Psygnosis
Psygnosis Limited (later known as Sony Studio Liverpool and SCE Studio Liverpool) was a video game developer and publisher headquartered at Wavertree Technology Park in Liverpool, England.[1] Founded in 1984 by Ian Hetherington, Jonathan Ellis, and David Lawson, the company initially became known for well-received games on the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga. In 1993, it became a wholly owned subsidiary of Sony and began developing the original PlayStation and later became a part of Sony's Entertainment Worldwide Studios. The company was the oldest and second largest development house within Sony's European stable of developers, and became best known for franchises such as Lemmings, Wipeout, Formula One, and Colony Wars.
 The Psygnosis logo designed by Roger Dean | |
| Subsidiary | |
| Industry | Video games |
| Fate | Merged |
| Successor | XDev |
| Founded | 1984 |
| Founder | Ian Hetherington David Lawson Jonathan Ellis |
| Defunct | 22 August 2012 |
| Headquarters | Napier Court, Wavertree Technology Park, Liverpool, England |
| Products | Shadow of the Beast Lemmings Wipeout Colony Wars Formula One |
| Parent | Sony Computer Entertainment |
| Website | worldwidestudios.net/liverpool |
Reports of Studio Liverpool's closure surfaced on 22 August 2012, with Edge quoting staff tweets.[2] Staff members were told the news by Michael Denny, vice president of Sony Worldwide Studios Europe.[3] Sony said that the Liverpool site would remain in operation, as it was still home to many Sony Departments.[4] At the time of its closure, it employed roughly 100 people comprising two development teams. Mick Hocking oversaw Studio Liverpool's operations as its last Group Studio Director, a position he continued to hold within Evolution Studios.
History
As Psygnosis
Psygnosis was the follow-up of the defunct 8-bit game company Imagine Software, where Lawson was one of the founders and Hetherington was financial director. After the collapse of Imagine in 1984, the name and trademarks were bought by Ocean Software, while the rights of the software remained with the original copyright owners. Lawson and Hetherington set up a new company called Finchspeed, which used Bandersnatch (one of Imagine's much-hyped but never completed "megagames") as the basis of what became Brataccas, the first game published by Psygnosis.[5]
The name of another Imagine Megagame (the proposed but never developed Psyclapse) was later used by Psygnosis as an alternative label for some of their releases,[6] such as Ballistix and Captain Fizz Meets The Blaster-Trons.[7]
Psygnosis produced only one title in 1986, Deep Space, a complex space exploration game. The box artwork was very distinctive with a black background and fantasy artwork bordered in red. This style was maintained for the better part of 10 years. For the next few years, Psygnosis' releases contained increasingly improved graphics, but were marred by similarly difficult gameplay and control methods. The original company headquarters were located at the Port of Liverpool Building at the Pier Head in Liverpool, but soon moved to Century Buildings in Liverpool's Brunswick Business Park, and later moved down the road to South Harrington Building by the docks.
Although Psygnosis primarily became a game publisher, some games were developed fully or partly in-house. During the early days, artists were employed full-time at the headquarters, offering third-party developers, who were often just single programmers, a high-quality art resource. This allowed Psygnosis to maintain high graphical standards across the board. The original artists were Garvan Corbett, Jeff Bramfitt, Colin Rushby and Jim Bowers, with Neil Thompson joining a little later.
Obliterator, released in 1988, contained an opening animation by Jim Bowers. This short scene would pave the way for increasingly sophisticated intro animations, starting with 2D hand drawn sequences, and progressing into FMV and 3D rendered movies created with Sculpt 4D on the Amiga. Eventually, Psygnosis would buy Silicon Graphics workstations for the sole purpose of creating these animations.
While most game companies of the mid-to-late 1980s (including Psygnosis) were releasing identical games on both the Amiga and Atari ST, Psygnosis started to use the full potential of the Amiga's more powerful hardware to produce technically stunning games, with the landmark title Shadow of the Beast bringing the company its greatest success so far in 1989. Its multi-layered parallax scrolling and music were highly advanced for the time and as such led to the game being used as a showcase demonstration for the Amiga in many computer shops.
