Sony Interactive Entertainment

Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE) is a multinational video game and digital entertainment company wholly owned by Japanese conglomerate Sony Corporation. The SIE Group is made up of three legal corporate entities, which operate under a single global leadership: Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC (SIE LLC), based in San Mateo, California, United States and the global headquarters, Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. (SIE Inc.), based in Minato, Tokyo, Japan, and Sony Interactive Entertainment Europe Ltd (SIEE Ltd.), based in London, United Kingdom.[2] Tokyo-based SIE Inc. was originally founded as Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (SCEI or SCE) in November 1993 to handle Sony's venture into video game development for the PlayStation systems.[2] SIE LLC was established in San Mateo in April 2016[2] and is managed through Sony's American hub, Sony Corporation of America.[1]

Sony Interactive Entertainment
Native name
株式会社ソニー・インタラクティブエンタテインメント
Kabushiki gaisha Sonī Intarakutibu Entateinmento
Formerly
Sony Computer Entertainment (1993–2016)
Subsidiary
IndustryVideo games
FoundedNovember 16, 1993 (1993-11-16) (Tokyo)
April 2016 (2016-04) (San Mateo)
FounderKen Kutaragi 
Headquarters
San Mateo, California, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Jim Ryan
(President and CEO)
John Kodera
(Deputy President)
ProductsVideo games consoles and handhelds
Accessories and controllers
Audiokinetic Wwise
Services
ParentSony[1]
DivisionsSIE Worldwide Studios
Subsidiaries
Websitewww.sie.com

Since the launch of the original PlayStation console in 1994, the company has been developing PlayStation home video game consoles, accessories and services lineup. The company expanded from Japan into North America and Europe, where it founded the branches Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA) in May 1995 (in Foster City, California) and Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE) in July 1995 (in Liverpool). The company quickly became Sony's main resource for research and development in video games and interactive entertainment. In April 2016, SCE and Sony Network Entertainment International was restructured and reorganized into Sony Interactive Entertainment, carrying over the operations and primary objectives from both companies. The same year, SIE LLC was established, with its headquarters in San Mateo, California.

Sony Interactive Entertainment handles the research and development, production, and sales of both hardware and software for the PlayStation video game systems. SIE is also a developer and publisher of video game titles, and operates several subsidiaries in Sony's largest markets: North America, Europe and Asia. By August 2018, the company had sold more than 525 million PlayStation consoles worldwide.[3]

History

Establishment, PlayStation release, and North American expansion (1993–2005)

Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc. (SCEI) was jointly established by Sony and its subsidiary Sony Music Entertainment Japan in 1993 to handle the company's ventures into the video game industry.[4] The original PlayStation console was released on December 3, 1994, in Japan.[5] The company's North American operations, Sony Computer Entertainment of America (SCEA), were originally established in May 1995 as a division of Sony Electronic Publishing.[6] Located in Foster City, California, the North American office was originally headed by Steve Race.

In the months prior to the release of the PlayStation in Western markets, the operations were restructured: All video game marketing from Sony Imagesoft was folded into SCEA in July 1995, with most affected employees transferred from Santa Monica to Foster City.[7] On August 7, 1995, Race unexpectedly resigned and was named CEO of Spectrum HoloByte three days later.[7] He was replaced by Sony Electronics veteran Martin Homlish.[7] This proved to be the beginning of a run of exceptional managerial turnover, with SCEA going through four presidents in a single year.[8][9] The PS console was released in the United States on September 9, 1995.[5] As part of a worldwide restructuring at the beginning of 1997, SCEA and Sony Computer Entertainment Europe (SCEE) were both re-established as wholly owned subsidiaries of SCEI.[10][11]

The launch of the second PS console, the PlayStation 2 was released in Japan on March 4, 2000,[12] and the U.S. on October 26, 2000.[13] On July 1, 2002, chairman of SCEI, Shigeo Maruyama, was replaced by Tamotsu Iba as chairman. Jack Tretton and Phil Harrison were also promoted to senior vice presidents of SCE.[14] The PlayStation Portable (PSP) was SCEI's first foray into the small handheld console market. Its development was first announced during SCE's E3 conference in 2003, and it was officially unveiled during their E3 conference on May 11, 2004. The system was released in Japan on December 12, 2004, in North America on March 24, 2005, and in Europe and Australia on September 1, 2005.

