List of transport megaprojects
This is a list of megaprojects. Care should be taken in comparing the cost of projects from different times, even a few years apart due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading.
According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people".[1]
Completed projects
Project | Description | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Start of construction | Year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karachi-Lahore Motorway | Motorway | ![]() |
11.5 | 2015 | 2019 | ![]() |
|
Otoyol 5 | Highway | ![]() |
7[2] | 2013 | 2016(Phase I) 2019(Phase II) |
![]() |
Including Osman Gazi Bridge.[3] |
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel | Road Tunnel | ![]() |
3.1[4] | 2013 | 2019 | ![]() |
|
Confederation Line | Rapid transit | ![]() |
3.9 | 2013[5] | 2019 (stage 1) 2024 (stage 2) |
![]() |
$2.1 billion + $3.0 billion CA$)[6] |
Santiago Metro Line 3 | Rapid Transit Line | ![]() |
1.7 | 2012 | 2019 | ||
Crimean Bridge | Rail/road bridge | ![]() |
3.7[7] | 2015 | 2018 (road bridge) 2019 (rail bridge) |
![]() |
|
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge | Bridge–tunnel | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
17 | 2009 | 2018 | ![]() |
|
New Tappan Zee Bridge | Bridge Replacement | ![]() |
3.9 | 2013 | 2018 | ![]() |
|
Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion) | Light Rail, Commuter Rail | ![]() |
2.7[9] | 2007 | 2018 (phases ongoing) | ![]() |
|
Noord/Zuidlijn | Rapid transit line | ![]() |
4.4[10] | 2002 | 2018 | ![]() |
(€3.1bn) |
Klang Valley MRT Line 1 | Rapid Transit | ![]() |
11.7[11] | 2012 | 2017 | ![]() |
(MYR36B) |
Ionia Odos | Freeway | ![]() |
1.8[12] | 2007 | 2017 | ![]() |
(€1.4bn) |
German Unification Transport Projects (Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) | Transport project to achieve the German Unity | ![]() |
42[13] | 1991 | 2016 – continues expansion until 2020 | ![]() |
|
AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network | High-speed railway | ![]() |
44[14] | 1992 | 2016 - continues expansion | ![]() |
40[14] billion euros |
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge | Bridge | ![]() |
2[15] | 2013 | 2016 | ||
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge | Road Bridge | ![]() |
4.56[16] | 2012 | 2016 | ![]() |
|
Eurasia Tunnel | Undersea tunnel | ![]() |
1.3[17] | 2011 | 2016 | ![]() |
|
Gotthard Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | ![]() |
10.6[18] | 1999 | 2016 | ![]() |
(CHF 9.56 billion) |
World Trade Center Transportation Hub | Transit center and retail | ![]() |
3.9[19] | 2006 | 2016 | ![]() |
|
Blanka tunnel complex | Road tunnel | ![]() |
1.75[20] | 2006 | 2015 | ![]() |
|
Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway | Freeway and railway | ![]() |
9.4[21] | 2014 | ![]() |
||
Budapest Metro Line 4 | Rapid Transit line | ![]() |
2.1[22][23] | 2004 | 2014 | ![]() |
(HUF 452bn) |
Marina Coastal Expressway | Highway | ![]() |
3.4[24][25] | 2008 | 2013[26] | (S$4.3 bn) | |
Marmaray Tunnel | Undersea railway tunnel | ![]() |
4.5[27] | 2004 | 2008(Phase I) 2013(Phase II) |
![]() |
Deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world. |
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge | Road bridge | ![]() |
6.4 | 2002 | 2013 | ![]() |
|