Psygnosis consolidated its fame after publishing the DMA Design Lemmings game franchise: debuting in 1991 on the Amiga, Lemmings was ported to a plethora of different computer and video game platforms, generating many sequels and variations of its concept through the years. Microcosm, a game that appeared on the FM Towns, Amiga CD32, and 3DO furthered the company's reputation for games with excellent graphics but limited and poorly designed gameplay.
Psygnosis also created the "Face-Off" games in the Nickelodeon 1992 television game show, Nick Arcade, such as "Post Haste", "Jet Jocks" and "Battle of the Bands".
In 1993, the company was acquired by Sony Electronic Publishing.[8][9] In preparation for the September 1995 introduction of Sony's PlayStation console in Western markets, Psygnosis started creating games using the PlayStation as primary reference hardware. Among the most famous creations of this period were Wipeout, G-Police, and the Colony Wars series, some of which were ported to PC and to other platforms. The PlayStation marked a turning point in Psygnosis's game design, moving away from the prerendered graphics and limited gameplay that the company had become associated with.[10][11] This was a successful period for the company; in the 1995-96 financial year, Psygnosis games accounted for 40% of all video games sales in Europe.[12]
The acquisition was rewarding for Sony in another aspect: development kits for PlayStation consoles. As it had previously published PSY-Q development kits for various consoles by SN Systems, Psygnosis arranged for them to create a development system for the PS based on cheap PC hardware. Sony evaluated the system during CES in January 1994 and decided to adopt it.[13]
As Psygnosis expanded after the Sony buyout, another satellite office was opened in Century Building with later offices opening in Stroud, England, London, Chester, Paris, Germany, and Foster City in California (as the Customer Support & Marketing with software development done in San Francisco), now the home of Sony Computer Entertainment America. The company headquarters has resided at Wavertree Technology Park since 1995.
The Stroud studio was opened in November 1993 in order to attract disgruntled MicroProse employees. Staff grew from initially about 50 to about 70 in 1997.[14] Among the titles created at Stroud are Overboard! and G-Police.[14] The Wheelhouse—its publishing name—was closed in 2000 as part of the Sony Computer Entertainment takeover of Psygnosis. Some members joined Bristol-based Rage Software, but faced a similar demise a number of years later.
Despite being owned by Sony, Psygnosis retained a degree of independence from its parent company during this period and continued to develop and publish titles for other platforms,[15] including the Sega Saturn[16][17] and the Nintendo 64.[18] This caused friction between Psygnosis and Sony, and in 1996 Sony engaged SBC Warburg's services in finding a buyer for Psygnosis.[19][20] However, though bids reportedly went as high as $300 million (more than ten times what Sony paid for the company just three years before),[21] after six months Sony rescinded its decision to sell Psygnosis. Relations between the two companies had improved during this time, and Sony became reconciled to Psygnosis releasing games for competing platforms.[22] Shortly after, Psygnosis took over distribution of its own titles, a task that Sony had been handling following the buyout.[23]
As Studio Liverpool
In 1999, a process to consolidate Psygnosis into Sony Computer Entertainment was underway, resulting in the bulk of Psygnosis' sales, marketing and PR staff being made redundant and the development teams reporting directly into Sony Computer Entertainment Europe's president of software development.[24] To reflect this, in 2000 the Psygnosis brand was dropped in favour of SCE Studio Liverpool.
The newly named SCE Studio Liverpool released its first title, Formula One 2001, in 2001. The game was also the studio's first release on the PlayStation 2, and the first entry in the Formula One series after taking over from developer Studio 33. From 2001 to 2007, Studio Liverpool released 8 installments in the series between the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3. However, Sony Computer Entertainment's exclusive licence with the Formula One Group expired, without renewal, before the 2007 season, marking the end of any further Formula One series installments from the developer.
