White Americans

White Americans are a racial or ethnic group of Americans who identify as and are perceived to be white people. White Americans (including White Hispanics) constitute the historical and current majority of the people living in the United States, with 72% of the population identifying as white in the 2010 United States Census. Non-Hispanic whites totaled about 197,181,177 or 60.4% of the U.S. population.[3][4] European Americans are the largest ethnic group of White Americans and have constituted the majority population of the United States since the nation's founding.

"White America" redirects here. For the song by Eminem, see White America (song). For the white history organization, see White America, Inc.

White Americans
Total population
243,832,540 (2018)[1]
75.5% of the estimated total U.S. population
234,904,818 (2018) (one race)[1]
197,181,177 (Non-Hispanic: 2018)[1]
60.4% of the total U.S. population
Regions with significant populations
All areas of the United States
Languages
Most:
Unusual:
Religion
[2]
Related ethnic groups
European Americans, Europeans, Middle Eastern Americans, White Latin Americans, European Canadians, European Australians, European New Zealanders, European diasporas from other parts of the world

The United States Census Bureau defines white people as those "having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa."[5] However, people of these regions can be of various racial backgrounds, and the Obama-era Census Bureau had planned to change this definition prior to the election of Donald Trump.[6] Like all official U.S. racial categories, "White" has a "not Hispanic or Latino" and a "Hispanic or Latino" component,[7] the latter consisting mostly of White Mexican Americans and White Cuban Americans. The term "Caucasian" is synonymous with "white", although the latter is sometimes used to denote skin tone instead of race.[8] Some of the non-European ethnic groups classified as white by the U.S. Census, such as Arab Americans,[9] Jewish Americans,[10] and Hispanics or Latinos, may not identify as or may not be perceived to be, white.

The largest ancestries of American whites are: German (17%), Irish (12%), English (9%), Italian (6%), French (4%), Polish (3%), Scottish (3%), Scotch-Irish (2%), Dutch (2%), Norwegian (2%) and Swedish (1%).[11][12][13] However, the English and British Americans' demography is considered a serious under-count as the stock tend to self-report and identify as simply "Americans" (7%), due to the length of time they have inhabited the United States, particularly if their family arrived prior to the American Revolution.[14] The vast majority of white Americans also have ancestry from multiple countries.

Historical and present definitions
Main article: Definitions of whiteness in the United States
Further information: One-drop rule

Definitions of who is "White" have changed throughout the history of the United States.

U.S. Census definition

The term "White American" can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the social dimensions of race are more complex than Census criteria. The 2000 U.S. census states that racial categories "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria."[15]

The Census question on race lists the categories White or European American, Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, Asian, plus "Some other race", with the respondent having the ability to mark more than one racial or ethnic category. The Census Bureau defines White people as follows:

"White" refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race(s) as "White" or reported entries such as German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan, or Caucasian.[5]

In U.S. census documents, the designation White overlaps, as do all other official racial categories, with the term Hispanic or Latino, which was introduced in the 1980 census as a category of ethnicity, separate and independent of race.[16][17] Hispanic and Latino Americans as a whole make up a racially diverse group and as a whole are the largest minority in the country.[18][19]

The characterization of Middle Eastern and North African Americans as white has been a matter of controversy. In the early 20th century, there were a number of cases where people of Arab descent were denied entry into the United States or deported, because they were characterized as nonwhite.[20] In 1944, the law changed, and Middle Eastern and North African peoples were granted white status. In 2015, the US Census endorsed the idea of creating a separate racial category for Middle Eastern and North African Americans in the 2020 Census, but this plan was discarded when the Trump Administration came to power.

President Abraham Lincoln was descended from Samuel Lincoln and was of English and Welsh ancestry.
Gloria Vanderbilt, noted artist and designer, was of Dutch descent.

In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U.S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value.

Additionally, people who reported Muslim (or a sect of Islam such as Shi'ite or Sunni), Jewish, Zoroastrian, or Caucasian as their "race" in the "Some other race" section, without noting a country of origin, are automatically tallied as White.[21] The US Census considers the write-in response of "Caucasian" or "Aryan" to be a synonym for White in their ancestry code listing.[22]

Social definition

In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered White. However, many of the non-European ethnic groups classified as White by the U.S. Census, such as Arab Americans, Jewish Americans, and Hispanics or Latinos may not identify as, and may not be perceived to be, White.[23][24][25][26][27][28]

The definition of White has changed significantly over the course of American history. Among Europeans, those not considered White at some point in American history include Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Irish, Finns, and Russians.[28][29][30] Early on in the United States, membership in the white race was generally limited to those of British, Germanic, or Nordic ancestry.[31]

David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the white race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves.[32] The process of officially being defined as white by law often came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship.[33]

Critical race theory definition
Main articles: Critical race theory and Whiteness studies