Russky Bridge | Road Bridge | ![]() |
1.1[28] | 2008 | 2012 | ![]() |
|
Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge | Freeway and road bridge | ![]() |
1.46[29][30] | 2008 | 2012 | ![]() |
|
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge | Bridge | ![]() |
1.5[31] | 2007 | 2011 | ![]() |
|
Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
33.1[32] | 2008 | 2011 | ![]() |
(RMB 220.9bn) |
Clem Jones Tunnel | Road tunnel | ![]() |
3.4[33] | 2006 | 2010 | ![]() |
(AUD3.2bn) |
CBD and South East Light Rail | Light Rail | ![]() |
1.58 | 2019 | |||
Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
18.5[34] | 2005 | 2009 | ![]() |
(RMB 116.6bn) |
Egnatia Odos | Freeway | ![]() |
8.4[35] | 1994 | 2009 | ![]() |
(€5.9bn) |
Incheon Bridge | Bridge | ![]() |
1.4 | 2005 | 2009 | ![]() |
(KRW 1.25tn) |
Sound Transit | Light rail, Commuter rail, Express bus service | ![]() |
3.9 | 1997 | 2009 - continues expansion | ![]() |
|
Bologna–Florence high-speed railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
6.9 | 1996 | 2009 | (€5.2 billion) | |
Milan–Bologna high-speed railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
9.1 | 1993 | 2008 | (€6.9 billion) | |
Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway | High-speed rail | ![]() |
3.2 | 2005 | 2008 | (RMB 20.42bn) | |
High Speed 1 | High-speed rail | ![]() |
8.4[37] | 1998 | 2007 | ![]() |
(GBP5.2bn) |
Lötschberg Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | ![]() |
4.6 | 1999 | 2007 | ![]() |
(CHF 4.3 billion) |
Copenhagen Metro phase 1-3 | Metro system | ![]() |
1.47[38] | 1996 | 2007 | ![]() |
11,400,000,000 DKK |
"Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project | Road tunnel | ![]() |
22[39] | 1991 | 2007 | ![]() |
14.6 billion USD |
Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) | Highway & light rail upgrade | ![]() |
1.7[40] | 2001 | 2006 | ![]() |
|
Shanghai Maglev Train | Maglev | ![]() |
1.33 | 2001 | 2004 | ![]() |
(RMB 10bn) |
Red Line | Rapid Transit | ![]() |
4.5[41] | 1986 | 2000 | ![]() |
|
Toei Ōedo Line | Rapid Transit | ![]() |
18.4[42] | 1988 | 2000 | ![]() |
(¥1.400 billion) |
Jubilee Line Extension | Metro line | ![]() |
6.83 (2010USD)[43] | 1993 | 1999 | ![]() |
3.5 billion GBP |
Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project | 17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku | ![]() |
48[44] | 1978 | 1999 | ![]() |
4 trillion Yen |
Øresund Bridge | Rail/road bridge/tunnel | ![]() ![]() |
5.7[45] | 1995 | 1999 | (DKK30.1bn) | |
Great Belt Fixed Link | Rail/road bridge/tunnel | ![]() |
3.5 | 1988 | 1998 | ![]() |
(DKK21.4bn) |
Vasco da Gama Bridge | Road bridge | ![]() |
1.3[46] | 1995 | 1998 | ![]() |
(€897m / 180bn PTE) |
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge | Road bridge | ![]() |
5[47] | 1988 | 1998 | ||
Channel Tunnel | Continental railway tunnel | Strait of Dover, English Channel between the ![]() ![]() |
15.4[48] | 1988 | 1994 | ![]() |
(GBP9.5bn) |
Interstate Highway System | Network of limited-access roadways | ![]() |
114[49] | 1956 | 1992[50][51] | ![]() |
425 billion in 2006 dollars[52] |
Baikal–Amur Mainline | Railway | ![]() |
15[53] | 1974 | 1984 | ![]() |
|
Bay Area Rapid Transit | Rapid transit system | ![]() |
1.586[54] | 1964 | 1976 - continues expansion | $9.69 billion adjusted for inflation | |