Studio Liverpool also created Wipeout Fusion, the first of two installments of the series on the PlayStation 2, released in 2002. Next they developed Wipeout Pure for the PlayStation Portable, which launched alongside the handheld in 2005 to significant acclaim, with many media outlets heralding it a return to glory for the series. They followed up with the sequel Wipeout Pulse in 2007 which was later ported to the PlayStation 2 and released in Europe.
In 2008, they released Wipeout HD, a downloadable title for the PlayStation 3's PlayStation Network service, consisting of various courses taken from both Wipeout Pure and Wipeout Pulse remade in high definition. An expansion pack for Wipeout HD named Wipeout HD Fury is available at PlayStation Network, including new game modes, new tracks, new music and new ship skins/models.[25] In 2007 a copy of Manhunt 2 was leaked online prior to its release by an employee from the Sony Europe Liverpool office.[26]
On 29 January 2010, Sony made a public statement.[27] The closure of Studio Liverpool was announced on 22 August 2012. In a press release Sony stated that after an assessment of all European studios, it had decided to close Studio Liverpool. Sony said that the Liverpool site would remain in operation, as it is home to a number of Sony World Wide Studios and SCEE Departments.[4]
Eurogamer was told by an unnamed source, that at the time of its closure, Studio Liverpool was working on two PlayStation 4 launch titles. One was a Wipeout title described as "dramatically different", the other was a motion capture based game along the lines of Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell.[28]
Spin-off studios
In 2013 a number of former Studio Liverpool employees formed two new studios: Firesprite[29] which worked on the visuals of The Playroom for the PlayStation 4,[30] and Playrise Digital who had success in the mobile sector with Table Top Racing and are working on a brand version for PS4, Xbox One and PC called Table Top Racing: World Tour.
XDev
XDev, Sony's external development studio is responsible for managing the development of titles at developers that are outside of Sony's own developer group. It has won 14 British Academy (BAFTA) video game awards and AIAS awards for LittleBigPlanet, 3 BAFTA awards for the Buzz! series and Develop Industry Excellence Awards for MotorStorm and Buzz!.[31]
Games
Games developed or published as Psygnosis
| Name | Year | Platforms | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 3D Lemmings | 1995 | DOS | Also known as Lemmings 3D, a puzzle strategy game. |
| 1996 | PlayStation | ||
| Sega Saturn | |||
| 3D Lemmings Winterland | 1995 | DOS | An expansion for 3D Lemmings for the DOS version only, featuring additional levels and a winter theme. |
| 3 Ninjas Kick Back | 1994 | Sega Genesis/Mega Drive | |
| 3X: The Science of War | |||
| Adidas Power Soccer | 1996 | PlayStation | |
| A Bug's Life | 1998 | PlayStation | An adaptation of the movie A Bug's Life |
| A Bug's Life | 1999 | Microsoft Windows | An adaptation of the movie A Bug's Life |
| Adidas Power Soccer: International '97 | 1997 | PlayStation | |
| Agony | 1992 | Amiga | A side-scrolling shoot 'em up in a fantasy setting. |