Critical race theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s, influenced by the language of critical legal studies, which challenged concepts such as objective truth, rationality and judicial neutrality, and by critical theory.[34] Academics and activists disillusioned with the outcomes of the Civil Rights Movement pointed out that though African Americans supposedly enjoyed legal equality, white Americans continued to hold disproportionate power and still had superior living standards.[35] Liberal ideas such as meritocracy and equal opportunity, they argued, hid and reinforced deep structural inequalities and thus serves the interests of a white elite.[36] Critical race theorists see racism as embedded in public attitudes and institutions, and highlight institutional racism and unconscious biases.[37] Legal scholar Derrick Bell advanced the interest convergence principle, which suggests that whites support minority rights only when doing so is also in their self-interest.[38][39]

As Whites, especially White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, or WASPs, are the dominant racial and cultural group, according to sociologist Steven Seidman, writing from a critical theory perspective, "White culture constitutes the general cultural mainstream, causing non-White culture to be seen as deviant, in either a positive or negative manner. Moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic, and cultural institutions."

Yet, according to Seidman, Whites are most commonly unaware of their privilege and the manner in which their culture has always been dominant in the US, as they do not identify as members of a specific racial group but rather incorrectly perceive their views and culture as "raceless", when in fact it is ethno-national (ethnic/cultural) specific, with a racial base component.[40]

Demographic information
See also: Americans and European Americans
Self-identified as White 1790–2010
Year Population % of
the U.S.		 % change
(10 yr)		 Year Population % of
the U.S.		 % change
(10 yr)
17903,172,00680.7191081,731,95788.922.3%
18004,306,44681.135.8%192094,820,91589.716.0%
18105,862,07381.036.1%1930110,286,74089.816.3%
18207,866,79781.634.2%1940118,214,87089.8 (highest)7.2%
183010,532,06081.933.9%1950134,942,02889.514.1%
184014,189,70583.234.7%1960158,831,73288.617.7%
185019,553,06884.337.8%1970178,119,22187.512.1%
186026,922,53785.637.7%1980188,371,62283.15.8%
187033,589,37787.124.8%1990199,686,07080.36.0%
188043,402,97086.529.2%2000211,460,62675.15.9%
189055,101,25887.526.9%2010223,553,26572.4 (lowest)5.7%
190066,809,19687.921.2%
Source: United States census bureau.[41][42][43][44]

White Americans constitute the majority of the 308 million people living in the United States, with 72% of the population in the 2010 United States Census.[lower-alpha 1][5][46]

The largest ethnic groups (by ancestry) among White Americans were Germans, followed by Irish and English.[47] In the 1980 census 49,598,035 Americans cited that they were of English ancestry, making them 26% of the country and the largest group at the time, and in fact larger than the population of England itself.[48] Slightly more than half of these people would cite that they were of "American" ancestry on subsequent censuses and virtually everywhere that "American" ancestry predominates on the 2000 census corresponds to places where "English" predominated on the 1980 census.[49][50]

While over ten million White people can trace part of their ancestry back to the Pilgrims who arrived on the Mayflower in 1620 (this common statistic overlooks the Jamestown, Virginia foundations of America and roots of even earlier colonist-descended Americans, such as Spanish Americans in St. Augustine, Florida), over 35 million whites have at least one ancestor who passed through the Ellis Island immigration station, which processed arriving immigrants from 1892 until 1954.

Geographic distribution

According to the Census definition, White Americans are the majority racial group in almost all of the United States. They are not the majority in Hawaii, many American Indian reservations, parts of the South, the District of Columbia, all US territories, and in many urban areas throughout the country. Non-Hispanic whites are also not the majority in several southwestern states.

Overall the highest concentration of those referred to as "Non-Hispanic Whites" by the Census Bureau are found in the Midwest, New England, the northern Rocky Mountain states, Kentucky, West Virginia, and East Tennessee.[51] The lowest concentration of whites was found in southern and mid-Atlantic states.[7][52][53]

Although all large geographical areas are dominated by White Americans, much larger differences can be seen between specific parts of large cities.

States with the highest percentages of White Americans, as of 2007:[54]

States with the highest percentages of non-Hispanic Whites, as of 2007:[55]

Income and educational attainment
Main article: Affluence in the United States § Race
Further information: Personal income in the United States and Household income in the United States

White Americans have the second highest median household income and personal income levels in the nation, by cultural background. The median income per household member was also the highest, since White Americans had the smallest households of any racial demographic in the nation. In 2006, the median individual income of a White American age 25 or older was $33,030, with those who were full-time employed, and of age 25 to 64, earning $34,432. Since 42% of all households had two income earners, the median household income was considerably higher than the median personal income, which was $48,554 in 2005. Jewish Americans rank first in household income, personal income, and educational attainment among White Americans.[56] In 2005, White households had a median household income of $48,977, which is 10% above the national median of $44,389. Among Cuban Americans, with 86% classified as White, those born in the US have a higher median income and educational attainment level than most other Whites.[57]