Creation of SCE Worldwide Studios, acquisitions, and restructure (2005–2011)

On September 14, 2005, SCEI formed Sony Computer Entertainment Worldwide Studios (SCE WWS),[15] a single internal entity to oversee all wholly owned development studios within SCEI. It became responsible for the creative and strategic direction of development and production of all computer entertainment software by all SCEI-owned studios—all software is produced exclusively for the PS family of consoles. Shuhei Yoshida was named as President of SCE WWS on May 16, 2008,[16] replacing Kazuo Hirai, who was serving interim after Harrison left the company in early 2008.[17]

On December 8, 2005, video game developer Guerrilla Games, developers of the Killzone series, was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment as part of its SCE WWS.[18] On January 24, 2006, video game developer Zipper Interactive, developers of the Socom series, was acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment as part of its SCE WWS.[19]

In March 2006, Sony announced the online network for its forthcoming PlayStation 3 (PS3) system at the 2006 PlayStation Business Briefing meeting in Tokyo, Japan,[20] tentatively named "PlayStation Network Platform" and eventually called just PlayStation Network (PSN). Sony also stated that the service would always be connected,[21] free,[22] and include multiplayer support.[23]

The launch date for the PS3 was announced by Hirai at the pre-E3 conference held at the Sony Pictures Studios in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 2006. The PS3 was released in Japan on November 11, 2006, and the U.S. date was November 17, 2006.[24] The PSN was also launched in November 2006.[25]

On November 30, 2006, president of SCEI, Ken Kutaragi, was appointed as chairman of SCEI, while Hirai, then president of SCEA, was promoted to president of SCEI.[26] On April 26, 2007, Ken Kutaragi resigned from his position as chairman of SCEI and group CEO, passing on his duties to the recently appointed president of SCE, Hirai.[27]

On September 20, 2007, video game developers Evolution Studios and Bigbig Studios, creators of the MotorStorm series, were acquired by Sony Computer Entertainment as part of its SCE WWS.[28]

On April 15, 2009, David Reeves, president and CEO of SCE Europe, announced his forthcoming resignation from his post. He had joined the company in 1995 and was appointed as chairman of SCEE in 2003, and then president in 2005.[29] His role of president and CEO of SCEE would be taken over by Andrew House, who joined Sony Corporation in 1990.[30] The PSP Go was released on October 1, 2009, for North America and Europe, and on November 1, 2009, for Japan.

On April 1, 2010, SCEI was restructured to bring together Sony's mobile electronics and personal computers divisions. The main Japanese division of SCEI was temporarily renamed "SNE Platform Inc." (SNEP) on April 1, 2010, and was split into two divisions that focused on different aspects: "Sony Computer Entertainment, Inc.", consisting of 1,300 employees who focused on the console business, and the network service business consisting of 60 to 70 employees. The network service business of SCEI was absorbed into Sony Corp's Network Products & Service Group (NPSG), which had already been headed by Hirai since April 2009. The original SCEI was then dissolved after the restructuring.[31][32][33]

The North American and European branches of SCEI were affected by the restructuring, and remained as SCEA and SCEE. Hirai, by that time SCEI CEO and Sony Corporation EVP, led both departments.[34]

On March 2, 2010, video game developer Media Molecule, developers of the PlayStation 3 (PS3) game LittleBigPlanet, was acquired by SCEI as part of its SCE WWS.[35] On August 23, 2010, the headquarters of the company moved from Minami-Aoyama to the Sony City (Sony Corporation's headquarters) in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo.[36] On April 20, 2011, SCEI was the victim of an attack on its PlayStation Network system, which also affected its online division, Sony Online Entertainment. On August 1, 2011, video game developer Sucker Punch Productions, developers of the Sly Cooper and Infamous series, was also acquired.[37]

Launch of PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 4, expansion into China (2011–2016)