Saint Lawrence Seaway | Canal system | St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes between the ![]() ![]() |
0.470[55] | 1954 | 1959 | ![]() |
|
Caracas-La Guaira highway | Highway | ![]() |
0.06[56][57] | 1950 | 1953 | ![]() |
|
Trans-Siberian Railway | Railroad | ![]() |
0.770[58] | 1891 | 1916 | ![]() |
|
Panama Canal | Canal | ![]() |
0.375[59] | 1881 | 1914 | ![]() |
|
First Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad | ![]() |
0.1[60] | 1863 | 1869 | ![]() |
$1.92 billion adjusted for inflation |
Suez Canal | Canal | ![]() |
0.082[61] | 1859 | 1869 | ![]() |
|
Under construction
Project | Description | Location | Approximate cost (in billions USD) | Start of construction | Planned year of completion | Image | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge | Bridge | ![]() |
4[62] | 2017 | 2022 | ![]() |
Will span two continents. |
Green Line Extension | Light Rail | ![]() |
1[63] | 2012 | 2021 | ||
Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway | Motorway | ![]() |
2[64] | 2017 | 2023 | ![]() |
|
Crossrail 1 | Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit | ![]() |
23.0[65] | 2007 |
2021 |
A new 73m (117 km) railway line in England, serving London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Essex. | |
Sha Tin to Central Link | Railway | ![]() |
12 | 2012 | 2020-2021 | ![]() |
|
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link | Undersea tunnel | ![]() ![]() |
8.57[66] | 2019[66] | 2028[66] | ||
Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway (under construction, phase 1 completed) | Railway | From ![]() |
8.3[67] | 2011 | 2020 (phase 2) | ||
Lagos-Calabar Railway | Railway | ![]() |
11.9[68] | 2020 (expected) | TBA | ||
Lagos Rail Mass Transit | Rapid Transit, Commuter Rail | ![]() |
3.6[69][70] | 2009 | 2022 | ||
Badagry Deep Sea Port | Seaport | ![]() |
2.3[71] | 2016 | 2018 (phase 1)[72] | ||
Fourth Mainland Bridge | Bridge | ![]() |
4.2[73] | 2018 (expected) | TBA | ||
Northern Latitudinal Railway | railway | ![]() |
3.03[74] | 2018 | 2023 | ||
Lekki Port | Seaport | ![]() |
1.6[75] | 2015 | 2018 (phase 1) | ||
Honolulu Rail Transit | Railway | ![]() |
10 | 2011 | 2021 (Phase 1) 2022 (Phase 2)
2025 (Phase 3) |
||
California High-Speed Rail | High-speed railway | ![]() |
80.3[76] | 2015 | 2033 (Phase I) |
![]() ![]() Locations of planned California High-Speed Rail route. Phase I: black; Phase II: dark blue. (The separate XpressWest system is shown in light blue.) Route is approximate in some places. |
|
China Pakistan Economic Corridor | Economic corridor | ![]() ![]() |
46 | 2015 | 2020 | ![]() |
|
Barcelona Metro line 9
(under construction) |
Rapid transit line | ![]() |
26.3[77][78] | 2009 | 2026 | (€19bn) | |
Santiago Metro Line 7 | Rapid transit line | ![]() |
2.9 | 2017 | 2025 | ||
Cross River Rail (under construction) | Rapid transit | ![]() |
4.3[79][80] | 2017 | 2024[79] | AUD $5.4 billion | |
Sydney Metro | Rapid transit | ![]() |
13 | 2013 | Northwest: 2019
City and Southwest: 2024 |
AUD $20.3 billion (Stage 1 and 2) | |
Second Avenue Subway Phase 2
(under construction) |
Rapid transit line | ![]() |
6[81] | 2021 (expected) | 2026 Phase 2 | ![]() |
|
Orange Line (Lahore Metro) (Under Construction) | Rapid Transit | ![]() |
1.6 | 2015 | 2020 | ||
Thameslink Programme | Commuter rail upgrade | ![]() |