The poverty rates for White Americans are the second-lowest of any racial group, with 11% of white individuals living below the poverty line, 3% lower than the national average.[58] However, due to Whites' majority status, 48% of Americans living in poverty are white.[59]

White Americans' educational attainment is the second-highest in the country, after Asian Americans'. Overall, nearly one-third of White Americans had a Bachelor's degree, with the educational attainment for Whites being higher for those born outside the United States: 38% of foreign born, and 30% of native born Whites had a college degree. Both figures are above the national average of 27%.[60]

Gender income inequality was the greatest among Whites, with White men outearning White women by 48%. Census Bureau data for 2005 reveals that the median income of White females was lower than that of males of all races. In 2005, the median income for White American females was only slightly higher than that of African American females.[61]

White Americans are more likely to live in suburbs and small cities than their black counterparts.[62]

Population by state
Percentage of population self-reported as White American by state in 2010 :
   less than 50%
   50–60%
   60–70%
   70–80%
   80–90%
   more than 90%

2000 and 2010 censuses
White American population as of 2000 and 2010 censuses[63]
State Pop. 2000 % 2000 Pop. 2010 % 2010 % growth
Alabama 3,162,808 71.1% 3,275,394 68.5% +3.6%
Alaska 434,534 69.3% 473,576 66.7% +9.0%
Arizona 3,873,611 75.5% 4,667,121 73.0% +20.5%
Arkansas 2,138,598 80.0% 2,245,229 77.0% +5.0%
California 20,170,059 79.7% 21,453,934 74.0% +6.4%
Colorado 3,560,005 82.8% 4,089,202 81.3% +14.9%
Connecticut 2,780,355 81.6% 2,772,410 77.6% -0.3%
Delaware 584,773 74.6% 618,617 68.9% +5.8%
District of Columbia 176,101 30.8% 231,471 38.5% +31.4%
Florida 12,465,029 78.0% 14,109,162 75.0% +13.2%
Georgia 5,327,281 65.1% 5,787,440 59.7% +8.6%
Hawaii 294,102 24.3% 336,599 24.7% +14.4%
Idaho 1,177,304 91.0% 1,396,487 89.1% +18.6%
Illinois 9,125,471 73.5% 9,177,877 71.5% +0.6%
Indiana 5,320,022 87.5% 5,467,906 84.3% +2.8%
Iowa 2,748,640 93.9% 2,781,561 91.3% +1.2%
Kansas 2,313,944 86.1% 2,391,044 83.8% +3.3%
Kentucky 3,640,889 90.1% 3,809,537 87.8% +4.6%
Louisiana 2,856,161 63.9% 2,836,192 62.6% -0.7%
Maine 1,236,014 96.9% 1,264,971 95.2% +2.3%
Maryland 3,391,308 64.0% 3,359,284 58.2% -0.9%
Massachusetts 5,367,286 84.5% 5,265,236 80.4% -1.9%
Michigan 7,966,053 80.2% 7,803,120 78.9% -2.0%
Minnesota 4,400,282 89.4% 4,524,062 85.3% +2.8%
Mississippi 1,746,099 61.4% 1,754,684 59.1% +0.5%
Missouri 4,748,083 84.9% 4,958,770 82.8% +4.4%
Montana 817,229 90.6% 884,961 89.4% +8.3%
Nebraska 1,533,261 89.6% 1,572,838 86.1% +2.6%
Nevada 1,501,886 75.2% 1,786,688 66.2% +19.0%
New Hampshire 1,186,851 96.0% 1,236,050 92.3% +4.1%
New Jersey 6,104,705 72.6% 6,029,248 68.6% -1.2%
New Mexico 1,214,253 66.8% 1,407,876 68.4% +15.9%
New York 12,893,689 67.9% 12,740,974 65.7% -1.2%
North Carolina 5,804,656 72.1% 6,528,950 68.5% +12.5%
North Dakota 593,181 92.4% 605,449 90.0% +2.1%
Ohio 9,645,453 85.0% 9,539,437 82.7% -1.1%
Oklahoma 2,628,434 76.2% 2,706,845 72.2% +3.0%
Oregon 2,961,623 86.6% 3,204,614 83.6% +8.2%
Pennsylvania 10,484,203 85.4% 10,406,288 81.9% -0.7%
Rhode Island 891,191 85.0% 856,869 81.4% -3.8%
South Carolina 2,695,560 67.2% 3,060,000 66.2% +13.5%
South Dakota 669,404 88.7% 699,392 85.9% +4.5%
Tennessee 4,563,310 80.2% 4,921,948 77.6% +7.9%
Texas 14,799,505 71.0% 17,701,552 70.4% +19.6%
Utah 1,992,975 89.2% 2,379,560 86.1% +19.4%
Vermont 589,208 96.8% 596,292 95.3% +1.2%
Virginia 5,120,110 72.3% 5,486,852 68.6% +7.2%
Washington 4,821,823 81.8% 5,196,362 77.3% +7.8%
West Virginia 1,718,777 95.0% 1,739,988 93.9% +1.2%
Wisconsin 4,769,857 88.9% 4,902,067 86.2% +2.8%
Wyoming 454,670 92.1% 511,279 90.7% +12.4%
United States of America 211,460,626 75.1% 223,553,265 72.4% +5.7%