In January 2012, BigBig Studios was closed and Cambridge Studio—renamed Guerrilla Cambridge—becoming a sister studio of Guerrilla Games.[38][39] In March 2012, Zipper Interactive, developers of the SOCOM series, MAG and Unit 13, was closed.[40] On June 25, 2012, Hirai retired as chairman of Sony Computer Entertainment; however, he remains on the board of directors.[41]

On July 2, 2012, Sony Computer Entertainment acquired Gaikai, a cloud-based gaming service.[42] In August 2012, Sony Liverpool, developer of the Wipeout and Formula One series, was closed.[43]

A press release was published on August 20, 2013, announcing the release date of the PlayStation 4 (PS4) console. On that date, SCEI introduced the CUH-1000A series system, and announced the launch date as November 15, 2013, for North American markets and November 29, 2013, for European, Australasian and Central and South American markets.[44]

Following a January 2014 announcement by the Chinese government that the country's 14-year game console ban would be lifted, the PS4 was scheduled to be the first Sony video game console to be officially and legally released in China since the PlayStation 2.[45][46]

On March 6, 2014, Sony Computer Entertainment of America President and CEO, Tretton, announced he was resigning from his position at the end of the month, citing a mutual agreement between himself and SCEA for the cessation of his contract. Tretton had worked at SCEA since 1995 and was a founding member of the company's executive team. He was involved in the launch of all PlayStation platforms in North America, including the original PlayStation, PS2, PSP, PS3, PSN, PS Vita, and PS4. Tretton was replaced by Shawn Layden, who was the vice-president and chief operating officer (COO) of Sony Network Entertainment International, effective April 1, 2014.[47] On April 2, 2015, it was announced that Sony Computer Entertainment had acquired the intellectual property of the cloud gaming service OnLive, and that its services would cease by the end of the month.[48]

The beta version of Sony's first-ever cloud-based television service, PlayStation Vue (PSVue), was launched in the U.S. in November 2014. It was only offered on an invite-only basis for PS3 and PS4 users, prior to its official launch in early 2015. Sony signed deals with major networks, including CBS, Discovery, Fox, and Viacom, so that users can view live streaming video, as well as catch up and on-demand content, from more than 75 channels, such as Comedy Central and Nickelodeon. Although pricing and release dates for other regions was not publicized, Sony confirmed that PSVue will eventually be available on iPad, followed by other Sony and non-Sony devices.[49]

As Sony Interactive Entertainment (2016–present)

On January 26, 2016, Sony announced that effective April 1, 2016, Sony Computer Entertainment and Sony Network Entertainment International would be re-organized and combined into a new company, Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE). Unlike the former SCE, SIE is based in San Mateo, California, and represents the entire PlayStation brand, regional subsidiaries, and its content operations.[50] On March 24, 2016, Sony announced the establishment of ForwardWorks, a new studio dedicated to producing "full-fledged" games based on Sony intellectual properties for mobile platforms such as smartphones.[51][52]

It was reported in December 2016 by multiple news outlets that Sony was considering restructuring its U.S. operations by merging its TV and film business with SIE. According to the reports, such a restructuring would have placed Sony Pictures under Sony Interactive's CEO, Andrew House, though House wouldn't have taken over day-to-day operations of the film studio.[53][54][55] According to one report, Sony was set to make a final decision on the possibility of the merger of the TV, film, and gaming businesses by the end of its fiscal year in March of the following year (2017).[53] However, judging by Sony's activity in 2017, the rumored merger never materialized.

On January 8, 2019, Sony announced that the company had entered into a definitive agreement for Sony Interactive Entertainment to acquire Audiokinetic.[56]

On March 20, 2019, Sony Interactive Entertainment launched the educational video game platform toio in Japan.[57]

On May 20, 2019, Sony Interactive Entertainment announced that the company had launched PlayStation Productions, a production studio that will mine the company's extensive catalogue of video game titles for film and television. The new venture is headed by Asad Qizilbash and overseen by Shawn Layden, chairman of Worldwide Studios at SIE.[58]