| Air Support | 1992 | Amiga | A top-down strategy game with a first-person view for some missions. |
| Atari ST | |||
| All New World of Lemmings | 1995 | Amiga | A sequel to Lemmings 2 with some additional features. |
| 1994 | DOS | ||
| Alundra | 1997 | PlayStation | An action adventure game about a boy who learns he has the power to enter people's dreams, acclaimed for its bizarre storyline and smooth gameplay. |
| 2007 | PlayStation Network | ||
| Amnios | 1991 | Amiga | A top-down, multi-directional, scrolling, shoot 'em up set on ten different planets. |
| Anarchy | 1990 | Amiga | A side-scrolling shooter where the player pilots a futuristic tank. |
| Atari ST | |||
| Aquaventura | 1992 | ||
| Armour-Geddon | 1991 | Amiga | A strategy video game. |
| Atari ST | |||
| DOS | |||
| Armour-Geddon 2: Codename Hellfire | 1994 | Amiga | A strategy video game. |
| Assault Rigs | 1996 | PlayStation | An action game set in the near future featuring a tank simulation game. |
| 1997 | Sega Saturn | ||
| 1996 | Windows | ||
| Atomino | 1990 | Amiga | A puzzle game based on building molecules from atoms. |
| Atari ST | |||
| 1991 | Commodore 64 | ||
| 1990 | DOS | ||
| Attack of the Saucerman | 1999 | PlayStation | An action game. |
| Windows | |||
| Awesome | 1990 | Amiga | An action strategy science fiction game with a variety of gameplay styles. |
| Atari ST | |||
| FM Towns | |||
| Baal | 1988 | Amiga | A platform shoot 'em up that garnered little attention or critical acclaim. |
| Atari ST | |||
| Commodore 64 | |||
| DOS | |||
| Ballistix | 1989 | Acorn Electron | A futuristic sports game involving a game with similarities to hockey and billiards. |
| Amiga | |||
| Atari ST | |||
| BBC Micro | |||
| Commodore 64 | |||
| DOS | |||
| 1991 | TurboGrafx-16 | ||
| Barbarian | 1987 | Amiga | A platform game featuring the eponymous muscle-bound barbarian. This title showcased the Atari ST and Amiga's superior multimedia capabilities. |
| 1988 | Amstrad CPC | ||
| 1987 | Atari ST | ||
| 1988 | Commodore 64 | ||
| DOS | |||
| ZX Spectrum | |||
| Barbarian II | 1991 | Amiga 500 | A fantasy action-adventure game featuring the same brute from the first game, Barbarian. |
| Atari ST | |||
| Benefactor | 1994 | Amiga | A puzzle/platform game which shares some similarities to Lemmings. |
| Amiga CD32 | |||
| Bill's Tomato Game | 1992 | Amiga | A puzzle game, platform game where a tomato must rescue his girlfriend from a squirrel. |
| Atari ST | |||
| Blast Radius | 1998 | PlayStation | A space combat simulator |
| Blood Money | 1989 | Amiga | A scrolling shooter where the player travels through four different worlds; a Sega Genesis/Mega Drive version was unreleased. |
| Atari ST | |||
| Commodore 64 | |||
| DOS | |||
| Blue Ice | 1995 | Windows | A graphical adventure puzzle video game. |
| Bob's Bad Day | 1993 | Amiga | |
| Bram Stoker's Dracula | 1993 | ||
| Brataccas | 1986 | ||
| Brian the Lion | 1994 | Amiga | A Platforming game. |
| The Carl Lewis Challenge | 1992 | ||
| Captain Fizz Meets The Blaster-Trons | 1988 | Also known as Icarus. | |
| Carthage | 1990 | Amiga | |
| Atari ST | |||
| Christmas Lemmings | 1991 | Also known as Holiday Lemmings. | |