2016 and 2017 estimates
White population by state[64]
StatePop. 2016% 2016Pop. 2017% 2017percentage
growth		numeric
growth
Alabama 3,371,066 69.35% 3,374,131 69.22% -0.13% +3,065
Alaska 490,864 66.20% 486,724 65.79% -0.41% -4,140
Arizona 5,753,506 83.28% 5,827,866 83.06% -0.22% +74,360
Arkansas 2,372,843 79.41% 2,381,662 79.27% -0.14% +3,740
California 28,560,032 72.68% 28,611,160 72.37% -0.31% +51,128
Colorado 4,837,197 87.47% 4,894,372 87.29% -0.18% +57,175
Connecticut 2,891,943 80.60% 2,879,759 80.26% -0.34% -12,184
Delaware 667,076 70.02% 670,512 69.70% -0.32% +3,436
District of Columbia 305,232 44.60% 313,234 45.14% +0.54% +8,002
Florida 16,022,497 77.56% 16,247,613 77.43% -0.13% +225,116
Georgia 6,310,426 61.18% 6,341,768 60.81% -0.37% +31,342
Hawaii 370,362 25.92% 366,546 25.67% -0.25% -3,816
Idaho 1,567,868 93.32% 1,599,814 93.18% -0.2% +31,946
Illinois 9,909,184 77.20% 9,864,942 77.06% -0.14% -44,242
Indiana 5,679,252 85.61% 5,690,929 85.36% -0.25% +11,677
Iowa 2,860,136 91.35% 2,864,664 91.06% -0.29% +4,528
Kansas 2,519,340 86.64% 2,519,176 86.47% -0.17% -164
Kentucky 3,901,878 87.96% 3,908,964 87.76% -0.20% +7,086
Louisiana 2,958,471 63.13% 2,951,003 63.00% -0.13% -7,468
Maine 1,261,247 94.81% 1,264,744 94.67% -0.14% +3,497
Maryland 3,572,673 59.30% 3,568,679 58.96% -0.34% -3,994
Massachusetts 5,575,622 81.71% 5,576,725 81.29% -0.42% +1,103
Michigan 7,906,913 79.60% 7,914,418 79.44% -0.16% +7,505
Minnesota 4,687,397 84.84% 4,708,215 84.43% -0.41% +20,818
Mississippi 1,771,276 59.33% 1,766,950 59.21% -0.12% -4,326
Missouri 5,069,869 83.23% 5,080,444 83.10% -0.13% +10,575
Montana 926,475 89.20% 935,792 89.08% -0.12% +9,317
Nebraska 1,693,622 88.78% 1,700,881 88.58% -0.20% +7,259
Nevada 2,208,915 75.15% 2,235,657 74.57% -0.58% +26,742
New Hampshire 1,251,836 93.77% 1,256,807 93.59% -0.18% +4,971
New Jersey 6,499,057 72.38% 6,489,409 72.06% -0.32% -9,648
New Mexico 1,716,662 82.31% 1,715,623 82.16% -0.15% -1,039
New York 13,856,651 69.85% 13,807,127 69.56% -0.29% -49,524
North Carolina 7,212,423 71.01% 7,276,995 70.83% -0.18% +64,572
North Dakota 663,424 87.81% 661,217 87.53% -0.28% -2,207
Ohio 9,578,424 82.41% 9,579,207 82.16% -0.25% +783
Oklahoma 2,923,751 74.56% 2,921,390 74.32% -0.24% -2,361
Oregon 3,569,538 87.29% 3,607,515 87.08% -0.21% +37,977
Pennsylvania 10,525,562 82.31% 10,507,780 82.06% -0.25% -17,782
Rhode Island 892,287 84.37% 890,883 84.07% -0.30% -1,404
South Carolina 3,393,346 68.2% 3,440,141 68.47% +0.27% +46,795
South Dakota 733,199 85.10% 738,554 84.92% -0.18% +5,355
Tennessee 5,231,987 78.68% 5,276,748 78.57% -0.11% +44,761
Texas 22,166,782 79.44% 22,404,118 79.15% -0.29% +237,336
Utah 2,774,606 91.14% 2,820,387 90.93% -0.21% +45,781
Vermont 589,836 94.62% 589,163 94.47% -0.15% -673
Virginia 5,891,174 70.01% 5,904,472 69.71% -0.30% +13,298
Washington 5,820,007 79.93% 5,887,060 79.49% -0.44% +67,053
West Virginia 1,712,647 93.66% 1,699,266 93.58% -0.08% -13,381
Wisconsin 5,049,698 87.47% 5,060,891 87.32% -0.15% +11,193
Wyoming 543,224 92.87% 537,396 92.76% -0.11% -5,828
United States 248,619,303 76.87% 249,619,493 76.64% -0.23% +1,000,190
Non-Hispanic population