On August 19, 2019, Sony Interactive Entertainment announced that the company had entered into definitive agreements to acquire Insomniac Games.[59] The acquisition was completed on November 15, 2019, where Sony paid ¥24,895 million (US$229 million) in cash.[60][61]

On November 8, 2019, Gobind Singh Deo, Malaysia's Minister of Communications and Multimedia, announced that Sony Interactive Entertainment would open a new development office in the country as in 2020 to provide art and animation as part of Worldwide Studios's efforts to make exclusive games for PlayStation consoles. The studio will be Sony Interactive Entertainment's first studio in Southeast Asia.[62]

The PlayStation Studios logo

SIE announced the formation of PlayStation Studios in May 2020 to be formally introduced alongside the PlayStation 5 later in 2020. PlayStation Studios will serve as an umbrella organization for its first-party game development studios, including Naughty Dog, Insomniac, Santa Monica Studio, Media Molecule and Guerrilla Games, as well as used for branding on games developed by studios brought in by Sony in work-for-hire situations. Sony plans to use the "PlayStation Studios" branding on both PlayStation 5 and new PlayStation 4 games to help with consumer recognition, though the branding was not ready for some of Sony's mid-2020 releases like The Last of Us Part II.[63]

On July 9 2020, Sony bought a minority stake in Epic Games for $250 million.[64]

Corporate affairs
Former Sony Computer Entertainment headquarters in Akasaka, Minato, Tokyo.
Former Sony Computer Entertainment America headquarters in Foster City, California, United States.

The president, and CEO of SIE is Jim Ryan, replacing John (Tsuyoshi) Kodera, who stepped down in April 2019. Kodera serves as deputy president, swapping roles with Ryan.[65] Andrew House served as president and CEO from 2011 until October 2017, after stepping down from the role House served as chairman until the end of the year. House replaced Kaz Hirai as president and CEO in 2011, who himself had replaced longtime CEO Ken Kutaragi, also known as the "Father of the PlayStation".[66] Kutaragi retired from his executive position at SIE on June 19, 2007, and holds the title of honorary chairman at the company.[67] As of November 7, 2019, Hermen Hulst is the Head of Worldwide Studios.[68]

Headquarters

SIE currently has three main headquarters around the world: the global and Americas region headquarters in San Mateo, California, United States (Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC); Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo, Japan (Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. and Sony Interactive Entertainment Japan Asia) which control operations in Asia and was also formerly the headquarters for Sony Computer Entertainment; and London, United Kingdom (Sony Interactive Entertainment Europe) which controls operations in Europe and Oceania. SIE also has smaller offices and distribution centers in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, San Diego, California U.S.; Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Melbourne, Australia; Seocho-gu, Seoul, South Korea and Liverpool, England, UK.

Game approval

SIE evaluates and approves games for its consoles. The process is more strict than for the Nintendo Seal of Quality, and developers submit game concepts to Sony early in the design process. Each SIE unit has its own evaluation process; SIEE, for example, approved Billy the Wizard for its consumers but SIEA did not. The company sometimes imposes additional restrictions, such as when it prohibited PS and PS2 games from being ported to the PSP without 30% of content being new to the Sony console.[69]

Hardware
Main article: PlayStation
PlayStation brand logo

PlayStation
Main article: PlayStation (console)

SCEI produces the PlayStation line of video game hardware that consists of consoles and handhelds. Sony's first wide home console release, the PlayStation (codenamed "PSX" during development), was initially designed to be a CD-ROM drive add-on for Nintendo's Super NES (a.k.a. "Super Famicom" in Japan) video game console, in response to add-ons for competing platforms such as the TurboGrafx-CD and the Sega CD (sold as the PC Engine CD-ROM² System and Mega CD in Japan respectively). When the prospect of releasing the system as an add-on dissolved, Sony redesigned the machine into a standalone unit.

The PlayStation was released in Japan on December 3, 1994, and later in North America on September 9, 1995.[5] By the end of the console 12-year production cycle, the PlayStation had sold 102 million units.[70]

PlayStation 2
Main article: PlayStation 2

SCEI's second home console, the PlayStation 2 (PS2) was released in Japan on March 4, 2000, and later in North America and Europe in October and November 2000, respectively. The PS2 is powered by a proprietary central processing unit, the Emotion Engine, and was the first video game console to have DVD playback functionality and also backwards compatibility with the original PlayStation games included out of the box.