| Chronicles of the Sword | 1996 | DOS | |
| PlayStation | |||
| Chrono Quest | 1988 | Amiga | |
| Atari ST | |||
| DOS | |||
| Colony Wars | 1997 | PlayStation | |
| Colony Wars: Vengeance | 1998 | PlayStation | |
| Colony Wars: Red Sun | 2000 | PlayStation | |
| Combat Air Patrol | 1993 | ||
| Creepers | 1993 | ||
| Cytron | 1992 | ||
| Darker | 1995 | ||
| Darkstalkers | 1996 | Responsible for PlayStation port. | |
| Daughter of Serpents | 1992 | DOS | |
| Deadline | 1996 | ||
| Deep Space | 1986 | ||
| Defcon 5 | 1995 | ||
| Destruction Derby | 1995 | ||
| Destruction Derby 2 | 1996 | ||
| Destruction Derby 64 | 1999 | ||
| Destruction Derby Raw | 2000 | ||
| Diggers 2: Extractors | 1995 | ||
| Discworld | 1995 | ||
| Discworld II: Mortality Bytes! | 1996 | Except for the Saturn version. | |
| Drakan: Order of the Flame | 1999 | Windows | |
| Eagle One: Harrier Attack | 1999 | ||
| Ecstatica | 1994 | ||
| Ecstatica II | 1997 | ||
| Eliminator | 1998 | PlayStation | |
| Windows | |||
| Expert Pool | 1999 | Windows | |
| Formula 1 | 1996 | ||
| Formula 1 97 | 1997 | ||
| Formula 1 98 | 1998 | ||
| Formula One 99 | 1999 | ||
| Formula One 2000 | 2000 | ||
| G-Police | 1997 | PlayStation | |
| Windows | |||
| G-Police: Weapons of Justice | 1999 | PlayStation | |
| Global Domination | 1993 | ||
| Globdule | 1993 | ||
| Guilty | 1995 | ||
| Hexx: Heresy of the Wizard | 1994 | ||
| Hired Guns | 1993 | ||
| Infestation | 1990 | ||
| Innocent Until Caught | 1993 | ||
| The Killing Game Show | 1990 | Also known as Fatal Rewind. | |
| Kingsley's Adventure | 1999 | PlayStation | |
| Krazy Ivan | 1996 | ||
| Lander | 1999 | ||
| Last Action Hero | 1993 | ||
| Leander | 1991 | ||
| Lemmings | 1991 | Amiga, Atari ST, MS-DOS, ZX Spectrum, Amiga CDTV, Super NES, Acorn Archimedes, NES, Sharp X68000, PC-98, TurboGrafx-CD, Atari Lynx, Master System, Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, Amstrad CPC, Sam Coupé, Commodore 64, Amiga CD32, Philips CD-i, Game Gear, Game Boy, 3DO, Windows 95, Apple Macintosh, PlayStation, Game Boy Color, Sony PSP, Sony PS3[32] | Debatably Psygnosis's most successful game. |
| Lemmings 2: The Tribes | 1993 | ||
| Lemmings Paintball | 1996 | ||
| Lemmings Revolution | 2000 | ||
| Lifeforce Tenka | 1997 | ||
| Mary Shelley's Frankenstein | 1994 | ||
| Matrix Marauders | 1990 | ||
| Menace | 1988 | ||
| Metal Fatigue | 2000 | ||
| Mickey's Wild Adventure | 1996 | PlayStation | A platform game featuring Disney's Mickey Mouse who travels back in time to his original cartoons. |
| 2011 | PlayStation Network | ||
| Microcosm | 1993 | ||
| Muppet RaceMania | 2000 | ||
| Misadventures of Flink | 1994 | ||
| Nations: WWII Fighter Command | 1999 | ||
| Nevermind | 1989 | ||
| Nitro | 1990 | ||
| Novastorm | 1994 | ||
| No Escape | 1994 | Sega Genesis/Mega Drive | |
| O.D.T. – Escape... Or Die Trying | 1998 | ||
| Obitus | 1991 | ||
| Obliterator | 1988 | ||
| Oh No! More Lemmings | 1991 | ||
| Ork | 1991 | ||
| Overboard! | 1997 | ||
| Panzer Elite | 1999 | Windows | |
| Perihelion: The Prophecy | 1993 | ||
| Prime Mover | 1993 | ||
| Prince of Persia 2: The Shadow and the Flame | 1993 | Publisher of the canceled Mega Drive port. | |