Further information: List of U.S. states by non-Hispanic white population
Non-Hispanic White population by state[64]
StatePop. 2016% 2016Pop. 2017% 2017percentage
growth		numeric
growth
Alabama 3,198,381 65.80% 3,196,852 65.58% -0.22% -1,529
Alaska 454,651 61.31% 449,776 60.80% -0.51% -4,875
Arizona 3,819,881 55.29% 3,849,130 54.86% -0.43% +29,249
Arkansas 2,175,521 72.80% 2,177,809 72.49% -0.31% +2,288
California 14,797,971 37.66% 14,696,754 37.17% -0.49% -101,217
Colorado 3,791,612 68.56% 3,827,750 68.26% -0.30% +36,135
Connecticut 2,428,332 67.68% 2,404,792 67.02% -0.66% -23,540
Delaware 597,728 62.74% 599,260 62.30% -0.44% +1,532
District of Columbia 249,141 36.40% 255,387 36.80% +0.40% +6,246
Florida 11,273,388 54.57% 11,343,977 54.06% -0.51% +70,589
Georgia 5,499,055 53.32% 5,507,334 52.81% -0.51% +8,279
Hawaii 317,026 22.19% 312,492 21.89% -0.30% -4,534
Idaho 1,382,934 82.32% 1,408,294 82.02% -0.30% +25,360
Illinois 7,915,013 61.65% 7,849,887 61.32% -0.33% -65,126
Indiana 5,280,029 79.59% 5,280,420 79.20% -0.39% +391
Iowa 2,696,686 86.13% 2,695,962 85.70% -0.43% -724
Kansas 2,215,920 76.21% 2,209,748 75.86% -0.35% -6,172
Kentucky 3,767,092 84.92% 3,768,891 84.61% -0.31% +1,799
Louisiana 2,760,416 58.91% 2,747,730 58.66% -0.25% -12,686
Maine 1,243,741 93.50% 1,246,478 93.30% -0.20% +2,737
Maryland 3,098,543 51.43% 3,077,907 50.86% -0.57% -20,636
Massachusetts 4,972,010 72.86% 4,953,695 72.21% -0.65% -18,315
Michigan 7,489,609 75.40% 7,488,326 75.17% -0.23% -1,283
Minnesota 4,442,684 80.41% 4,455,605 79.89% -0.52% +12,921
Mississippi 1,697,562 56.86% 1,691,566 56.69% -0.17% -5,996
Missouri 4,855,156 79.71% 4,859,227 79.48% -0.23% +4,071
Montana 897,790 86.44% 905,811 86.23% -0.21% +8,021
Nebraska 1,515,494 79.44% 1,516,962 79.00% -0.44% +1,468
Nevada 1,465,888 49.87% 1,470,855 49.06% -0.81% +4,967
New Hampshire 1,212,377 90.81% 1,215,447 90.52% -0.29% +3,070
New Jersey 5,002,866 55.72% 4,962,470 55.10% -0.62% -40,396
New Mexico 789,869 38.31% 783,064 37.50% -0.81% -6,805
New York 11,047,456 55.69% 10,972,959 55.28% -0.41% -74,497
North Carolina 6,447,852 63.48% 6,486,100 63.13% -0.35% +38,248
North Dakota 641,945 84.96% 639,029 84.59% -0.37% -2,916
Ohio 9,229,932 79.41% 9,219,577 79.08% -0.33% -10,355
Oklahoma 2,592,571 66.12% 2,581,568 65.67% -0.45% -11,003
Oregon 3,115,656 76.25% 3,139,685 75.79% -0.46% +24,029
Pennsylvania 9,841,619 76.96% 9,796,510 76.50% -0.44% -45,109
Rhode Island 773,405 73.13% 768,229 72.50% -0.63% -5,176
South Carolina 3,165,176 63.82% 3,203,045 63.75% -0.07% +37,869
South Dakota 710,509 82.47% 714,881 82.20% -0.27% +4,372
Tennessee 4,931,609 74.17% 4,963,780 73.91% -0.26% +32,171
Texas 11,862,697 42.51% 11,886,381 42.00% -0.51% +23,684
Utah 2,400,885 78.86% 2,434,785 78.49% -0.37% +33,900
Vermont 580,238 93.08% 579,149 92.86% -0.22% -1,089
Virginia 5,247,231 62.36% 5,241,262 61.88% -0.48% -5,969
Washington 5,049,817 69.36% 5,091,370 68.75% -0.61% +41,553
West Virginia 1,688,472 92.33% 1,674,557 92.22% -0.11% -13,915
Wisconsin 4,710,928 81.60% 4,713,993 81.34% -0.26% +3,065
Wyoming 492,235 84.16% 486,565 83.99% -0.17% -5,670
United States 197,834,599 61.17% 197,803,083 60.73% -0.44% -31,516