The PS2 consisted of a DVD drive and retailed in the U.S. for US$299.[71] SCEI received heavy criticism after the launch of the PS2 due to the games released as part of the launch, difficulties that it presented for video game designers, and users who struggled to port Sega Dreamcast games to the system.[12] However, despite these complaints, the PlayStation 2 received widespread support from third party developers throughout its lifespan on the market.

On December 28, 2012, Sony confirmed that it would cease production of the PS2 through a gradual process that started in Japan—the continuing popularity of the console in markets like Brazil and India meant that PS2 products would still be shipped, while games for the console were released in March 2013. The PS2 stands as the best-selling home video game console in history, with a total of 155 million consoles sold.[12][70]

Writing for the ExtremeTech website at the end of 2012, James Plafke described the PS2 as revolutionary and proclaimed that the console "turn[ed] the gaming industry on its head":

Aside from being the “first” next-gen console, as well as providing many, many people with their first DVD player, the PlayStation 2 launched in something of a Golden Age of the non-PC gaming industry. Gaming tech was becoming extremely sophisticated ... Sony seemingly knew the exact route toward popularity, turning the console with the least powerful hardware of that generation into a juggernaut of success.[71]

PlayStation Portable
Main article: PlayStation Portable

The PlayStation Portable (PSP) was SCEI's first foray into the small handheld console market. Its development was first announced during SCE's E3 conference in 2003, and it was officially unveiled during their E3 conference on May 11, 2004. The system was released in Japan on December 12, 2004, in North America on March 24, 2005, and in Europe and Australia on September 1, 2005. The console has since seen two major redesigns, with new features including a smaller size, more internal memory, a better quality LCD screen and a lighter weight.

PlayStation 3
Main article: PlayStation 3

The launch date for the PS3 was announced by Hirai at the pre-E3 conference held at Sony Pictures Studios in Los Angeles, California, on May 8, 2006. The PS3 was released in Japan on November 11, 2006, and the U.S. date was November 17, 2006. Technology journalists observed that Sony had followed what Microsoft did with the Xbox 360, and produced the PS3 in two versions: one with a 20GB hard drive and the other with a 60GB hard drive.[24]

The PS3 utilizes a unique processing architecture, the Cell microprocessor, a proprietary technology developed by Sony in conjunction with Toshiba and IBM. The graphics processing unit, the RSX 'Reality Synthesizer', was co-developed by Nvidia and Sony. Several variations of the PS3 have been released, each with slight hardware and software differences, and each denoted by the varying size of the included hard disk drive.

PlayStation Vita
Main article: PlayStation Vita

The PS Vita is the successor to the PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan and other parts of Asia on December 17, 2011,[72] and then in Europe, Australia and North America on February 22, 2012.[73][74]

Internally, the Vita features a 4-core ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore processor and a 4-core SGX543MP4+ graphics processing unit, as well as LiveArea software as its main user interface, which succeeds the XrossMediaBar.[75][76]

On March 1, 2019, Sony has ended production of the system and physical cartridge games.[77]

PlayStation 4
Main article: PlayStation 4

The PS4 was announced as the successor to the PS3[78] and was launched in North America on November 15, 2013,[79] in Europe on November 29, 2013[80] and in Japan on February 23, 2014.[81]

Described by Sony as a "next generation" console, the PS4 included features such as enhanced social capabilities, second-screen options involving devices like the handheld PlayStation Vita, a membership service and compatibility with the Twitch live streaming platform.[44]

Following a January 2014 announcement by the Chinese government that the country's 14-year game console ban would be lifted, the PS4 was scheduled to be the first Sony video game console to be officially and legally released in China since the PlayStation 2—the ban was enacted in 2000 to protect the mental health of young people.[45][46] Around 70 game developers, including Ubisoft and Koei, will service Chinese PlayStation users.[82]