8.9-9.7[82] | 2009 | 2021 | (GBP5.5-6.0bn) | |
NHDP | Highway upgrade | ![]() |
71[83] | 2000 | 2018 | NH 47 between Coimbatore and Salem in Tamil Nadu, India. |
(INR 4.5 trillion).This project will be completed by early 2018 and will be supersized by Bharatmala project. |
Highway Vespucio Oriente | Road tunnel | ![]() |
1.1 | 2017 | 2022 | ![]() |
|
Highway Costanera Central | Road tunnel | ![]() |
1.2 | 2017 | 2024 | ||
Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway | Railway | ![]() |
2 | 2001 | 2018 | ||
Tunnel Agua Negra Pass | Road tunnel | ![]() ![]() |
1.5 | 2018 | 2025 | ![]() |
|
WestConnex | Road tunnel | ![]() |
11.3 ($15 billion AUD) | 2015 | Stage 1 & 2- 2019 (expected)
Stage 3- 2023 (expected) |
![]() |
|
Fastracks | Light Rail, Commuter Rail | ![]() |
6.5[84] | 2006 | 2044 (expected) | ||
City Rail Link | Commuter rail | ![]() |
2.4[85] | 2015 | 2024
(expected) |
(NZD$3.5bn) | |
Eglinton Crosstown | Light rail | ![]() |
5.230[86] | 2010 | 2022 | ||
Bar-Boljare highway | Highway | ![]() |
3.7[87][88] | 2015[89] | 2019 | (2.77 billion €) | |
Grand Paris Express | Automated rapid transit | ![]() |
27 | 2014 | from 2020 to 2030 | ![]() |
4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations |
Scarborough Subway Extension | Rapid transit | ![]() |
2.6 | 2018 (expected) | 2023 | CA$3.4 billion[90] | |
Ohio River Bridges Project | Road bridges and interchange reconfiguration | ![]() |
2.3[91] | 2014 | 2024 | ||
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km | Freeway | ![]() |
1.7[92] | 2017 | ![]() |
(HUF 452bn) | |
Stuttgart 21 | Railway & Urban Development | ![]() |
7.4 | 2010 | 2025 | ![]() |
estimates up to 6.8 bn € |
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) | Highway | ![]() |
5.445 | 2014 | 2047 | ||
Brenner Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | ![]() ![]() |
10.7 | 2008 | 2026 | (€8.7 bn) | |
Koralm Tunnel | Railway tunnel | ![]() |
6.6 | 2009 | 2022-26 | (€5.4 bn, est. 10+ bn[93]) | |
Semmering Base Tunnel | Railway tunnel | ![]() |
4.0 | 2012 | 2024 | (€3.3 bn) | |
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor | High Speed Railway | ![]() |
16 | 2019 | 2022 | ||
Bharatmala | Highway building and upgradation | ![]() |
100 | 2017 | 2022 | ||
Sagarmala | Port | ![]() |
120 | 2017 | 2025 | ||
Réseau express Métropolitain (REM) | Light Metro | ![]() |
4.8 | 2018 | 2023 | ![]() |
67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro at $CDN 6.4bn |
Metro: All Change | Rapid transit | ![]() |
1.3 | 2010[94] | 2024 | ||
High Speed 2 | High Speed Railway | ![]() |
106.4[95] | 2017[96] | 2033 | ![]() |
330mi/530 km of High Speed track,[97] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration |
Northern Powerhouse Rail | Railway & Urban renewal | ![]() |
39[98] | 2018[99] | 2026[100] | ![]() |
Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2. |
Link light rail Blue Line | Light rail line | ![]() |
3.7 | 2016 | 2023-4 | ![]() |
|
Regional Connector | Light rail tunnel | ![]() |
1.245 | 2014 | 2022 | ![]() |
Proposed
Airport projects
Airport | Location | IATA Code | Passengers (total) | Year completed | Cost (in US Dollars) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abu Dhabi International Airport | ![]() | AUH | 20,000,000 | 1982 | 6.8 billion |
Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas International Airport Terminals 4 and 4S | ![]() | MAD | 57,891,340 | 2006 | 8.7 billion |
Al Maktoum International Airport | ![]() | DWC | 410,278 (expected: 260 million) | 2010 | 32 billion |
Athens International Airport | ![]() | ATH | 16,225,885 | 2001 | 3 billion |
Bandung Majalengka International Airport | ![]() | KJT | 29,000,000 (expected) | 2018 | 15 billion |
Barcelona–El Prat Airport | ![]() | BCN | 50,172,457 | 4 billion | |
Berlin-Brandenburg International Airport | ![]() | BER | 28,000,000 (expected)[114] | 2020 (expected) | 10 billion (as of 2018)[115] |
Changi Airport Terminal 3 | ![]() | SIN | 22,000,000 | 2008 | 1.4 billion[116] |
Changi Airport Terminal 4 | ![]() | SIN | 65,628,000 | 2017 | 1 billion[117] |
Ciudad Real Central Airport | ![]() | CQM | Ceased operations in 2012 (expected: 10 million) | 2009 | 1.41 billion |
Clark International Airport | ![]() | CRK | 2,664,378 | 10 billion | |
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport | ![]() | SCL | 30,000,000 | 2021 (expected) | 1 billion |
Denver International Airport | ![]() | DEN | 50,167,485 | 1995 | 4.8 billion |
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport | ![]() | CAN | 59,732,147 | 2004 | 3 billion |
Hong Kong International Airport | ![]() | HKG | 70,502,000 | 1998 | 20 billion[118] |
Incheon International Airport | ![]() | ICN | 28,677,161 | 2001 | 5 billion (Phase 1)
2.6 billion (Phase 2) |
Istanbul New Airport | ![]() | IST | 52,578,008[119] | 2018 | 29 billion (including side projects)[120] |
Kansai International Airport | ![]() | KIX | 27,987,564 | 1994 | 20 billion |
King Abdulaziz International Airport | ![]() | JED | 18,000,000 | 1981 | 7.2 billion[121] |
King Shaka International Airport | ![]() | DUR | 7,500,000 | 2010 | 1 billion |
Kuala Lumpur International Airport | ![]() | KUL | 52,643,511 | 1998 | 3.5 billion |
Kuala Namu International Airport | ![]() | KNO | 12,245,116 | 2013 | 4.4 billion[122] |
Long Thanh International Airport | ![]() | N/A | 100,000,000 (expected) | 2020 (expected) | 10 billion |
Navi Mumbai International Airport | ![]() | NMU | 60,000,000 (expected) | 2023 (expected) | 2 billion |
New Chennai International Airport | ![]() | N/A | 35,000,000 (expected) | 2021 (expected) | 1 billion |
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C | ![]() | EWR | 33,399,207 | 2003 | 1.2 billion |
New Islamabad International Airport | ![]() | IBD | 5,140,585 | 2018 | 3.91 billion |
New Lisbon Airport | ![]() | N/A | 50,000,000 (expected) | 2022 (expected) | 4.5 billion |
New Mexico City International Airport | ![]() | MEX | Ceased operations in 2018 (expected: 125 million) | 2018 | 13 billion |
Suvarnabhumi Airport | ![]() | BKK | 55,892,428 | 2006 | 3.8 billion |
Central Transport Hub | ![]() | N/A | ~ 45,000,000 (expected) | 2027 (expected) | 4.2-5.0 billion (expected, without rail component and road component) |
Western Sydney Airport | ![]() | SWZ | 10,000,000 (initially) 82,000,000 (by 2036) | 2026 (expected) | 3.3 billion |
- John F. Kennedy Airport
- Hartsfield-Jackson Airport, the busiest in the world.
- O'Hare Airport
- Terminal 3 at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
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|journal=
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