Culture

From their earliest presence in North America, White Americans have contributed literature, art, cinema, religion, agricultural skills, foods, science and technology, fashion and clothing styles, music, language, legal system, political system, and social and technological innovation to American culture. White American culture derived its earliest influences from English, Scottish, Welsh, and Irish settlers and is quantitatively the largest proportion of American culture.[65] The overall American culture reflects White American culture. The culture has been developing since long before the United States formed a separate country. Much of American culture shows influences from English culture. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.[66]

Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America
Three members of the Kennedy political dynasty, John, Robert and Edward. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from Ireland.

In his 1989 book Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America, David Hackett Fischer explores the details of the folkways of four groups of settlers from the British Isles that moved to the American colonies during the 17th and 18th centuries from distinct regions of Britain and Ireland. His thesis is that the culture of each group persisted (albeit in modified form), providing the basis for the modern United States.[67]

According to Fischer, the foundation of America's four regional cultures was formed from four mass migrations from four regions of the British Isles by four distinct ethno-cultural groups. New England's formative period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia, settled there, thus forming the basis for the New England regional culture.[68] The next mass migration was of southern English Cavaliers and their working class English servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This spawned the creation of the American Southern culture.[69]

Then, between 1675 and 1725, thousands of Irish, Cornish, English and Welsh Quakers plus many Germans sympathetic to Quaker ideas, led by William Penn, settled the Delaware Valley. This resulted in the formation of the General American culture, although, according to Fischer, this is really a "regional culture", even if it does today encompass most of the U.S. from the mid-Atlantic states to the Pacific Coast.[70] Finally, a huge number of settlers from the borderlands between England and Scotland, and from northern Ireland, migrated to Appalachia between 1717 and 1775. This resulted in the formation of the Upland South regional culture, which has since expanded to the west to West Texas and parts of the American Southwest.[71]

In his book, Fischer brings up several points. He states that the U.S. is not a country with one "general" culture and several "regional" culture, as is commonly thought. Rather, there are only four regional cultures as described above, and understanding this helps one to more clearly understand American history as well as contemporary American life. Fischer asserts that it is not only important to understand where different groups came from, but when. All population groups have, at different times, their own unique set of beliefs, fears, hopes and prejudices. When different groups moved to America and brought certain beliefs and values with them, these ideas became, according to Fischer, more or less frozen in time, even if they eventually changed in their original place of origin.[72]

Admixture
See also: Race and genetics

Admixture in Non-Hispanic Whites

Some White Americans have varying amounts of American Indian and Sub-Saharan African ancestry. In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported Sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDNA lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in American Caucasians (in the US, "Caucasian" includes people from North Africa and Western Asia as well as Europeans).[73] Recent research on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected no African admixture in European-Americans. The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans[74]

DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.[75] The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture.[76] Shriver discovered his ancestry is 10 percent African, and Shriver's partner in DNA Print Genomics, J.T. Frudacas, contradicted him two years later stating "Five percent of European Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry."[77]

White Americans (European Americans) on average are: 98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American. Inferred British/Irish ancestry is found in European Americans from all states at mean proportions of above 20%, and represents a majority of ancestry, above 50% mean proportion, in states such as Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Scandinavian ancestry in European Americans is highly localized; most states show only trace mean proportions of Scandinavian ancestry, while it comprises a significant proportion, upwards of 10%, of ancestry in European Americans from Minnesota and the Dakotas.[78]

Admixture in Hispanic Whites

Although most Hispanic Americans self-identify in the white racial category of the US Census or other official government data collecting, an overwhelming majority of them would in their personal lives consider themselves as ethnically mestizo (of mixed European and Native American/American Indian background) or mulatto (of mixed European and sub-Saharan African background).[79]

Thus, only a minority of those Hispanic Americans who self-identified in their personal lives as mestizo or mulatto actually selected "multiracial" as their race on the U.S. census, with 9 out of every 10 of them preferring to pick white, one of the five single race categories available on the U.S. census.[79]

In contrast to non-Hispanic European Americans, whose average European ancestry ranges about 98.6%,[78][80] genetic research has found that the average European admixture among self-identified Hispanic White Americans is 73% European, while the average European admixture for Hispanic Americans overall (regardless of their self-identified race) is 65.1% European admixture.

gollark: There's evidently some sort of "fun scaling factor" which needs to be factored in.
gollark: Well, that never really happened to me, I don't buy overpriced games.
gollark: I would rate lottery-fun lower. There's no challenge, intellectual effort, or whatever, it's just anticipation and random luck.
gollark: That just sounds particularly cost-ineffective then.
gollark: If you spent all your entertainment money on expensive things you won't get much use out of, total fun is lower.