The Chinese release dates and price details were announced in early December, with January 11, 2015, confirmed by SCEI. The makers announced that both the PS4 and Vita consoles will be released in China, and the former's package will also consist of a 500GB and 1TB hard drive and controller.[83]

The 20th anniversary of the original PS console was celebrated on December 6, 2014, with the release of a limited-edition, anniversary-edition PlayStation 4 with an aesthetic design that recalled the original 1994 PlayStation.[5]

Software development studios
Main article: SIE Worldwide Studios
First party (SIE WWS)
Asia
North America
Europe
Non-game development
Closed
First party studios

Owned franchises and properties

This list is not complete

gollark: ↑ car travel
gollark: https://www.cs.ubc.ca/~wsgh/fdm/long-videos/long-carla_80_hierarchy-2.mp4
gollark: Although having zero would make the informing a lot easier.
gollark: Yes.
gollark: I could inform all my Geometry Dash developer friends.

See also

References
  1. "Who We Are". Sony.com. Sony. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  2. "SIE Company Profile". Sony Interactive Entertainment Inc. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  3. "Introducing the 500 Million Limited Edition PS4 Pro, Commemorating 500 Million Systems Sold". August 9, 2018.
  4. "Sony to Intro 32-Bit System!". Electronic Gaming Monthly (53). EGM Media. December 1993. p. 68.
  5. Kohler, Chris (March 5, 2008). "Sony Celebrates PlayStation's 20th Anniversary With a Limited-Edition PS4". Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  6. "Sony latest to toss hat in vid game arena". The Hollywood Reporter. Hollywood Reporter, Inc. May 19, 1994.
  7. "Sony in Disarray on Eve of PlayStation Debut". Television Digest with Consumer Electronics: 9. August 14, 1995. ISSN 0497-1515.
  8. "Will the Real Boss of Sony Please Step Forward?". Next Generation. No. 23. Imagine Media. November 1996. pp. 6, 8.
  9. "Like Sega, Sony Changes Top Execs". GamePro. No. 98. IDG. November 1996. p. 28.
  10. "Sony Merges Control of PS". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 92. Ziff Davis. March 1997. p. 18.
  11. "Business Development/North America". Sony Computer Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 22, 2004. Retrieved November 12, 2010.
  12. Anthony John Agnello (December 28, 2012). "Sony stops shipping the PlayStation 2 in Japan after nearly 13 years". Digital Trends. Designtechnica Corporation. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  13. Miller, Greg (December 21, 2009). "Gamer Memories: PS2 Launch". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  14. "Sony Computer Entertainment Announces Changes in Corporate Officers" (PDF) (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. July 1, 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 8, 2004. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  15. "SCE Establishes SCE Worldwide Studios" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. September 14, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 5, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2005.
  16. "SCEI Announces New President of SCE Worldwide Studios" (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. May 16, 2008. Archived from the original on July 2, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  17. "SCE Worldwide Studios Phil Harrison Resigns" (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. February 25, 2008. Archived from the original on February 27, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  18. "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Guerrilla Games" (PDF) (Press release). London: Sony Computer Entertainment. December 8, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 12, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  19. "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Zipper Interactive" (PDF) (Press release). Foster City: Sony Computer Entertainment. January 24, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  20. Graft, Kris (March 15, 2006). "PSBB: Kutaragi's 10 PlayStation Points". Andre. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  21. "PlayStation 3 announced for 2006". GameSpot. May 16, 2005. Archived from the original on May 18, 2005. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
  22. "Official PlayStation Website — PlayStation Network". 2011 Sony Computer Entertainment America. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  23. "Official PlayStation Website — PlayStation Network — Online Gaming". SCEA. Archived from the original on February 13, 2008. Retrieved January 15, 2008.