| Pro 18 World Tour Golf | 1999 | PlayStation | |
| Windows | |||
| Professional Underground League of Pain | 1997 | DOS | Known as Riot in Europe. |
| PlayStation | |||
| Windows | |||
| Psybadek | 1998 | ||
| Puggsy | 1993 | Sega Genesis/Mega Drive | |
| Sega CD | |||
| Amiga | |||
| Pyrotechnica | 1995 | ||
| Rascal | 1998 | ||
| Rastan | 1988 | ||
| Retro Force | 1999 | ||
| Roll Away | 1998 | Known as Kula World in Europe, and Kula Quest in Japan. | |
| Rollcage | 1999 | PlayStation | |
| Windows | |||
| Rollcage Stage II | 2000 | PlayStation | |
| Windows | |||
| Rosco McQueen Firefighter Extreme | 1997 | ||
| Rush Hour | 1997 | Known as Speedster in Europe, and BatleRound USA in Japan. | |
| The Second Samurai | 1994 | ||
| Sentient | 1997 | ||
| Sentinel Returns | 1998 | ||
| Shadow Master | 1997 | PlayStation | |
| Windows | |||
| Shadow of the Beast | 1989 | ||
| Shadow of the Beast II | 1990 | ||
| Shadow of the Beast III | 1992 | ||
| Silverload | 1995 | DOS | A horror adventure game. |
| Shipwreckers! | 1997 | ||
| Spice World | 1998 | PlayStation | |
| Stryx | 1990 | ||
| Team Buddies | 2000 | ||
| Tellurian Defense | 1999 | ||
| Terrorpods | 1987 | ||
| The Adventures of Lomax | 1996 | PlayStation | A platform game, a spin-off of Lemmings. The player character is a Lemming who must save his friends. |
| Windows | |||
| The City of Lost Children | 1997 | ||
| Theatre of Death | 1993 | ||
| Thunder Truck Rally | 1997 | PlayStation | Known as Monster Trucks in Europe. |
| Windows | |||
| Toy Story | 1996 | ||
| Tricks N' Treasures | |||
| Urban Assault (cancelled) | 1999 | PlayStation | A port of the FPS/RTS hybrid game developed by TerraTools and Microsoft, that was outsourced to Climax Entertainment, and that was never announced nor released. The port remained undiscovered until 2016, where it was found on a sale of old Climax assets. The original PC game's source code was also found on the Climax lot. |
| Walker | 1993 | ||
| Wipeout | 1995 | PlayStation | |
| Wipeout 64 | 1998 | Nintendo 64 | |
| Wipeout: 2097/Wipeout XL | 1996 | PlayStation | |
| Wipeout 3 | 1999 | PlayStation | |
| Wipeout 3: Special Edition | 2000 | PlayStation | |
| Wiz 'n' Liz: The Frantic Wabbit Wescue | 1993 | ||
| X-It | 1995 | ||
| Zombieville | 1998 |
Games developed as SCE Studio Liverpool
| Game title | Year released | Platform(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Formula One 2001 | 2001 | PlayStation 2 |
| Wipeout Fusion | 2002 | PlayStation 2 |
| Formula One 2002 | 2002 | PlayStation 2 |
| Formula One 2003 | 2003 | PlayStation 2 |
| F1 04 | 2004 | PlayStation 2 |
| Wipeout Pure | 2005 | PlayStation Portable |
| F1 05 | 2005 | PlayStation 2 |
| F1 06 | 2006 | PlayStation 2 |
| PlayStation Portable | ||
| Wipeout Pulse | 2007 | PlayStation 2 |
| PlayStation Portable | ||
| Formula One Championship Edition | 2007 | PlayStation 3 |
| Wipeout HD | 2008 | PlayStation 3 |
| Wipeout HD Fury (DLC) | 2009 | PlayStation 3 |
| Wipeout 2048 | 2012 | PlayStation Vita |
See also
- SCE London Studio
- Guerrilla Cambridge
- Evolution Studios
- Bigbig Studios
- Tim Wright
References
- "Trivia for Psygnosis Limited".
