther. 77 (3): 151–81. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(97)00112-5. PMID 9576626.
• Holder N, Klein R (1999). "Eph receptors and ephrins: effectors of morphogenesis". Development. 126 (10): 2033–44. PMID 10207129.
• Wilkinson DG (2000). "Eph receptors and ephrins: regulators of guidance and assembly". Int. Rev. Cytol. International Review of Cytology. 196: 177–244. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(00)96005-4. ISBN 9780123646002. PMID 10730216.
• Xu Q, Mellitzer G, Wilkinson DG (2000). "Roles of Eph receptors and ephrins in segmental patterning". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 355 (1399): 993–1002. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0635. PMC 1692797. PMID 11128993.
• Wilkinson DG (2001). "Multiple roles of EPH receptors and ephrins in neural development". Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2 (3): 155–64. doi:10.1038/35058515. PMID 11256076.
• Kinch MS, Carles-Kinch K (2003). "Overexpression and functional alterations of the EphA2 tyrosine kinase in cancer". Clin. Exp. Metastasis. 20 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1023/A:1022546620495. PMID 12650608.
• Walker-Daniels J, Hess AR, Hendrix MJ, Kinch MS (2003). "Differential regulation of EphA2 in normal and malignant cells". Am. J. Pathol. 162 (4): 1037–42. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63899-0. PMC 1851246. PMID 12651595.
• Lindberg RA, Hunter T (1990). "cDNA cloning and characterization of eck, an epithelial cell receptor protein-tyrosine kinase in the eph/elk family of protein kinases". Mol. Cell. Biol. 10 (12): 6316–24. doi:10.1128/mcb.10.12.6316. PMC 362907. PMID 2174105.
• Pandey A, Shao H, Marks RM, Polverini PJ, Dixit VM (1995). "Role of B61, the ligand for the Eck receptor tyrosine kinase, in TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis". Science. 268 (5210): 567–9. Bibcode:1995Sci...268..567P. doi:10.1126/science.7536959. PMID 7536959.
• Pandey A, Duan H, Dixit VM (1995). "Characterization of a novel Src-like adapter protein that associates with the Eck receptor tyrosine kinase". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (33): 19201–4. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.33.19201. PMID 7543898.
• Ruiz JC, Robertson EJ (1994). "The expression of the receptor-protein tyrosine kinase gene, eck, is highly restricted during early mouse development". Mech. Dev. 46 (2): 87–100. doi:10.1016/0925-4773(94)90078-7. PMID 7918100.
• Davis S, Gale NW, Aldrich TH, Maisonpierre PC, Lhotak V, Pawson T, Goldfarb M, Yancopoulos GD (1994). "Ligands for EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinases that require membrane attachment or clustering for activity". Science. 266 (5186): 816–9. Bibcode:1994Sci...266..816D. doi:10.1126/science.7973638. PMID 7973638.
• Pandey A, Lazar DF, Saltiel AR, Dixit VM (1994). "Activation of the Eck receptor protein tyrosine kinase stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (48): 30154–7. PMID 7982920.
• Ganju P, Shigemoto K, Brennan J, Entwistle A, Reith AD (1994). "The Eck receptor tyrosine kinase is implicated in pattern formation during gastrulation, hindbrain segmentation and limb development". Oncogene. 9 (6): 1613–24. PMID 8183555.
• Gale NW, Holland SJ, Valenzuela DM, Flenniken A, Pan L, Ryan TE, Henkemeyer M, Strebhardt K, Hirai H, Wilkinson DG, Pawson T, Davis S, Yancopoulos GD (1996). "Eph receptors and ligands comprise two major specificity subclasses and are reciprocally compartmentalized during embryogenesis". Neuron. 17 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80276-7. PMID 8755474.
• Kozlosky CJ, VandenBos T, Park L, Cerretti DP, Carpenter MK (1997). "LERK-7: a ligand of the Eph-related kinases is developmentally regulated in the brain". Cytokine. 9 (8): 540–9. doi:10.1006/cyto.1997.0199. PMID 9245480.
• Ephnomenclaturecommittee (1997). "Unified nomenclature for Eph family receptors and their ligands, the ephrins. Eph Nomenclature Committee". Cell. 90 (3): 403–4. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80500-0. PMID 9267020.

External links

• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P29317 (Human Ephrin type-A receptor 2) at the PDBe-KB.
• Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: Q03145 (Mouse Ephrin type-A receptor 2) at the PDBe-KB.