  24. Brendan Sinclair (May 8, 2006). "E3 06: PS3 launches 11/17--$499 for 20GB, $599 for 60GB". GameSpot. CBS Interactive Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  25. "The PlayStation® Story". Sony Electronics US. Sony Computer Entertainment America. 2014. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  26. "SCE Announces New Management Team" (PDF) (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2006. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  27. "SCEI and Sony announce Executive Management Transition at Sony Computer Entertainment Inc" (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. April 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  28. "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Evolution Studios and Bigbig Studios" (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. September 20, 2007. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  29. "David Reeves to Retire From Sony Computer Entertainment Europe" (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. April 15, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  30. "Andrew House named as President and CEO of Sony Computer Entertainment Europe" (Press release). Tokyo: Sony Computer Entertainment. April 15, 2009. Archived from the original on October 9, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  31. "ソニー、ネットワーク強化に向けSCEのネット部門を吸収" (in Japanese). Impress Watch Corporation. February 24, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  32. Ivan, Tom (February 24, 2010). "Sony To Restructure Networked Services Business". Edge. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  33. "Sony Computer Entertainment to focus on games, temporarily renamed 'SNEP'". El33t Media. February 25, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  34. Ashcroft, Brian (February 24, 2010). "Sony Computer Entertainment To Become SNEP (Temporarily)". Kotaku. Retrieved May 15, 2010.
  35. "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Media Molecule" (Press release). London: Sony Computer Entertainment. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on March 10, 2010. Retrieved March 23, 2010.
  36. "Notification of Office Relocation" (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2010.
  37. "Sony Computer Entertainment Acquires Sucker Punch Productions" (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. August 2, 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2011.
  38. Sony closes and restructures two UK studios. Develop-online.net
  39. Happy holidays from Guerrilla!. PlayStation.Blog.Europe
  40. Confirmed Sony Closes Zipper Interactive. IGN.com
  41. "Executive Appointments" (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. June 25, 2012. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012.
  42. Sony to Acquire Gaikai. IGN.com
  43. Sony closes WipEout developer Sony Liverpool. Eurogamer.net
  44. SCEI (August 20, 2013). "PlayStation®4 (PS4(TM)) Launches November 15 In North America, November 29 In Europe And Latin America". MarketWatch. MarketWatch, Inc. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  45. Low, Aloysius (May 25, 2014). "Sony to sell PlayStation 4 console in China". CNET. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  46. Karmali, Luke (May 27, 2014). "Sony Confirms PS4 is Heading to China". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  47. Makuch, Eddie (March 6, 2014). "Veteran PlayStation boss Jack Tretton to step down". GameSpot. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  48. "OnLive shuts down streaming games service, sells patents to Sony". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  49. Mic Wright (November 13, 2014). "PlayStation Vue: Sony's cloud TV service launches in the US this month". The Next Web. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  50. Kohler, Chris (January 26, 2016). "Sony Interactive Entertainment Merges PlayStation Biz Units". Wired. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  51. Byford, Sam (March 24, 2016). "Sony forms new company to make PlayStation mobile games". The Verge. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  52. Byford, Sam (December 7, 2016). "Sony's new mobile games studio is making Hot Shots Golf, Parappa the Rapper, and more". The Verge. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  53. Aldrich, Rachel (December 12, 2016). "Why would Sony merge its gaming and film units?". TheStreet.
  54. Atkinson, Claire (December 12, 2016). "Sony considers merging gaming and film divisions". New York Post.
  55. Cooke, Chris. "Revamp of Sony's entertainment business could more closely align Sony Music with Sony/ATV | Complete Music Update".
  56. "SONY INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT TO ACQUIRE AUDIOKINETIC, A LEADING PROVIDER OF INTERACTIVE AUDIO SOLUTIONS TO THE GAMING INDUSTRY" (Press release).
  57. "Sony's Educational Toy Platform "toio" Launches In Japan On March 20". Siliconera. January 17, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  58. Shanley, Patrick (May 20, 2019). "Sony Interactive Launches Unit to Adapt Games for Film, TV (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter.