- Brown, Nathan (22 August 2012). "Sony to close Studio Liverpool – Edge Magazine". Edge-online.com. Archived from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
- Crossley, Rob. "PlayStation News: Sony to axe Liverpool studio". ComputerAndVideoGames.com. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
- Yin-Poole, Wesley (22 August 2012). "Sony closes WipEout developer Sony Liverpool • News •". Eurogamer.net. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
- "The Making Of: Bandersnatch – Edge Magazine". Edge-online.com. 4 September 2009. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- "Psygnosis History". The Purple One. Archived from the original on 29 August 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
Psyclapse was actually the name of a Commodore 64 game that was never released [but] was to live on as a division of Psygnosis.
- "Captain Fizz Meets the Blaster-Trons (Advert)". Lemon Amiga. Retrieved 2 January 2015.
- "SCE Worldwide Studios – SCE Studio Liverpool". Worldwidestudios.net. 20 February 2009. Archived from the original on 31 January 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- "The 7th International Computer Game Developers Conference". Computer Gaming World. July 1993. p. 34. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2014.
- "PlayStation: Sony's Bid for Power". Next Generation. No. 3. Imagine Media. March 1995. p. 41.
- Rider, David; Semrad, Ed (December 1997). "British Invasion: Psygnosis". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 101. Ziff Davis. p. 170.
In the 16-Bit days, Psygnosis was best known for attractive titles lacking gameplay, but that all changed with the launch of the PlayStation.
- "Sony's Video Games Onslaught Continues!". Maximum: The Video Game Magazine. No. 7. Emap International Limited. June 1996. pp. 72–73.
- "History of the PlayStation – PSX Feature at IGN". uk.psx.ign.com. 28 August 1998. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- "E3: Psygnosis Co-founder Speaks: part 2 – PSX News at IGN". uk.psx.ign.com. 19 June 1997. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- "Publisher: Psygnosis". Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- "Psygnosis Develops for Saturn". gamezero.com. 2 February 1996. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- "Sleeping with the Enemy". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 81. Sendai Publishing. April 1996. p. 20.
- "Psygnosis to Develop for N64". gamespot.com. 17 April 1998. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- "Divorce for Sony and Psygnosis". Next Generation. No. 19. Imagine Media. July 1996. p. 14.
- "Sony May Sell Psygnosis". GamePro. No. 95. IDG. August 1996. pp. 16–17.
- Svensson, Christian (November 1996). "Psygnosis Bidding Hits $300 Million". Next Generation. No. 23. Imagine Media. p. 26.
- Svensson, Christian (February 1997). "Sony Halts Psygnosis Sale". Next Generation. No. 26. Imagine Media. p. 28.
- "Tidbits...". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 94. Ziff Davis. May 1997. p. 20.
- "Sony Swallows Psygnosis". Official UK Playstation Magazine. Future Publishing (44): 28. 1999.
- Buckley, Tony (1 June 2009). "WipEout HD Fury Expansion Pack – PlayStation.Blog.Europe". blog.eu.playstation.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- "Manhunt 2 leaked by Sony Europe employee". Archived from the original on 11 September 2016.
- Elliott, Phil (28 January 2010). "Sony to restructure Liverpool studio | GamesIndustry International". gamesindustry.biz. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- Yin-Poole, Wesley (22 August 2012). "Sources: Sony Liverpool was working on WipEout PS4 and a Splinter Cell style game for PS4 • News •". Eurogamer.net. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
- Wawro, Alex (5 December 2013). "Former Psygnosis/Studio Liverpool devs unite to form Firesprite". Gamasutra. Think Services. Archived from the original on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
- Yin-Poole, Wesley (6 December 2013). "From the ashes of WipEout dev Studio Liverpool rises Firesprite". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
- "SCE Worldwide Studios – Publishing Europe". Worldwidestudios.net. 25 February 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
- "Lemmings - the Lemmings Encyclopedia".
External links
- Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived 31 January 2013)
- Psygnosis profile at MobyGames
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