See also

Notes
  1. Of the foreign-born population from Europe (4,817 thousand), in 2010, 62% were naturalized.[45]

References
  1. "ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. December 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  2. "Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014)". The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
  3. "B03002 Hispanic or Lation Origin by Race - United States - 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. July 1, 2017. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  4. "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: UNITED STATES". www.census.gov. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
  5. Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez, eds. (March 2011). "Definition of Race Categories Used in the 2010 Census" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 3. Retrieved September 8, 2013.
  6. "Public Comments Received on Federal Register notice 79 FR 71377: Proposed Information Collection; Comment Request; 2015 National Content Test" (PDF). Census.gov. December 2, 2015 – February 2, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
  7. "The White Population: 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. August 2001. Retrieved March 10, 2011.
  8. Sources:
    • Thompson, Derek (August 19, 2008). "Do white people really come from the Caucasus?". Slate. Retrieved March 10, 2011. Caucasians included most Europeans, Northern Africans, and Asians as far east as the Ganges Delta in modern India.
    • Lee, Sandra Soo-Jin; Mountain, Joanna; Koenig, Barbara A. (2001). "The meanings of "race" in the new genomics: Implications for health disparities research" (PDF). Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics. 1: 33–75. PMID 12669320. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016.
    • Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
    • Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–46.
    • Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
  9. "Census Bureau explores new Middle East/North Africa ethnic category". Pewresearch.org. March 24, 2014. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
  10. Sources:
    • Korelitz, Seth (March 1997). "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, from Race to Ethnicity". American Jewish History. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 85 (1): 75–100. ISSN 0164-0178. JSTOR 23885597.
    • Novick, Peter (September 20, 2000). The Holocaust in American Life. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 127–32. ISBN 978-0-547-34961-9.
    • Siporin, Steve (November 1990). "Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore, Western States Jewish History". Western Historical Quarterly. Oxford University Press. 21 (4): 230–42. JSTOR 969273.
    • Lerner, Michael (May 18, 1993). "Jews Are Not White". The Village Voice. In America, to be 'white' means to be the beneficiary of the past 500 years of European exploration and exploitation of the rest of the world
  11. Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  12. Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder - Search". Archived from the original on February 11, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2009.
  13. Sharon R. Ennis; Ríos-Vargas, Merarys; Nora G. Albert (May 2011). "U.S. Census Bureau" (PDF). p. 14. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
  14. Sources:
    • Pulera, Dominic (October 20, 2004). Sharing the Dream: White Males in Multicultural America. A&C Black. p. 57. ISBN 9780826416438. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
    • Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
    • Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44–46.
    • Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82–86.
  15. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. "American FactFinder Help". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 5, 2001. Retrieved November 11, 2008. Origin can be viewed as the heritage, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the person's parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify their origin as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race.
  17. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  18. "T4-2008. Hispanic or Latino By Race". 2008 Population Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2010.
  19. "B03002. HISPANIC OR LATINO ORIGIN BY RACE". 2008 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
  20. "Not Quite White: Race Classification and the Arab American Experience - Arab American Institute". Aaiusa.org. Retrieved December 14, 2017.
  21. "Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. Race and Nationality Descriptions from the 2000 Census and Bureau of Vital Statistics" (PDF). Seer.cancer.gov. May 21, 2007. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  22. "Clark Library | U-M Library". Lib.umich.edu. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  23. Ajrouch, Kristine J. (2016). "Gender, Race, and Symbolic Boundaries: Contested Spaces of Identity among Arab American Adolescents". Sociological Perspectives. 47 (4): 371–391. doi:10.1525/sop.2004.47.4.371.
  24. Seth Korelitz, "The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, From Race to Ethnicity," American Jewish History 1997 85(1): 75–100. 0164–0178
  25. Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (1999); Hilene Flanzbaum, ed. The Americanization of the Holocaust (1999); Monty Noam Penkower, "Shaping Holocaust Memory," American Jewish History 2000 88(1): 127–132. 0164–0178
  26. Steve Siporin, "Immigrant and Ethnic Family Folklore," Western States Jewish History 1990 22(3): 230–242. 0749–5471
  27. M. Lerner, Village Voice, 1993
  28. Armas Kustaa Ensio Holmio, "History of the Finns in Michigan", p. 17
  29. Joe R. Feagin, Racist America: roots, current realities, and future reparations, Routledge, 2000, p.77.
  30. Eric Dregni, "Vikings in the attic: In search of Nordic America", p. 176
  31. John Tehranian, "Performing Whiteness: Naturalization Litigation and the Construction of Racial Identity in America," The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 109, No. 4. (Jan. 2000), pp. 825–827, 847.
  32. Roediger, Wages of Whiteness, 186; Tony Horwitz, Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War (New York, 1998).