  59. "SONY INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT TO ACQUIRE INSOMNIAC GAMES, DEVELOPER OF PLAYSTATION®4 TOP-SELLING MARVEL'S SPIDER-MAN, RATCHET & CLANK". August 19, 2019.
  60. "Quarterly Securities Report For the three months ended December 31, 2019" (PDF). Sony. p. 39.
  61. Sinclair, Brendan (February 10, 2020). "Sony paid $229 million for Insomniac". GamesIndustry.biz.
  62. Dring, Christopher (November 8, 2019). "PlayStation to open development studio in Malaysia". Gamesindustry.biz.
  63. Dring, Christopher (May 12, 2020). "Sony unveils PlayStation Studios brand to launch alongside PS5". GamesIndustry.biz. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
  64. https://venturebeat.com/2020/07/09/sony-invests-250-million-in-fortnite-maker-epic-games/
  65. "Jim Ryan appointed Sony Interactive Entertainment president and CEO". Gamesindustry.biz (Press release). February 12, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  66. "SCE Announces New Management Team" (PDF) (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. November 30, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2006. Retrieved November 30, 2006.
  67. "SCEI and Sony announce Executive Management Transition at Sony Computer Entertainment Inc" (Press release). Sony Corporation. April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2007.
  68. "SONY INTERACTIVE ENTERTAINMENT NAMESHERMEN HULST HEAD OF WORLDWIDE STUDIOS" (Press release). Sony Interactive Entertainment. November 7, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2019.
  69. Kohler, Chris (March 5, 2008). "Opinion: Why Wii Shovelware Is a Good Thing". Wired. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  70. Agnello, Anthony John (January 7, 2013). "RIP PlayStation 2: Sony halts production of the most successful game console in history". Digital Trends. Designtechnica Corp. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  71. Plafke, James (December 31, 2012). "13 years after the PlayStation 2 changed the industry, Sony finally halts production". ExtremeTech. Ziff Davis. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  72. "TGS: Sony Reveals Vita's Release Date - PSP News at IGN". Psp.ign.com. September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2011.
  73. Grant, Adam (October 19, 2011). "PlayStation Vita Launches From 22 February 2012". PlayStation Blog Europe. Sony. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  74. Tretton, Jack (October 18, 2011). "Get Ready: PS Vita is Coming February 22nd". PlayStation Blog Europe. Sony. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  75. Cullen, Johnny (January 24, 2011). "Sony outs tech specs for NGP". VG247. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
  76. Savov, Vlad (January 27, 2011). "Sony's next PSP, codenamed NGP". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  77. Good, Owen S. (March 2, 2019). "RIP PS Vita: Sony officially ends production". Polygon. Retrieved January 24, 2020.
  78. "Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. Introduces PlayStation 4" (Press release). Sony Computer Entertainment. February 20, 2013. Archived from the original on February 24, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  79. PS4 Launches in America on November 15th, GamesCom Wrap-up. PlayStation.Blog.
  80. PlayStation at GamesCom 2013: The best place to play. PlayStation.Blog.Europe
  81. PlayStation®4 Sales Surpass 5.3 Million Units Worldwide. Sony Computer Entertainment Inc. (Press Release)
  82. Eric jou (December 12, 2014). "PlayStation set to debut in China early next month". China Daily. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  83. Kate Williams (December 11, 2014). "PS4 AND VITA CHINA RELEASE DATE AND PRICE ANNOUNCED". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved December 14, 2014.
  84. The Future of Santa Monica Studio. PlayStation.Blog
  85. PlayStation GamesCom 2013 Press Conference (at 58:00). YouTube.com
  86. Sony XDev Europe. Official Site
  87. Worldwide Studios/XDev Archived June 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. XDev on Worldwidestudios.net
  88. Platformer Run Sackboy! Run! announced for PS Vita and mobile devices. PlayStation.Blog.Europe
  89. Control the undead in The Hungry Horde on PS Vita. PlayStation.Blog.Europe
  90. PS Vita's BigFest is also coming to PS4 and PS3. PlayStation.Blog.Europe
  91. Introducing WiLD a PS4 exclusive from Rayman creator Michel Ancel. PlayStation.Blog.Europe
  92. Naughty Dog Careers. Naughtydog.com
  93. https://www.trademarkia.com/what-remains-of-edith-finch-86472634.html
  94. Ancel, Michel (August 12, 2014). "Introducing WiLD, a PS4 exclusive from Rayman creator Michel Ancel". PlayStation Blog Europe. Sony. Retrieved August 19, 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.