  33. Sweet, Frank W. Legal History of the Color Line: The Notion of Invisible Blackness. Backintyme Publishers (2005), ISBN 0-939479-23-0.
  34. Delgado, Richard; Stefancic, Jean (March 24, 2018). Critical Race Theory: The Cutting Edge. Temple University Press. ISBN 9781566397148 – via Google Books.
  35. "Treatise" (PDF). files.eric.ed.gov.
  36. Crenshaw, Kimberlé (March 24, 1995). Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Formed the Movement. The New Press. ISBN 9781565842717 – via Google Books.
  37. "Essay". scholarship.law.umn.edu.
  38. Oremus, Will (March 9, 2012). "Did Obama Hug a Radical?". Slate. Retrieved June 21, 2017.
  39. "Critical Race Theory" (PDF). tijdschriftframe.nl.
  40. Seidman, S. (2004). Critical Race Theory. In Contested Knowledge: Social Theory Today (pp. 231–243). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  41. "Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population" (PDF). Census.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2014.
  42. "Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data Geographic Area: United States". Census.gov. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
  43. "The White Population: 2000" (PDF). Census.gov.
  44. "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). Census.gov.
  45. Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Acosta, Yesenia D.; de la Cruz, G. Patricia; Gambino, Christine; Gryn, Thomas; Larsen, Luke J.; Trevelyan, Edward N.; Walters, Nathan P. (May 2012). "The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010" (PDF). Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2012.
  46. Hixson, Lindsay; Bradford B. Hepler; Myoung Ouk Kim (September 2011). "The White Population: 2010" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved November 20, 2012.
  47. "United States Population Projections By Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 TO 2050" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (Excel) on March 6, 2008. Retrieved May 5, 2008.
  48. "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  49. Lieberson, Stanley & Waters, Mary C. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 487 (79): 82–86. doi:10.1177/0002716286487001004.
  50. Fischer, David Hackett (1989). Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–39. ISBN 978-0-19-503794-4.
  51. Chokshi, Niraj (June 30, 2014). "Diversity in America's counties, in 5 maps". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
  52. Brewer, Cynthia; Suchan, Trudy (2001). Census 2000, The Geography of US Diversity. Redlands, California: ESRI Press.
  53. "Distribution of those identifying as White alone, by state, US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on May 5, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
  54. "United States – States; and Puerto Rico: Percent of the Total Population Who Are White Alone 2007". Census.gov. Archived from the original on July 17, 2009. Retrieved January 5, 2009.
  55. Bureau, U.S. Census. "American FactFinder". Archived from the original on November 20, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2011.
  56. "New Study Claims US Jews Have Reasons to Be Proud". Israelnationalnews.com. June 25, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  57. "Cuba Fact Sheet Final Draft 08252006 _3_.doc" (PDF). Pewhispanic.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  58. "Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004" (PDF). Census.gov. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  59. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2007.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. "US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003" (PDF). Retrieved December 23, 2006.
  61. "US Census Bureau, Personal income forum, Age 25+, 2005". Archived from the original on January 4, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2007.
  62. "kahn3801.dvi" (PDF). Siepr.stanford.edu. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  63. "2010 Demographic Profile. Population by Race, ethnicity, sex/age". Census.gov. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  64. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population by Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin for the United States, States, and Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2017: 2017 Population Estimates". American FactFinder. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  65. "European Influences on Colonial American Culture". pbslearningmedia.org.
  66. James B. Minahan (March 14, 2013). Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. p. 9. ISBN 9781610691642. Retrieved October 22, 2016.
  67. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 6
  68. Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 13–206
  69. Fischer, Albion's Seed pp. 207–418
  70. Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 419–604
  71. Fischer, Albion's Seed, pp. 605–782
  72. Hackett Fischer, David. Albion's Seed Oxford University Press, 1989.
  73. Sample of 1387 American Caucasian individuals catalogued in the FBI mtDNA population database, Gonçalves et al. 2007, Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians
  74. Manfred Kayser et al. 2003, Y Chromosome STR Haplotypes and the Genetic Structure of U.S. Populations of African, European, and Hispanic Ancestry
  75. Shriver, et al., "Skin pigmentation, biogeographical ancestry and admixture mapping Archived December 30, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Hum Genet (2003) 112 : 387–39.
  76. Sailer, Steve (May 8, 2002). "Analysis: White prof finds he's not". UPI.
  77. Jim Wooten, "Race Reversal Man Lives as ‘Black’ for 50 Years — Then Finds Out He’s Probably Not, ABC News (2004).
  78. Bryc, Katarzyna et al. "The genetic ancestry of African, Latino, and European Americans across the United States" 23andme. pp. 22, 38 doi:10.1101/009340. "Supplemental Tables and Figures". p. 42. September 18, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  79. González-Barrera, Ana. "'Mestizo' and 'mulatto': Mixed-race identities among U.S. Hispanics". Pew Research Center. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved July 16, 2015.
  80. Zimmer, Carl (December 24, 2014). "White? Black? A Murky Distinction Grows Still Murkie". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.